Forensic Psychology Chapter 5, PSY 320 ch 5, PSY 320 ch 8, Psy 327 ch 7, Psy 327 ch 5, Psy 327 chapter 1, Psy 327 ch 5
Simultaneous lineup
A lineup procedure in which all lineup members are presented to the witness at the same time.
Target-absent lineup
A lineup that does not contain the perpetrator but rather an innocent suspect
Fair Lineup
A lineup where the suspect does not stand out from the other lineup members
Cognitive Interview
A procedure used for interviewing crime scene witnesses that involves letting witnesses talk with a minimum of interruption, and also uses techniques that help witnesses recreate the situation present at the crime scene by having them place themselves back in the scene and recreate things like emotions they were feeling, where they were looking, and how the scene may have appeared when viewed from different perspectives.
Lineup
A set of people presented to the witness, who in turn must state whether the perpetrator is present and, if so, which one.
Weapon Focus
A term used to define how people focus more on a weapon if it is being used during an experiment than the person holding it.
Sequential Lineup
Alternative lineup procedure where the lineup members are presented serially to the witness, and the witness must make a decision as to whether the lineup member is the culprit before seeing another member. Also, a witness cannot ask to see previously seen photos and is unaware of the number of photos to be shown
Recognition Memory
Determining whether a previously seen item or person is the same as what is currently being viewed
Misinformation acceptance hypothesis
Explanation for the misinformation effect where the incorrect information is provided because the witness guesses what the officer or experimenter wants the response to be
Memory impairment hypothesis
Explanation for the misinformation effect where the original memory is replaced with the new, incorrect, information
Source Misattribution hypothesis
Explanation for the misinformation effect where the witness has two memories, the original and the misinformation; however the witness cannot remember which is which
Showup
Identification procedure that shows one person to the witness: the suspect
Foils
Lineup members who are known to be innocent for the crime in question. Also known as distractors
Distractors
Lineup members who are known to be innocent of the crime in question. Also known as foils
Bias Lineup
Lineup that suggests whom the police suspect and thereby whom the witness should identify
Post-event Information Effect
Phenomenon where a witness who is presented with inaccurate information after an event will incorporate that misinformation in a subsequent recall task. Also known as the misinformation effect
Cue-Utilization hypothesis
Proposed by Easterbrook(1959) to explain why a witness may focus more on the weapon than on the perpetrator.Suggests that emotional arousal increases, attentional capacity decreases.
Recall Memory
Reporting details of a previously witnessed event oer person
Unattended information is stored briefly in: a. sensory memory. b. short-term memory. c. long-term memory. d. working memory. e. secondary memory.
a
What is the federal law that sets the standard for determining insanity in federal courts? a. The IDRA* b. The Durham Rule c. The EEDIA d. The Dusky Rule
a
Cross-race effect
The phenomenon of witnesses remembering own-race faces with greater accuracy than faces from other races. Also known as the other-race effect and the own-race bias
What do forensic psychology, forensic linguistics, and forensic archaeology all have in common? a. They are based on scientific principles b. They involve the study of human pathology c. They are based on an unknown, deceased subject d. They involve the study of crime
a
The study of persons who have experienced actual or threatened physical, psychological, social and/or financial harm as the result of the actual or attempted commission of crime against them is called a. victimology. b. rehabilitation psychology. c. heuristics. d. correctional psychology.
a
Target-present lineup
a lineup that contains the perpetrator
System Variables
Variables that can be used to increase ( or decrease) eyewitness accuracy
Memory Conformity
When one witness reports influences what another witness reports... Hearing a witnesses recount of what happened can alter another witness perception of what happened, they conform to the same memory of the event.
Absolute Judgment
Witness compares each lineup member to the perpetrator to decide whether the lineup member is the perp.
Relative Judgment
Witness compares lineup members to one another and picks the suspect that looks most like the perpatrator
Direct Question Recall
Witnesses are asked a series of questions regarding the perpetrator or about the crime itself.
Open-ended recall
Witnesses are either asked to write or orally state all they remember about the event without the officer ( or experimenter) interrupting. Also known as Free Narrative
Free Narrative
Witnesses are either asked to write or orally state all they remember about the event without the officer ( or experimenter) interrupting. Also known as open ended recall
The term "anterograde amnesia" refers to: a. the loss of the ability to form new memories. b. the loss of the ability to recall old events. c. the loss of short-term memory. d. the loss of sensory memory. e. the loss of all memory ability.
a
According to Heilbrun and Brooks (2010), which certifying body of board certification is the most rigorous? a. American Board of Forensic Psychology b. American Board of Professional Psychology c. International Association of Correctional Psychologists d. International Society of Forensic Psychologists
a
According to Homes and DeBurger's serial killer typology, which type is driven to kill by delusions or hallucinations? a. Visionary b. Mission-oriented c. Hedonistic d. Power
a
According to Moffit's theory, a boy who bites playmates at age 3, shoplifts at age 10, commits burglary at age 19, and rapes at age 26 would be considered a(n) a. life-course persistent offender. b. ADHD offender. c. adolescent limited offender. d. antisocial offender.
a
According to the text, outpatient __________ is more common than outpatient __________. a. evaluation; treatment b. therapy; medication c. hospitalization; sentencing d. referrals; assessments
a
All of the following statements accurately describe multiple murderers except a. they are more common than single victim murderers. b. the media often sensationalizes their crimes. c. until recently, researchers assumed they were similar to single-victim offenders. d. there is sparse empirical research on multiple murderers.
a
Compared with the PhD, the PsyD degree is a. less research oriented. b. declining in popularity among graduate students. c. not offered by any major university. d. popular in Canada and the United Kingdom, but not in the U.S.
a
Criminal psychopaths are more likely to commit __________, whereas non-psychopathic offenders are more likely to commit __________ violence. a. instrumental; reactive b. reactive; instrumental c. expressive; situational d. situational; expressive
a
Daydreams are a type of: a. stimulus-independent thought (SIT). b. icon. c. episodic buffer. d. visuospatial sketch. e. stimulus loop.
a
Disrupting the process of long-term potentiation leads to: a. disruption of learning and remembering. b. recovery from anterograde amnesia. c. recovery from retrograde amnesia. d. language deficits. e. emotional instability.
a
The text adopts a __________definition of forensic psychology. a. broad b. practical c. clinical d. academic
a
misinformation effect
a phenomenon where a witness who is presented with inaccurate information after an event will incorporate that msinformationn into a subsequent recall task. Also known as the post-event information effect.
