Forearm, Elbow, and Humerus

Lateral forearm: - elbow flexed _____ degrees - humeral epicondyles _____ / perpendicular to the IR - hand, wrist, forearm, elbow all positioned in a true _____

90; superimposed; lateral

Transthoracic lateral (_____Method): - used if a trauma patient cannot abduct or turn arm to get a lateral humerus - affected arm adjacent to IR - unaffected arm raised and placed above head - CR perpendicular to _____ _____, the constricted part of the humerus just below the head - long exposure time; about ____-____ seconds - have patient breath normally.. or gently breath short, shallow breaths while keeping the affected arm still - breathing technique (and motion of heart) causes blurring of lung markings and ribs - bony outlines of the humerus should appear sharp, indicating no motion of the arm during the exposure. - erect or supine

Lawrence; surgical neck; 4-5

Elbow (Coyle Method): - _____ projection - AKA _____ view - devised for obtaining images of the radial head, neck and tuberosity, and coronoid process on patients who cannot fully extend the elbow for medial and lateral oblique projectons - particularly useful for imaging a traumatized elbow - CR angled _____ degrees

axiolateral; Captain's; 45

The head of the radius articulates with the _____ of the humerus forming the _____ joint.

capitulum; humeroradial

Elbow, radial head laterals: - done to see complete _____ of radial head - four projections - from lateral elbow position... (1) hand rotated externally, or supinated as much as possible (2) hand lateral (3) hand pronated lying flat (4) hand in extreme internal rotation, resting on thumb surface

circumference

Lateral forearm: - superimposition of the _____ ends of the radius and ulna - on the _____ end superimposition of the _____ _____ over the coronoid process

distal; proximal; radial head

The medial and lateral _____ are important palpable landmarks for the positioning of patients during radiographic exams involving the forearm, elbow, humerus, and shoulder.

epicondyles

Upon _____ of the forearm, the olecranon process fits into the _____ _____ of the humerus.

extension; olecranon fossa

lateral oblique elbow: - patient positioned for AP, then epicondyles rotated laterally (or _____) _____ degrees

externally; 45

Forearm general positioning: patient seated _____ the table, entire length of arm from _____ to fingertips resting level on the table.

facing; axilla

Upon _____ of the forearm, the coronoid process fits into the _____ _____ of the humerus. Likewise, the radial head will fit into the _____ _____.

flexion; coronoid fossa; radial fossa

Jones position of elbow: - position used to treat elbow injuries (not an actual radiographic position) - elbow in complete _____ - two projections: - (1) CR perpendicular to IR and distal _____ about 2 inches superior to the olecranon process (AP projection) - (2) CR angled and perpendicular to the proximal _____ about 2 inches distal to the olecranon process (PA projection) - similar images obtained

flexion; humerus; forearm;

Trauma elbow: - patient cannot extend elbow - two AP projections - (1) patient seated, humerus flat against IR, forearm angled upwards because of inability to extend elbow - distal humerus imaged clearly; distorted _____ - CR perpendicular to the humerus, traversing the elbow joint - (2) patient standing to enable forearm to lay flat against the IR - proximal forearm imaged clearly; distorted _____ - CR perpendicular to the elbow joint and long axis of the forearm

forearm; humerus

The radial head, neck, and tuberosity are common sites of _____.

fracture

The humeroulnar and humeroradial articulations form a synovial _____ joint allowing for only flexion and extension movement.

hinge

The distal end of the humerus, with its many features, is collectively referred to as the _____ _____

humeral condyle

Four projections for elbow: AP, lateral, medial / _____ oblique, and lateral / _____ oblique.

internal; external

medial oblique elbow: - patient positioned for AP, then epicondyles rotated medially (or _____) _____ degrees.

internally; 45

Three areas of fat associated with the elbow joint can be visualized only in the _____ projection when an injury has been sustained. The fat pads become significant radiographically when an elbow injury causes effusion and displaces the fat pads or alters their shape.

