FON Test 1 (Chapter 1, 2 and 3)

What is an example of identification?

A 6 year old girl dresses up in her mothers dress and high-heeled shoes.

What is an example of denial?

An alcoholic saying "I dont have a problem."

Compare and contrast assault and battery.

Assault is the threat to harm another, or even threaten to touch another without that persons permission. Battery is the actual physical contact that has been refused or that has been carried out against the persons will.

What is an example of regression?

A child resumes bedwetting, after having long since stopped, when her baby brother is born and fussed over at home.

What is an example of introjection?

A child who becomes irritable after angry interactions with a parent, taking in the image of the angry parent, which grows into himself.

What is an example of displacement?

A child who has been scolded by her mother hits her doll with a hairbrush.

What is a durable power of attorney?

A document that gives legal power to a health care agent, who is a person chosen by the patient to follow the patients advance directives and make medical decisions on his behalf.

What is an example of projection?

A man who is attracted to his friends wife on an unconscious level accuses his own wife of flirting with his friend.

What is an example of sublimation?

A student satisfies sexual curiosity by conducting sophisticated research into sexual behaviors.

What is an example of rationalization?

A student who did not study for an examination blames his failure on the teachers poor lecture material and the unfairness of the exam.

Compare and contrast criminal law and civil law.

Civil law guarantees individual rights, it deals with the potential wrongdoing of one person to another. Criminal law is a wrong against society and can result in imprisonment and/or fines.

Briefly explain the purpose/key points of Diagnosis-related groups (DRGs).

Created in 1983 in an attempt to contain healtcare costs. Hospital receives a set amount of money for a patient who is hospitalized with a certain diagnosis. Documentation and patient assessment becomes very important.

Briefly explain the purpose/key points of Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs).

Created to decrease the high cost of medical care. Enroll patients for a set fee. Provide limited network of physicians, hospitals and other providers from which to choose. Goal is to keep patients healthy and out of the hospital.

What are DNR orders, and what is the nurses responsibility regarding them?

DNR means do-not-resuscitate they are orders written by a physician when the patient has indicated a desire to be allowed to die if he stops breathing or his heart stops. It is the nurses responsibility to know who is to be resuscitated and who is NOT. To resuscitate a patient with a DNR against their will and without their consent would be committing battery.

Define and provide examples for Secondary (Acute) health care.

Emergency care, acute. Examples are radiologic procedures, lab and diagnostic procedures, surgical procedures, inpatient services, emergency care, home health, rehab services (physical, speech, occupational therapies).

Define HIPAA.

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act. Rules that state disclosing medical information to family members, close personal friends or other individuals identified by the patient is permissible if the patient does not object.

What are some common goals of an LPN as defined by nursing theorists?

Help clients gain independence, reduce stress, achieve maximum level of wellness, to care for and help with self-care, identify types of demands placed on clients and clients adaptations to them, promote wellness, restore clients to health and prevent illness, assist client in interaction with the environment, sustain a safe and protective environment, care about the client as an individual.

What were Florence Nightingale's contributions to nursing and nursing education?

Improved sanitation and lowered death rate, record keeping and statistics, evidence based nursing, nurses teaching nurses, continuing education.

What are advance directives?

aka "a living will" it is a consent that has been constructed before the need arises.

What is informed consent and whose responsibility is it to provide informed consent?

Informed consent indicates the patients participation in the decision making process, the person signing must have knowledge of what the consent allows and be able to make a knowledgeable decision. It's the responsibility of the person performing the procedure to provide informed consent.

Define "invasion of privacy" and provide examples from a healthcare perspective.

Invasion of privacy occurs when there has been a violation of the confidential and privileged nature of a professional relationship. Examples include a nurse sharing information of a patient with the next door neighbor, or when a nurse reads the chart of a public figure who has been admitted to her unit, or when information is released to a newspaper without the patients permission.

What is sexual harassment and what steps should be taken if it occurs?

It is unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature. You should inform your instructor if you're a student and your supervisor if youre a nurse.

What are incident reports and when are they used?

It's a document that is used to record if an occurrence is out of the ordinary, the facts about the incident, and who was involved or witnessed it.

Describe what evidence based practice is.

It's using the best scientific evidence from research to guide decision making. Used to help determine the "best practices".

What are Nurse Practice Acts?

Laws that have been made and standards that have been set that govern the practice and profession of nursing. Its also designed to protect the public as well as define the legal scope of practice.

Define and provide examples for Tertiary (Special) care.