10. What type of decision is not possible with a target-absent lineup? a) False rejection b) Correct rejection c) Foil identification d) False identification e) False positive
a) False rejection
15. Which of the following best describes the relationship between an eyewitness's confidence and accuracy with lineup identification? a) Small positive b) Large positive c) Small negative d) Large negative e) Neutral
a) Small positive
13. If the police take the eyewitness to a Tim Horton's coffee shop and ask the witness if he or she sees the culprit, the police are using which of the following? a) Walk-by b) Showup c) Sequential lineup d) Elimination lineup e) Simultaneous lineup
a) Walk-by
4. Which statement is correct regarding the misinformation acceptance hypothesis? a) Witnesses guess the answer they think the experimenter wants. b) Witnesses recall an incorrect memory. c) The correct memory is replaced with an incorrect memory. d) Witnesses cannot remember where the memory came from, so they guess. e) Witnesses believe that experimenters believe whatever information they provide.
a) Witnesses guess the answer they think the experimenter wants.
8. A _______ is the guilty person who committed the crime, and a _______ is the person believed to have committed the crime. a) perpetrator / suspect b) suspect / foil c) suspect / perpetrator d) perpetrator / distractor e) foil / suspect
a) perpetrator / suspect
A hate crime motivated by bias against a person with AIDS would be considered a __________ bias a. gender b. disability c. sexual orientation d. religious
b
A primary motive in juvenile arson involves the desire a. for excitement. b. to get back at authority. c. to harm. d. for parental attention.
b
A psychologist who consults with school staff in order to identify potentially troubled and dangerous youth is likely practicing the forensic psychology subspecialty of __________ psychology. a. legal. b. forensic school c. victim's witness d. correctional
b
A student who receives a note in her locker that states "this school would be better off without you here" has received a __________ school threat. a. indirect b. veiled c. direct d. conditional
b
The suffix effect relates to which type of memory? a. iconic b. echoic c. short term d. working e. long term
b
18. Pickel (1999) conducted an experiment to investigate the unusualness explanation for weapon focus and found that the participants provided less accurate descriptions when the man in the video was doing which of the following? a) Pointing the gun at the woman b) Carrying the gun in the parking lot c) Pointing the gun at the ground d) Not carrying a gun at all e) Carrying a gun at the shooting range
b) Carrying the gun in the parking lot
14. Jim is a 65-year-old male who is helping police by trying to identify a suspect in a lineup. Marcia, a 24-year-old female is also providing her input. Which of the following best describes what research has shown about this situation? a) With a simultaneous lineup, Jim and Marcia will be equally accurate overall. b) Jim will be more accurate with a simultaneous lineup than will Marcia. c) With a sequential lineup, Marcia will make fewer correct rejections than Jim. d) Marcia will make more correct rejections with a simultaneous than a sequential lineup. e) The highest false positive rate will be demonstrated by Marcia, but during a target absent lineup.
b) Jim will be more accurate with a simultaneous lineup than will Marcia.
6. Which of the following is not an additional component of the enhanced cognitive interview? a) Supportive interviewer behaviour b) Officer control c) Transfer of control d) Rapport building e) Focused retrieval
b) Officer control
1. Which of the following applies to recall memory? a) Being able to identify a previously seen person or item b) Reporting details of a previously seen person or event c) Recognizing the voice that belongs to the culprit d) Making a correct identification when shown a lineup e) Identifying which of a series of scenarios best describes a crime scene
b) Reporting details of a previously seen person or event
A forensic psychologist who has earned a doctorate and is licensed, certified and accepted by peers as being at the highest level of excellence has likely obtained __________ certification. a. MPH b. LPA c. diplomate d. joint-degree
c
The results of the Brown-Peterson short-term memory task can be explained by: a. decay. b. interference. c. both decay and interference. d. neither decay nor interference. e. brain damage.
c
16. Which of the following explains the cross-race effect in eyewitness testimony by suggesting that some races have less variability in their faces? a) Interracial contact hypothesis b) Prejudice hypothesis c) Physiognomic homogeneity hypothesis d) Attitudes hypothesis e) Unusualness hypothesis
c) Physiognomic homogeneity hypothesis
2. Estimator variables ________ under the control of the criminal justice system, and system variables ________ under the control of the criminal justice system. a) are / are not b) are not / are sometimes c) are not / are d) are sometimes / are e) are / are sometimes
c) are not / are
12. Simultaneous lineups may use _________, whereas sequential lineups may use ________. a) absolute judgments / relative judgments b) foils / distractors c) relative judgments / absolute judgments d) distractors / foils e) None of the above
c) relative judgments / absolute judgments
A 2002 study by Woodworth and Porter surprisingly found that a. both psychopaths and nonpsychopaths were highly reactive. b. psychopaths who murdered displayed considerable empathy for their victims. c. psychopaths who murdered had an intimate relationship with their victims. d. a high level of instrumental violence characterized all homicides.
d
Running away and truancy are examples of a. social delinquency. b. psychopathy. c. criminal violations. d. status offenses.
d
Which statement is true about civil commitment of sexually violent predators? a. It is allowed in every state but not the federal government b. It is a strategy that is supported by most psychologists c. It is allowed in all states as well as the federal government d. It is increasing in numbers across the United States
d
Which statement is true about the FBI's Uniform Crime Reports? a. It contains information about crimes unknown to law enforcement agencies. b. It classifies serious crimes into sexual crimes and property crimes. c. It is the sole method of recording police data on reported crimes and arrests. d. It does not provide conviction data.
d
Which term is essential to the diagnosis of conduct disorder? a. Sporadic b. Disruptive c. Voluntary d. Habitual
d
Which type of training can be offered at either the undergraduate and graduate level and provides students real-world exposure to the field? a. Diplomate b. Dissertation c. Licensure d. Internship
d
9. Following a crime, a target-present lineup is conducted. If the witness incorrectly states that the perpetrator is not present in the lineup, what is this an example of? a) Correct identification b) Foil identification c) False identification d) False rejection e) Correct rejection
d) False rejection
3. Loftus and Palmer (1974) found that students reported the highest rate of speed when which of the following critical words was used? a) Bumped b) Collided c) Contacted d) Smashed e) Hit
d) Smashed
5. Which of the following statements would not be part of a cognitive interview? a) Please tell me everything that happened that night. b) Let's work backwards: What was the last thing that you remember? c) Imagine that you were standing across the street. What would you have seen? d) Tell me the pieces of information that you believe are the most important. e) I know this is difficult for you, please take your time.
d) Tell me the pieces of information that you believe are the most important.