lateral

The ulna's radial notch is on the bone's ______ aspect. It cups the ______ of the radius forming the proximal ______ joint

lateral; head; radioulnar

AP forearm: humeral epicondyles are _____ to the IR.

parallel

AP humerus (supine or standing): - shoulder jt to elbow jt in view - arm abducted slightly away from torso - humeral epicondyles _____ to IR - CR perpendicular to _____ - _____ tubercle in profile pointing _____

parallel; mid-humerus; greater; laterally

Elbow (Coyle Method, supine / trauma): - elevate distal humerus on a radiolucent sponge; this prevents clipping of the anatomy on the image border - Position IR vertically between torso and elbow centering the elbow - epicondyles approximately _____ to IR - with the patient's palmar surface of hand facing medially, slowly flex elbow to 90 degrees to show the radial head or 80 degrees for the coronoid process. - radial head: CR directed _____ at 45 degrees centered mid-elbow - coronoid process: CR directed _____ at 45 degrees centered mid-elbow

perpendicular; cephalad; caudad

Lateral humerus (supine): - internal rotation of arm - shoulder jt to elbow jt in view - back of hand against hip - epicondyles _____ to IR - _____ tubercle in profile pointing _____. Lateral humerus (erect): - same as supine, but elbow bent and palm placed on hip.

perpendicular; lesser; medially

The distal and proximal radioulnar joints are synovial _____ joints. When we _____ our hands, the radius crosses the ulna at it's upper third.

pivot; pronate

Fat pads: The largest, the _____ fat pad lies over the olecranon fossa. The superimposed coronoid and radial fat pads that lie in the coronoid and radial fossae together form the _____ fat pad. The _____ fat pad is positioned anterior to and parallel with the anterior aspect of the proximal radius.

posterior; anterior; supinator

On its _____ end is the head of the radius. The constricted area just below the head is called the _____.

proximal; neck

Elbow (Coyle Method, seated): - patient seated at end of radiographic table low enough to place entire arm and hand on the same plane - elbow joint centered over IR - pronate hand and flex elbow 90 degrees to show the _____ _____, or 80 degrees to show the _____ _____ - CR directed towards body (across table) at 45 degrees to show radial head and centered mid-elbow - CR directed towards table (across body) at 45 degrees to show coronoid process and centered mid-elbow

radial head; coronoid process

medial oblique elbow: - _____ _____ completely superimposed - _____ process in profile and free of superimposition - _____ process seen in fossa - trochlea seen free

radial head; coronoid; olecranon

lateral oblique elbow: - _____ _____, _____, and _____ all free of superimposition - _____ seen free

radial head; neck, tuberosity; capitulum

The _____, _____, and _____ together form the _____ joint. The three joints are enclosed in a common capsule.

radioulnar, humeroradial, humeroulnar; elbow

The forearm contains 2 long bones that lie parallel to each other. The ______ is the lateral bone, and the ______ is the medial bone.

radius; ulna

lateral elbow: - axilla to fingertips same level - forearm and hand placed laterally - humeral epicondyles _____ and _____ to the IR - 90 degrees of flexion - olecranon and coronoid processes seen in profile w/ the _____ _____ partially superimposing the coronoid process

superimposed; perpendicular; radial head

Two projections of the forearm are done: AP, which shows the bones of the forearm free of _____, and lateral.

superimposition

The olecranon process is ______ in relation to the coronoid process. It projects anteriorly and helps form part of the ______ notch (AKA trochlear notch).

superior; semi-lunar

The _____ of the distal humerus fits in and articulates with the _____ notch of the ulna. This forms the _____ joint.

trochlea; trochlear; humeroulnar

AP elbow: - similar to AP forearm - superimposed radial head, neck and _____ - olecranon process seen in fossa

tuberosity

On the proximal medial aspect of the radius lies the radial _____

tuberosity

The olecranon process, trochlear notch, radial notch, and coronoid process are all features of the ______ at its ______ end.

ulna; proximal

On the distal end of the ulna is the head, and also the pointed _____ _____ _____. On the distal end of the radius is the the _____ _____ _____.

ulnar styloid process; radial styloid process