Fluids

Normal ECF pH values are limited to the range between

7.35-7.45

Which of the following individuals is most likely to contain the largest percentage of water?

A lean 35-year-old male athlete

Describe how ANP is regulated and how it opposes the action of the other three hormones (angiotensin II, ADH, and aldosterone).

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is released in response to increased stretch in atria as a consequence of high blood volume and high blood pressure. ANP causes 1) systemic blood vessel vasodilation, which decreases peripheral resistance 2) increased GFR, which increases urine output, and 3) increased loss of sodium and water in the kidneys, which increases urine output. Both the decrease in peripheral resistance and increased urine output (which decreases blood volume) result in a decrease in blood pressure. These processes are facilitated by ANP also inhibiting the release of renin, aldosterone, and ADH, as well as it interfering with the action of angiotensin II.

After a person consumes a meal, the levels of which ion rise in the blood in response to increased acid production in the stomach?

Bicarbonate

A chemical that prevents rapid change in pH is called a(an)

Buffer

Which of the following is NOT a chemical buffer in the body?

Carbohydrate

Infants are more vulnerable to dehydration than are young and middle-aged adults because of which of the following: Infants have a higher metabolic rate, which produces more metabolic waste to be eliminated Infants have immature kidneys that cannot effectively concentrate urnie, therefore, more water is required to eliminate wastes Infants have a greater ratio of skin surface area to volume so lose more fluid through sweating and transpiration relative to body size

All of these are correct

The elderly are more vulnerable to dehydration than are young and middle-aged adults because of which of the following: Due to the loss of skeletal muscle tissue, they are composed of a smaller percentage of body fluid. Smaller losses in water thus may ray result in a fluid imbalance The kidneys become less effective at concentrating and diluting urine as we age, so more fluid is lost in the urine. Cutaneous loss of fluid increases due to decreased thickness of the skin and the loss of subcutaneous tissue

All of these are correct

The elderly patients are at a higher risk for developing dehydration because they have a(n):

Decreased muscle mass

If an individual has decreased saliva production, increased blood osmotic pressure, decreased blood volume and decreased blood pressure, he or she is experiencing

Dehydration

Hypernatremia happened to all the list below, except

Excess water intake

Blood plasma is located in which of the following fluid compartments?

Extra cellular fluid ECF

During renal compensation for acidosis

H+ secretion increases

_____ is the term used to describe abnormally high concentrations of potassium in the body.

Hyperkalemia

If you suffer from continual vomiting and diarrhea, you could develop ______, which is defined as abnormally high levels of sodium.

Hypernatremia

Major cation in the extracellular space

Sodium

Maria brings her baby to the emergency room. She reports that her daughter Sophia has had a fever for 2 days. She has also been vomiting and had diarrhea, and she refuses to drink any fluid. Sophia is a risk for

Volume depletion

The elderly have an increased risk of respiratory acidosis because of

a reduction in vital capacity

Important homeostatic adjustments occur in response to changes in ________.

plasma volume or osmolarity

Which of the following describes an electrolyte? An electrolyte

plays a significant role in regulating fluid balance

The primary role of the carbonic acid-bicarbonate system is to ________.

prevent changes in pH caused by organic and fixed acids in the ECF

A metabolic alkalosis can be due to ________.

prolonged vomiting

Aldosterone promotes which of the following?

reabsorption of sodium

What are two important effects of increased release of ADH?

reduction of urinary water losses and stimulation of the thirst center

The most common problems with electrolyte balance are caused by ________.

an imbalance between sodium gains and losses

The most common problems with electrolyte balance are caused by _________.

an imbalance between sodium gains and losses

Under normal circumstances, during respiratory acidosis the chemoreceptors monitoring the pCO2 of the plasma and CSF will eliminate the problem by calling for _________.

an increase in pulmonary ventilation rates

Which hormone decreases total body fluid, blood volume, and blood pressure?

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Which of the following conditions could cause muscle cramps or spasms?

both hyperkalemia and hypocalcemia

The kidney can act to buffer the blood by a. Secreting H+ b. Reabsorbing H+ c. Producing HCO3- d. All of these are correct

d. All of these are correct.