Brain surgery patient "H.M." suffered after surgery from: a. an inability to use language. b. a severe decrease in intelligence. c. an inability to remember events in his distant past, several years or more before the operation. d. an inability to remember faces. e. an inability to form new memories of new events.
e
Currently, cognitive psychologists are more likely to believe that: a. only decay causes one to lose information from short-term memory. b. only interference causes one to lose information from short-term memory. c. both decay and interference play a role in short-term memory forgetting. d. some decay is essential to avoid catastrophic interference. e. both decay and interference play a role in short-term memory forgetting, and some decay is actually essential to avoid catastrophic interference.
e
Walk-by
identification procedure that occurs in a naturalistic environment. The police take the witness to a public location where the suspect is likely to be. Once the suspect is in view, the witness is asked whether he or she sees the perpetrator
Enhanced Cognitive Interview
interview procedure that includes various principles of social dynamics in addition to the memory retrieval principles used in the original cognitive interview
Own-race bias
the tendency for people to more accurately recognize faces of their own race
Other-race effect
the tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races. Also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias
Estimator Variables
variables that are present at the time of the crime and that cannot be changed
Dr. Roy is a forensic psychologist who is conducting a child custody evaluation in a divorce case. Dr. Roy is practicing the forensic psychology subspecialty of a. legal psychology. b. correctional psychology. c. victimology. d. linguistics.
a
Dylan is a 7-year-old boy who watches violent television such as Walking Dead and Game of Thrones marathons. Which factor will have the greater negative impact on his observational learning over the long haul? a. Dylan believes the violence is rewarded b. The shows are rated as highly violent c. Dylan's parents watch the shows with him d. The characters walk a thin line between good and evil
a
Evan is an 8-year-old boy who frequently sets small fires, is often aggressive toward his baby brother, and has difficulty communicating with others. Evan's father is convinced his son has antisocial personality disorder. Why is Evan's father wrong? a. Evan is too young to be diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder b. Evan is male and is therefore does not qualify for a diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder. c. Evan's behavior is neither illegal nor habitual and therefore doesn't qualify as antisocial personality disorder. d. Evan's behavior is normal for an 8-year-old boy and therefore doesn't meet diagnostic criteria.
a
Excessive motor activity, impulsivity, and inattention are the three central behaviors of a. attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. b. oppositional defiant disorder. c. juvenile psychopathy. d. executive function.
a
Golding et al. (1999) found that defendants who plead not guilty by reason of insanity comprise __________ of criminal cases. a. 1% to 3% b. 5% to 7% c. 13% to 15% d. 23 to 25%
a
Huesmann et al. (2003) found that exposure to media violence seems to have __________ effects on adults and __________ effects on children. a. short-term; long-term b. inconsequential; deleterious c. desensitizing; intermediary d. intentional; unintentional
a
In order to convict someone of a criminal offense, the prosecution must prove that the defendant committed a. a voluntary act with a guilty state of mind. b. extensive harm to a person or significant damage to property. c. a violent act against the criminal code. d. extensive damage without just cause.
a
In the absence of rehearsal, short-term memory tends to: a. last about 20 seconds. b. last about 8 seconds. c. decay slowly over 24 hours. d. decay slowly over a week. e. last for an unlimited amount of time.
a
In the sentencing of sex offenders, Heilbrun et al. urge examining psychologists to refrain from a. applying labels or typologies to the offender. b. using risk assessment instruments. c. documenting effective treatment modalities. d. directly interviewing the offender.
a
In which year was the death penalty reinstituted in the United States? a. 1976 b. 1987 c. 1994 d. 2001
a
Information in short-term memory is assumed to be coded primarily by: a. sound. b. meaning. c. visual appearance. d. both sound and meaning. e. both meaning and appearance.
a
Information is stored in iconic memory for: a. less than 1 second. b. 5-10 seconds. c. about 20 seconds. d. up to 1 year. e. a lifetime.
a
Interpersonal, deviant lifestyle, and deficient affective pertain to the a. three core factors of psychopathy. b. developmental trajectory of psychopathy. c. biopsychological influences of psychopathy. d. characteristics of female juvenile psychopathy
a
Jack is a five-year-old boy whose parents have inadvertently reinforced his frequent tantrums and aggressive behavior by giving in to his demands. According to the coercion developmental model, what will likely happen to Jack when he reaches kindergarten? a. He will be rejected by peers b. He will be manipulated by his teacher c. He will be an LCP offender d. He will be susceptible to peer pressure
a
PET scans show that verbal working memory tasks tend to activate areas in the: a. left frontal lobe. b. right frontal lobe. c. left temporal lobe. d. right temporal lobe. e. right parietal lobe.
a
Poor self-regulation is related to the early onset of adolescent a. substance abuse. b. ADHD. c. psychopathy. d. firesetting.
a
Psychologists who use valid and reliable methods are engaging in a. evidence-based practice. b. questioned document analysis. c. risk assessment. d. professional accountability.
a
Research on gendered pathways indicates that, in adulthood, AL female offenders a. had poor economic outcomes. b. committed more violent crimes. c. had greater motivation to succeed in their careers. d. engaged in high levels of family conflict.
a
The Supreme Court case Godinez v. Moran, 1993, ruled that the Dusky standards also apply to a. guilty pleas. b. pre-arraignment proceedings. c. waivers. d. parole hearings.
a
The UCR's murder rate is based on a. police investigations. b. coroners' reports. c. court determinations. d. medical examiner reports.