Long term, chronic, on going care. Examples include extended care, chronic disease management, in home personal care and hospice care.

Briefly explain the purpose/key points of Preferred Provider Organizations (PPOs).

Mainly for large business. Offer discount on fees in return for large pool of potential patients. Allow insurance companies to keep premium rates lower and make insurance coverage of employees less expensive for employers.

Describe Maslow's hierarchy of needs and give examples of each level.

Maslows proposed a hierarchy of human needs as an explanation for the forces that motivate human behavior. Physiologic: nutrition, safety, rest and comfort, hygiene, activity. Safety and Security: psychological comfort, assistance in meeting needs, comfortable environment. Love and Belonging: loving, affection, intimacy, sexual expression, social interaction, communication, human caring, family community. Self-Esteem: independence, competence, exploration, roles, motivation, learning, leisure, spiritual beliefs. Self-Actualization: self-knowledge and acceptance, achievement, openness, talent.

Compare and contrast negligence and malpractice.

Negligence is failing to meet the standard of care; failing to do something a reasonable and prudent person would do, or something that a reasonable or prudent person would NOT do. Malpractice is negligence by a professional person. To prove malpractice four elements must be present- duty, a breach of duty, causation and injury or damages.

What is the 1946 definition of health according to the World Health Organizations?

Not only the absence of of infirmity and disease but also a state of physical, mental, and social well-being.

What groups do discrimination laws protect?

People with HIV or AIDS and those recovering from drug or alcohol addiction.

Define and provide examples for Primary health care.

Primary care focuses on health promotion, illness prevention and education. Examples are prenatal classes, well baby checks, smoking cessation classes, immunizations, annual screenings, etc.

What are the most common defense mechanisms?

Repression, Denial, Projection, Reaction-Formation, Regression, Rationalization, Identification, Introjection, Displacement, Sublimation.

What is an example of reaction-formation?

You treat someone whom you unconsciously dislike intensely in an overly friendly manner.

Explain Seyle's GAS Theory.

Seyle stated that a general adaptation syndrome occurs in response to long-term exposure to stress. There are 3 stages- Alarm stage, stage of resistance, and stage of exhaustion. In the alarm stage the autonomic nervous system mobilizes adaptive response to return to homeostatis. In the stage of resistance the endocrine system is activated to provide secondary defense and returns the body to homeostatis. In the exhaustion stage, defenses are exhausted, adaptation ends, and death occurs.

What are defense mechanisms?

Strategies that protect us from increasing anxiety.

What are the legal responsibilities and expectations for a student practical nurse?

Student nurses are held to the same standards a licensed nurse. Students need to know the nurse practice act and its definition of nursing in the state where they are practicing, and they must not exceed the scope of practice.They are legally responsible for their own actions or inaction. It is not legal to do something beyond your scope of practice just because you were told to do so. They have a responsibility to consult with an instructor when unsure in a situation or when a patients condition is rapidly changing.

Describe nursing care and education when it developed in the United States.

Students staffed the hospital, worked without pay. No formal classes, education achieved through work, no organized curriculum and was physician taught at the bedside.

Is a patients chart considered a legal document? Who does it belong to? Who is authorized to obtain information from it or view it?

The chart is considered a legal document. It is property of the hospital, agency or physician, not the patient. The patient does however have the right to obtain information from it and view it. As do health care researchers and insurance companies and other caregivers with permission.

Who do the Nurse Practice Acts protect?

The nurse, the patient and the health care agency where nursing care is given.

Who can legally sign a consent form?

The person whom the consent form is referring to or the legal agent for that person.

What are the roles of an LPN?

To collaborate with the RN and other members of the health care team to provide continuity of care.

Define and describe the stages of illness.

Transition: deny feeling ill but recognize symptoms of illness are present. Acceptance: acknowledge illness and take measures to become well. Convalescence: recovering after the illness and regaining health.

Explain when and why AMA (Against Medical Advice) forms are used.

When a person wants to leave the hospital against the advice of the physician. By signing, the patient releases the hospital and staff of responsibility for any consequences that occur as a result of the patients leaving.

Who writes and enforces the Nurse Practice Acts?

Written by the National Federation of Licensed Practical Nurses, revised in 2004 by the American Nurses Association (ANA) and the National Association for Practical Nurse Education and Service (NAPNES) formulated an additional set of standards for practical nurses. Each state has a regulatory body the makes and enforces rules and regulations for the nursing profession.

What is an example of repression?

You forgot the name of someone for whom you have intense negative feelings.