Which of the following would NOT be associated with a sensation of increased thirst?

decrease in the production of ADH

All of the homeostatic mechanisms that monitor and adjust the composition of body fluids respond to changes in the

extracellular fluid

When the amount of water you gain each day is equal to the amount you lose to the environment, you are in __________.

fluid balance

If the ECF is hypertonic with respect to the ICF, water will move ________.

from the cells into the ECF until osmotic equilibrium is restored

For a patient experiencing metabolic acidosis, the body will compensate by

hyperventilating or Excreting H+ through the kidneys (that's what Waples put)

When pure water is consumed, the extracellular fluid becomes ________.

hypotonic with respect to the ICF

The body content of water or electrolytes will rise if ___________

intake exceeds outflow

Edema means fluid accumulation in the

interstitial fluid

Whenever the rate of sodium intake or output changes, there is a corresponding gain or loss of water that tends to ______.

keep the sodium concentration constant

Chronic diarrhea causes a severe loss of bicarbonate ions, resulting in _______.

metabolic acidosis

When water is lost but electrolytes are retained, the osmolarity of the ECG rises and osmosis then moves water ________.

out of the ICF and into the ECF until isotonicity is reached

Blood pH is normally measured at

pH 7.35-7.45

Which of the following occurs when an individual loses body water?

plasma volume decreases and electrolyte concentrations rise

What are the principal ions in the extracellular fluid (ECF)?

sodium, chloride, bicarbonate

Ketone bodies accumulate in the blood during conditions of ________.

starvation

Explain the homeostatic system involving the renin-angiotensin system, ADH, and aldosterone.

A person is hydrated at an osmolarity of around 290, when someone starts to get dehydrated from exercise, sweating, or just not drinking enough water then the osmolarity increases to about 320 ish and this is when there are the same number of solutes just less water. When the person becomes dehydrated the blood volume and the pressure decrease a little as well as other sensory and baroreceptors pick up on that, things in the endocrine system start flowing. The kidney is filled with nephrons, these nephrons have different parts but in the arteriole cells of the nephron there are granular cells and these cells are baroreceptors that notice the change in the blood volume/pressure as it flows through the kidney. This triggers the release of renin from the glomerulus. Since the pressure is less the blood moves slower and the sodium has more time to be released, this means more water is going to be released. When the blood gets to the distal convoluted tubule there isn't as much salt and the macular densor cells that measure concentration by chemoreceptors sense less Na it signals the baroreceptors talked about before. The innervation of the nervous system is directly triggered. The thirst center has been triggered. Meanwhile in the liver angiotensinogen is released and it is met by renin that turns it to AT1, the at1 makes it to the lungs where it is met with ACE and that then creates angiotensinogen 2. This is a vasoconstrictor, so the arterioles can make the pressure and volume increase. AT2 travels around and makes it to the adrenal gland where the release of aldosterone happens. The aldosterone travels to the distal convoluted tubule and tells it to absorb Na again this will be followed by the water back into the body. Back to when the nervous system was alerted something was wrong, the detection of increased osmolarity was detected by the hypothalamus, in the pituitary glands ADH is then released into the blood stream where it goes to the collecting duct of the nephron and it inserts aquaporins so that the water can go back into the body.

Acidosis is a more common problem than alkalosis because many acids are by=products of metabolic reactions. Which of the following acids fits that description? sulfuric acid Lactic acid Carbonic acid

All are correct

Atrial natriuretic peptide hormone __________. educes thirst blocks the release of ADH blocks the release of aldosterone

All are correct

The activity that occurs in the body to maintain calcium homeostasis occurs primarily in the... Bone Digestive tract Kidney

All are correct

Treatment for hyperkalemia includes the _________. administration of buffers such as sodium bicarbonate infusion of hypotonic solution use of appropriate diuretics

All are correct

Harriet, a young, poor, single mother, brings her baby to the emergency room because the baby is crying constantly. She reports that she is unable to buy formula and has been unable to breastfeed. Instead, she has been giving the baby a bottle with only water. What is the potential fluid imbalance this infant might be experiencing?

Hypotonic hydration

An increase in blood CO2 levels is followed by a(n)_______ in blood H+ levels and a(n) _______ in blood pH.

Increase, decrease

Which of the following would result in fluid moving from the blood into the interstitial space?

Increased blood pressure

The fluid compartment with the largest percentage of fluid is

Intercellular

Potassium ions are found in the highest concentrations in which of the fluid compartments?

Intracellulaire fluid ICF

Because your _______ filters fluids and electrolytes, problems with it can cause fluid and electrolyte imbalances.

Kidney

Choose the incorrect facts about potassium

Major anion of intracellular fluid

Harold has been suffering from diabetes mellitus for 15 years. As a result of having recently lost his job and being under a great deal of stress, he has not been adequately managing his diabetes. His breath smells sweet, a sign of producing ketoacids. Harold is most likely suffering from which type of pH imbalance?

Metabolic acidosis

The major role of this electrolyte is to maintain osmotic pressure in the extracellular fluid (ECF).

Na+ ions

Physiological adjustments affecting fluid and electrolyte balance are mediated primarily by _______. antidiuretic hormone (ADH) atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) Aldosterone

all of the above

Extracellular fluids in the body consist of ____________. aqueous humor, perilymph, and endolymph cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, and serous fluids interstitial fluid, blood plasma, and lymph

all of these are correct

The hemoglobin buffer system helps prevent drastic alterations in pH when ______.

the plasma PCO2 is rising or falling