a
The _____ component of working memory is thought to be a temporary storage system that interacts with long-term memory and the other components of working memory to facilitate the transfer of information to long-term memory. a. episodic buffer b. visuospatial sketchpad c. central executive d. phonological loop e. semantic buffer
a
The calling to mind of previously stored information is known as: a. retrieval. b. encoding. c. storage. d. forgetting. e. retention.
a
The central executive in working memory is hypothesized to have the function of: a. directing the flow of information. b. controlling an unlimited amount of resources and capacity. c. carrying out subvocal rehearsal to maintain verbal material in memory. d. maintaining visual material in memory through visualization. e. storing the meaning of complex verbal material.
a
The fact that the size of the memory set does affect search time in short-term memory suggests that: a. search is a serial process. b. search is a parallel process. c. search is self-terminating. d. search is exhaustive. e. search is both self-terminating and serial.
a
The largest worldwide association of psychologists is the a. American Psychological Association. b. International Association of Forensic Psychologists. c. International Society of Clinical Psychologists. d. American Board of Professional Psychologists.
a
The most common method of restoring competence in defendants is: a. a combination of medication and therapy. b. community-based treatment. c. a combination of ECT and antidepressants. d. involuntary civil commitment for at least six months.
a
The term LPA refers to a. persons with master's degrees in psychology who are licensed. b. psychologists with PhDs who have gained wide recognition in the field. c. social workers who are licensed in forensic psychology. d. undergraduate students who are psychiatry assistants.
a
The time interval in between killings in a serial murder is called the a. cooling-off period. b. transitional period. c. intermediary event. d. spree event.
a
What is the most common treatment for ADHD? a. Medication b. Cognitive-behavioral therapy c. Multisystemic treatment d. Psychotherapy electroconvulsive therapy.
a
What is the primary concern with the GBMI verdict? a. It does not guarantee treatment for the mentally ill individual. b. It absolves a defendant of criminal responsibility. c. It helps the defendant avoid a prison term. d. It requires expensive modifications to the court system.
a
When studying ethnoracial differences in violence, the authors caution forensic psychologists to be aware of the tendency to view others through their own cultural perspective. This bias is referred to as a. ethnocentrism. b. sublimation. c. hedonism.
a
When we cannot retrieve information from memory, we say that _____ has occurred. a. forgetting b. a memory trace c. sensory decay d. encoding failure e. secondary memory
a
Where would a forensic psychologist find the principles and standards for ethical practices? a. The APA's Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct b. Black's Law Dictionary c. The Journal of Forensic Psychology d. Clinician's Handbook of Psychological Behavior
a
Which Supreme Court ruling is an example of a sexually violent predator statute? a. Kansas v. Hendricks b. Loving v. Virginia c. Mapp v. Ohio d. Betts v. Brady
a
Which category of risk factors is essential to preventing school violence? a. School-related factors b. Individual factors c. Family factors d. Peer-related factors
a
Which common childhood diagnosis is closely linked to poor executive functioning? a. ADHD b. Substance abuse c. Psychopathy d. Schizophrenia
a
Which neurotransmitter is central to Laurence Steinberg's model of adolescent risk taking? a. Dopamine b. Serotonin c. Amygdala d. epinephrine
a
Which of the following factors is considered a biological cause of violence? a. Exposure to lead paint b. Exposure to violent media images c. Exposure to crowded conditions d. Exposure to weapons
a
Which of the following is a commonality among all insanity standards? a. A documented mental disorder b. The ability to understand right and wrong c. The presence of a guilty mind d. A capacity to follow the law
a
Which of the following is associated with heavy exposure to media violence? a. Increased fear of becoming a victim b. An understanding that violence is an ineffective problem-solving strategy c. Increased sensitivity to violence and aggressive behavior d. The misconception that most people are trustworthy and kind
a
Which of the following seems to be true of both echoes and icons? a. They are modality specific, holding only one type of sensory information. b. They have relatively small capacities for information. c. They both hold information for the same length of time. d. They both rely heavily on the meaning of the stimulus. e. They are both very resistant to erasing by stimuli that are presented afterward.
a
Which of the following statements is correct about forensic psychology? a. There is no consensus about how it should be defined. b. It is a clinical specialization in psychology. c. It is a research specialization in psychology. d. There are no guidelines for the profession.
a
Which scenario describes the majority of homicide-suicide murders in the United States? a. A male who kills a female relative then kills himself b. A male who kills a stranger in a bar brawl and then kills himself c. A female who kills her child(ren) and then herself d. A female who kills her batterer husband and then kills herself
a
Which source of crime data was developed to address the shortcomings of the UCR? a. National Incident-Based Reporting System b. National Crime Victimization Survey c. National Youth Survey d. Monitoring the Future
a
Which standard of proof is required in all criminal and delinquency proceedings? a. Beyond a reasonable doubt b. The Daubert standard c. Preponderance of the evidence d. Clear and convincing evidence
a
Which statement concerning youth violence is most accurate? a. Despite media attention, juvenile violent crime continues to decrease nationwide. b. The steady increase in juvenile crime indicates Americans' apathy toward the educational needs of children and teenagers. c. One's risk of being injured in school is significantly higher than one's risk of being injured in the community at large. d. The juvenile murder rate has been increasing at a rapid rate since 1990.
a
Which statement is correct about the cause of ADHD? a. The cause of ADHD is unknown. b. ADHD is caused by exposure to toxic substances in the preschool years. c. The cause of ADHD likely involves childhood vaccinations. d. ADHD is caused by genetic factors.
a
Which statement supports the idea that courts often learn toward a medical model approach to mental disorder? a. Many judges prefer the involvement of psychiatrists for insanity determinations b. Many attorneys prefer psychologists for child custody evaluations. c. Many judges advocate for psychologists to have prescription privileges. d. Many attorneys advocate for psychiatrists in correctional facilities.
a
Which term is synonymous with forensic data recovery? a. Computer evidence recovery b. Ink data discovery c. Forensic document questioning d. Handwriting analysis
a
Who gets the report when a defense attorney requests a competency evaluation for his or her client? a. The defense attorney b. The judge. c. The prosecutor d. All parties
a
Why are juveniles arrested in greater numbers than their proportions in the population? a. They commit crimes in groups. b. They commit violent crimes. c. They commit status offenses. d. They commit crimes not reported to law enforcement.
a
Why is the juvenile psychopath label so controversial in the field of forensic psychology? a. The prognosis for treatment is poor for those labeled psychopaths. b. Juveniles labeled as psychopaths are more likely to be sentenced to death. c. Juveniles labeled as psychopaths are more likely to have poor interpersonal skills. d. Signs and symptoms of psychopathy are typically evident before birth.
a
suspect
a person whom the police "suspect" to have committed a crime. Suspects can be guilty or innocent
According to Quay (1965), an important feature in the behavioral description of a psychopath is the a. ability to escape detection. b. neuropsychological need for excitement. c. range of crimes committed. d. poor judgment
b
According to Rosenfeld and Harmon (2002), which two factors are significant predictors of stalking violence? a. Prior criminal history and violent behavior b. Violent threats and drug use c. Presence of mental disorder and prior criminal history d. Age of the stalker and presence of a mental disorder
b
According to Schihadeh and Barranco, which change in Latino communities may lead to an increase in violence? a. An increased participation in the labor force b. A shift in migration patterns from large communities to less established communities c. A decrease in the availability of social service programs that target low income Latinos d. A decentralization of the Latino nuclear family
b
According to the coercion developmental model, what is the greatest predictor of early-onset offending? a. Peer rejection b. Family environment c. Disposition of the child d. Exposure to violence
b
All of the following are examples of behavior that can be considered workplace violence except a. threatening to hit a colleague during a staff meeting. b. drinking alcohol on the job. c. pointing a gun at one's supervisor. d. sexually assaulting a coworker in the parking lot.
b
All of the following are major categories of juvenile unlawful acts except a. drug offenses b. unlawful acts against oneself c. offenses against the public order d. status offenses
b
Although juvenile crime as a whole has gone down in recent years, incidents of __________have increased. a. adult violent crime b. school shootings c. violent bullying d. youth homicides
b
Another term for reactive violence is __________ violence. a. impulsive b. expressive c. provoked d. instrumental
b
Civil commitment of sexually violent predators requires evidence of mental a. disorder. b. abnormality. c. disability. d. disease. status.
b
Classic and family are two types of __________ murder. a. spree b. mass c. serial d. multiple
b
Damage to the frontal lobe of the brain often disrupts processing by: a. the visuospatial sketchpad. b. the central executive. c. the phonological loop. d. iconic memory. e. echoic memory.
b
Echoic memory is thought to last: a. less than 1 second. b. longer than the icon, perhaps up to 20 seconds. c. about 1 minute. d. up to 5 minutes. e. a lifetime.
b
Encoding occurs when: a. information is presented to our senses. b. information is translated into a form that other cognitive processes can use. c. information is stored over a period of time. d. information is called back from storage. e. information is used in problem solving or decision making.
b
Evaluations in which a clinician evaluates a defendant's competency to stand and trial and criminal responsibility at the same time are called a. insanity standards. b. dual purpose evaluations. c. criminal responsibility screenings. d. product tests.
b
Fox and Levin (2003) found that, compared to the general population, serial killers a. have a larger amygdala. b. have exceptional interpersonal skills. c. are healthier and more physically fit. d. are clinically mentally ill.
b
Given research findings on murder, which statement would be least accurate? a. Most murders are a single-incident offense. b. Most murders involve more than one victim. c. Most murders are committed during the course of committing another offense. d. Most murders are perpetrated against an acquaintance.
b
Graduates with master's degrees in psychology, and without a doctoral degree a. cannot legally practice psychology. b. cannot call themselves psychologists in most states. c. are not allowed to work in prison settings. d. are not allowed to testify in federal courts.
b
If the search of short-term memory is self-terminating, then we would expect that: a. successful searches would take longer than unsuccessful ones, on the average. b. unsuccessful searches would take longer than successful ones, on the average. c. the size of the memory set would not influence search time. d. the larger the memory set, the longer the search time. e. the smaller the memory set, the longer the search time.
b
In legal terms, a juvenile delinquent is defined as a(n) a. an individual under age eighteen who engages in developmentally inappropriate behavior. b. an individual who commits an act against the criminal code and is adjudicated delinquent by the court. c. a minor who commits a violent act against another. d. a minor who displays erratic behavior for a period of at least six months.
b
In regard to risk assessment, both the ethical code of the APA and the Specialty Guidelines for Forensic Psychology state that psychologists should a. not use risk assessment instruments to evaluate sex offenders. b. use only validated risk assessment instruments to evaluate sex offenders. c. not participate in death penalty sentencing of sex offenders. d. use only clinical data when communicating their findings.
b
Information is held in _____ for 20 to 30 seconds. a. sensory memory b. short-term memory c. long-term memory d. secondary memory e. none of the above
b
Mark Smith is a PhD who studies the feeding patterns of insects. His findings are often used to determine cause of death in murder investigations. Dr. Smith would be considered a(n) a. forensic psychologist. b. forensic entomologist. c. insect analyst. d. cephalic pathologist.
b
One basic physiological mechanism for learning is the ____ rule, which states that if a synapse between two neurons is repeatedly activated at about the same time the postsynaptic neuron fires, the chemistry of the synapse changes. a. Carlson b. Hebb c. Baddeley d. Tulving e. icon
b
Repeating a phone number to yourself to hold it in memory while you dial it would use which component of working memory? a. the visuospatial sketchpad b. the phonological loop c. the episodic buffer d. both the visuospatial sketchpad and the phonological loop e. both the visuospatial sketchpad and the episodic buffer
b
Reports of competency evaluations should include all of the following except a. the purpose of the evaluation. b. details about the crime itself. c. background information about the defendant. d. scores on psychological measures.
b
Research on crime and delinquency suggests that which factor leads to serious violent offending? a. Authoritative teaching b. Rejection by peers c. Excessive television viewing d. Poor academic performance
b
Research suggests that insanity cases are often decided on __________ grounds. a. legal b. moral c. psychiatric d. sacred
b
Researchers agree that both __________ factors and __________factors are important in understanding violence. a. behavioral; economic b. individual; environmental c. passive; active d. psychological; psychiatric
b
Restoration to competency for individual found incompetent to stand trial should focus not only on decisional capacities, but also on a. improving one's physical health. b. education about the legal system. c. medication compliance. d. involvement of one's family.
b
Sanity refers to mental state __________; whereas competency refers to mental state __________. a. at sentencing; during pretrial b. at time of criminal justice proceedings; at time of crime c. at time of crime; at time of criminal justice proceedings d. during the evaluation; during the trial
b
Some states allow judge and jurors an alternative to NGRI. This middle ground verdict is called a. Innocent but culpable b. Guilty but mentally ill c. Guilty but insane d. Innocent but unstable.
b
Ted and Gretchen had been corresponded through a chat room for single parents with fibromyalgia. Last week, Gretchen was offered a daytime job and stopped communicating with Ted due to time constraints. Since then, Ted has sent Gretchen numerous threatening emails and two computer viruses. Ted seems to be engaging in a. sexual harassment. b. cyberstalking. c. telecrime. d. cyberviolence.
b
The Food and Drug Administration's forensic lab was instrumental in investigating the 1982 product tampering case involving a. the Unabomber. b. cyanide laced Tylenol capsules. c. the Hillside Strangler. d. a security breech at Target stores.
b
The R-CRAS is a forensic instrument used for assessing a. adjudicative competence. b. criminal responsibility. c. cognitive functioning. d. competence to plead guilty.
b
The chapter focuses on criminal behavior that is __________ and __________. a. violent; antisocial b. serious; persistent c. glorified; untreatable d. involuntary; punitive
b
The icon is said to be characterized by all of the following EXCEPT: a. It holds information in a relatively unprocessed form. b. It lasts about 20 seconds. c. It can be "erased" by stimuli that are presented immediately afterward. d. It can hold more information than can be reported. e. It contains only visual information, not auditory.
b
The law states that an individual found NGRI cannot be held solely based on dangerousness if there is no longer evidence of mental illness. Which one of the following groups is the exception? a. Serial killers b. Sexually violent predators c. Law enforcement personnel d. Juvenile delinquents
b
The majority of research on serial killers is based on a. objective measures. b. case studies. c. empirical research. d. surveys and interviews.
b
The surgery performed on patient "H.M." involved removal of most of the: a. cerebellum b. hippocampus c. frontal lobe d. corpus callosum e. occipital lobe
b
The term "retrograde amnesia" refers to: a. the loss of the ability to form new memories. b. the loss of the ability to recall old events. c. the loss of short-term memory. d. the loss of sensory memory. e. the loss of all memory ability.
b
What is the common link between the broad and narrow definitions of forensic psychology? a. The inclusion of clinicians b. The legal system c. Violent crime analysis d. Empirical assessment practices
b
What is the difference between standards and guidelines? a. Psychologists are expected to adhere to guidelines; standards are aspirational b. Psychologists are expected to adhere to standards; guidelines are aspirational c. Guidelines are legal; standards are psychological d. Standards are psychological; guidelines are legal
b
What is the most frequent outcome for those found NGRI? a. The defendant is sent home under house arrest. b. The defendant is hospitalized. c. The defendant is sent home with case management services. d. The defendant is set free.
b
What is the primary difference between violence and aggression? a. Aggression is present at birth while violence is a learned behavior b. Aggression may not involve force while violence does c. Violence is legal while aggression is illegal d. Violence is psychological while aggression is physiological
b
Which U.S. Supreme Court case dealt with the forced medication of incompetent defendants? a. Loughner v. U.S. b. Sell v. U.S. c. Colorado v. Connelly d. Arizona v. Dusky
b
Which ethical issue would a psychologist be least likely to address? a. Answering the ultimate issue in a child custody evaluation b. Determining the correct medication dosage for a psychotic prisoner c. Conducting a risk assessment for a death penalty case d. Participating in a military interrogation
b
Which forensic psychology subspecialty would be concerned with visitation rights for a same-sex couple who were not legally married? a. Correctional b. Family forensic c. Police and public safety d. Forensic school
b
Which four crimes in the UCR comprise the U.S. violent crime rate? a. Homicide, rape, burglary, and assault b. Murder, nonnegligent manslaughter, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault c. Forcible rape, statutory rape, murder, and manslaughter d. Assault, burglary, forcible rape, and homicide
b
Which of the following disorders is the predominant diagnosis of individuals found incompetent to stand trial? a. Narcolepsy b. Schizophrenia c. Depression d. Psychopathy
b
Which of the following is NOT a component of Baddeley's working memory model? a. the phonological loop b. the icon c. the central executive d. the visuospatial sketchpad e. the episodic buffer
b
Which of the following statements about prescription privileges for psychologists is correct? a. Recent surveys indicate that almost all psychologists are in favor of prescription privileges. b. A small minority of states give psychologists prescription privileges. c. No state allows psychologists to prescribe medication. d. Military psychologists are the only psychologists who have prescription privileges.
b
Which of the following statements is a finding from the Safe School Initiative report? a. The majority of school shooters acted impulsively after an extreme bullying incident. b. Most school shooters in the United States had easy access to guns. c. Most school shooters acted alone and did not disclose their plan to others. d. The majority of first responders in school shootings were law enforcement officers who had relationships with the victims.
b
Which quality do sociopaths have that psychopaths lack? a. Criminal history b. Empathy c. Firesetting in childhood d. Callous-unemotional traits
b
Which statement illustrates a difference between male and female psychopaths? a. Female psychopaths recidivate more than male psychopaths. b. Environmental and cultural influences play a greater role in the development of psychopathy in females than in males. c. Incidents of violence and aggression are more common with female psychopaths compared to male psychopaths. d. Male psychopaths tend to be more skillful and manipulative in their aggression compared to female psychopaths.
b
Which statement is true about the insanity defense? a. It is allowed in all fifty states. b. It is allowed in a majority of states. c. It is allowed in two states. d. It is not allowed in the United States.
b
Which term is synonymous with sanity evaluation? a. Competency assessment b. Criminal responsibility evaluation c. Risk assessment d. Forensic amenability evaluation
b
Which two adjectives most accurately describe the effects of criminal victimization on adults? a. Temporary and varied b. Pervasive and persistent c. Intense and short-lived d. Recognizable and untreatable
b
Which type of sentencing attempts to make the punishment fit the crime? a. Dominant b. Determinant c. Intermittent d. Indeterminate
b
Words from the beginning of a list are more likely to be recalled than words from the middle of the list. This phenomenon is known as the _____ effect. a. recency b. primacy c. forgetting d. interference e. memory trace
b
According to Holmes and DeBurger's serial killer typology, which type may further be divided into the subtypes of lust, thrill and comfort? a. Visionary b. Mission-oriented c. Hedonistic d. Power
c
According to research, when does persistent antisocial behavior typically begin? a. Early adulthood b. Middle adulthood c. Early childhood d. Infancy
c
Childhood onset and adolescent onset are two subtypes of which diagnosis? a. ADHD b. Antisocial personality disorder. c. Conduct disorder d. Psychopathy
c
Compared to life course-persistent offenders, low-level chronic offenders a. peak at round age 16 and then decline during late teens and early adulthood. b. begin antisocial behavior early and then remain at a high level throughout their lifetimes. c. exhibit a rise in offending through early adolescence, plateau, and then remain at the same offending level well past age 18. d. engage in no delinquency in early adolescence but then display high level delinquent behavior throughout adulthood.
c
Compared to single-victim murderers, serial killers a. are more physically attractive. b. choose younger victims. c. begin killing at a later age. d. kill family members and close friends.
c
Compared to violent offenders who are not psychopaths, criminal psychopaths engage in violent offenses that involve a. domestic disputes. b. extreme emotional arousal. c. revenge while drinking. d. a close family member.
c
Forensic psychologists are generally advised not to include __________ in their competency reports. a. the defendant's age b. suggestions for restoring competency c. diagnoses d. results of assessment instruments.
c
Higher working memory capacity means that an individual: a. is more susceptible to interference. b. has quicker reaction times in identifying target letters. c. is better able to control his/her cognitive focus. d. has lower ability to reason from premises. e. is more susceptible to misleading information.
c
Hostile attribution bias is to a __________ factor as violent media exposure is to a __________ factor. a. biological; situational b. situational; biological c. cognitive; socialization d. socialization; cognitive
c
In Waugh and Norman's probe digit task, a. faster presentation rates improved performance. b. faster presentation rates decreased performance. c. presentation rate had no effect on performance. d. only rates slower than 3-second intervals decreased performance. e. only very fast rates improved performance.
c
In the Brown-Peterson short-term memory task, recall performance was hurt most by: a. a slow rate of presentation. b. a fast rate of presentation. c. a large number of interfering items. d. a small number of interfering items. e. a combination of fast presentation and a large number of interfering items.
c
In the typical criminal case where competency is in question, a. at least three competency evaluations are performed. b. at least two evaluations are conducted by different clinicians c. the judge agrees with the recommendation made by the clinician. d. the offender is released while the assessment is being conducted.
c
In their study of APA-accredited doctoral programs, Magaletta et al. (2013) found that graduate schools failed to adequately prepare students for which forensic psychology subspecialty? a. Legal b. Family c. Correctional d. Juvenile
c
Mohandie, Meloy, Green-McGowan & Williams (2006) concluded that stalkers could be grouped into four categories based on a. their thinking patterns. b. the length of the stalking behavior. c. their relationship to the victim. d. their motives for stalking.
c
Most studies of sensory memory have focused on memory for information from which sensory modalities? a. vision and taste b. vision and smell c. vision and hearing d. smell and hearing e. taste and touch
c
Partial reports of visually presented matrices of letters can be successfully cued by all of the following EXCEPT: a. the pitch of a tone b. the brightness of the letters c. which letters rhyme with B d. the color of the letters e. brightness or color of the letters
c
Research indicates that __________ are more sympathetic to the insanity defense than are __________. a. psychologists; psychiatrists b. psychiatrists; psychologists c. judges; juries. juries; jdges
c
Studies of coding in short-term memory suggest that which of the following would be most DIFFICULT to recall correctly? a. C - O - G - Q - D b. big-large-huge-tall-wide c. C - D - P - V - T d. A - E - I - O - U e. All of these would be equally difficult.
c
The American Psychological Association accepted forensic psychology as a specialization in the year a. 1991. b. 1995. c. 2001. d. 2005.
c
The U.S. Supreme Court has ruled that the standard for determining competency to stand trial did NOT apply to a. pretrial proceedings. b. proceedings before a person was indicted. c. habeas corpus proceedings. d. competency to plead guilty.
c
The capacity of short-term memory was thought by George Miller to be: a. about 75% of a visual display. b. 7 (plus or minus 2) letters or numbers. c. 7 (plus or minus 2) meaningful chunks of information. d. 12 (plus or minus 3) chunks of information. e. unlimited.
c
The chapter focuses on which three areas of forensic assessment? a. Competency to stand trial, competency to waive one's rights, and competency to serve as one's own lawyer b. Psychiatry, psychology, and social work c. Competency, insanity, and sentencing d. Restoration, restitution, and reestablishment
c
The concept of fluid intelligence is highly related to: a. iconic memory capacity. b. echoic memory capacity. c. working memory capacity. d. interference. e. anterograde amnesia.
c
The most frequent victims of workplace homicide are a. law enforcement officers. b. bartenders. c. retail workers. d. postal workers.
c
The production of stimulus-independent thoughts (SITs), such as daydreams, depends upon: a. the phonological loop only. b. the visuospatial sketchpad only. c. the central executive. d. the episodic buffer. e. the semantic buffer.
c
The two-pronged Dusky standard specifies that a defendant must not only understand what is happening but also be a. able to waive his or her rights. b. represented by a competent attorney. c. able to assist in his or her own defense. d. undergoing restorative treatment.
c
What do the Supreme Court cases Miller v. Alabama, 2012, Jackson v. Hobbs, 2012, and Roper v. Simmons, 2005 all have in common? a. They involved the death penalty for juvenile offenders b. They all involved juvenile psychopaths c. The decisions all involved research on cognitive abilities of adolescents d. The decisions all involved the provision of rehabilitative services
c
What is the concern with sex offender typologies? a. They are not useful in clinical practice b. They are often too broad to be useful c. They have not received empirical support d. They are used primarily by psychiatrists
c
What is the fastest growing branch of forensic psychology? a. Legal b. Family c. Correctional d. Juvenile
c
What is the leading psychological diagnosis for children living in the United States? a. Depression b. Conduct disorder c. ADHD d. OCD
c
Which individual is at greatest risk for workplace violence? a. A postal worker b. A retail worker c. A correctional officer d. A high school teacher
c
Which individual would typically have the greatest influence on a 15-year-old girl? a. Her physician b. Her older sister c. Her friend d. Her father
c
Which of the following definitions would be considered a narrow definition of forensic psychology? a. Forensic psychology is the research and application of psychological knowledge to the legal system. b. Forensic psychology is the research endeavor that examines aspects of human behavior directly related to the legal process and the professional practice of psychology within a legal system that embraces both civil and criminal law. c. Forensic psychology is the application and practice of psychology as it pertains to the legal system. d. Forensic psychology refers to professional practice by any psychologist working within any sub-discipline of psychology when applying the scientific, technical, or specialized knowledge of psychology to the law to assist in addressing legal, contractual, and administrative matters.
c
Which of the following illustrates a misconception that jurors have about the insanity defense? a. The belief that medication does not effectively treat mental illness b. The belief that all assessment instruments have been validated through a series of empirical studies c. The belief that defendants found NGRI go free d. The belief that defendants have no remorse for their crimes
c
Which of the following is a form of intelligence measured by standard IQ tests? a. Naturalistic b. Interpersonal c. Linguistic d. Kinesthetic
c
Which of the following is least likely to be considered a mitigating factor at the sentencing stage in a death penalty case? a. Evidence of PTSD b. Age of the offender c. Gender of the offender d. History of abuse by parents
c
Which of the following specialties is one of the five major areas in forensic psychology? a. Positive psychology b. Social psychology c. Legal psychology d. Pathological psychology
c
Which one of the following individuals would be eligible for the death penalty? a. A juvenile sex offender who is under age eighteen. b. A thirty-six year old female who is intellectually disabled. c. A female business owner who stabs her husband to death. d. A male serial rapist whose victims are all alive.
c
Which statement best summarizes current statistics on gun violence in the U.S.? a. The majority of gun-related deaths are not criminal offenses. b. The number of firearm homicides is directly proportional to each state's gun safety legislation. c. Handguns account for the greatest majority of both fatal and nonfatal incidents in the U.S. d. Firearm violence has been substantially decreasing since 1999.
c
Which statement most accurately summarizes a difference between forensic psychologists and forensic psychiatrists? a. Psychologists can legally prescribe medication in all fifty states, whereas psychiatrists can only prescribe medication in the military. b. Psychologists focus on research, whereas psychiatrists focus on application. c. Psychiatrists hold a medical degree, whereas most psychologists do not. d. Psychologists work primarily in institutional settings, whereas psychiatrists do not.
c
Which term refers to a cluster of traits characterized by high impulsivity, egocentricity, lack of empathy and deficits in emotional expression? a. Impulsivity-egocentricity b. Conduct disorder c. Callous-unemotional traits d. Inconsistent regulation
c
Why do serial killers rarely use guns to kill their victims? a. They don't have easy access to guns. b. They aren't comfortable with violence. c. They prefer methods that provide control and dominance. d. They prefer to leave their victims clean for trophy collecting.
c
You have just listened to a list of 20 words. When asked to recall these words in any order, you are LEAST LIKELY to recall the a. first word. b. second word. c. 10th word. d. 20th word. e. word that reminded you of something you ate for breakfast.
c
17. Easterbrook (1959) proposed a hypothesis to explain why a witness may focus on a weapon as opposed to other crime scene details. This hypothesis suggests that when emotional arousal increases, attentional capacity decreases. What is this hypothesis called? a) Recall obstruction hypothesis b) Retrieval impairment hypothesis c) Cue-utilization hypothesis d) Central superiority hypothesis e) Peripheral inferiority effect
c) Cue-utilization hypothesis
7. In the study by Van Koppen and Lochun (1997) reported in the text, what is the average number of descriptors reported by eyewitnesses? a) Four b) Six c) Eight d) Nine e) Ten
c) Eight
A forensic psychologist who specializes in victimology would most likely perform which of the following tasks? a. Train police officers on how to deal with mentally ill citizens b. Testify at a trial in which the defendant has pleaded not guilty by reason of insanity c. Conduct research on the development of psychopathy d. Assess, support, and counsel those who provide death notification services
d
According to Terrie Moffitt, what is the core reason for most delinquency? a. Inadequate brain development b. Poor parenting skills c. Societal pressure to obtain wealth d. A desire to impress peers
d
According to the text, human violence is ultimately a _____ behavior. a. transitional b. persistent c. static d. learned
d
All of the following are characteristics of temperament except a. it has a constitutional basis. b. it continues throughout the lifespan. c. it can be influenced by the psychosocial environment. d. it begins in early adulthood.
d
All of the following are laws designed to address the problems associated with sex offending except a. The Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act. b. Megan's Law. c. Amber Alert. d. The Gonzaga Law.
d
Assessing the mental needs of incoming prison inmates is a task performed by a __________ psychologist. a. police b. delinquent c. criminal d. correctional
d
Baddeley's research indicated that storing a string of digits in short-term memory: a. improved processing in simple reasoning tasks. b. slowed down but did not destroy the ability to complete simple reasoning tasks. c. completely destroyed the ability to reason. d. slowed down reasoning only at large memory loads (that is, storing six digits in short-term memory). e. destroyed reasoning ability only at large memory loads.
d
Competency to stand trial and competency to plea bargain are examples of __________ competencies. a. institutional b. dual-purpose c. sanity d. adjudicative
d
Death penalty mitigation refers to a. absolving one of guilt. b. rendering a crime heinous. c. ensuring a defendant receives the death penalty. d. reducing one's sentence in order to avoid the death penalty.
d
Emma is a 12-year-old girl who has been watching her friend Mandy get bullied at school. Emma and her friends are worried about Mandy and want to stop the bullying. Given the research on bullying, what would you recommend that Emma and her friends do? a. Ignore the bullying behavior b. Befriend the bully c. Engage in indirect forms of aggression d. Intervene by defending Mandy
d
Experiments indicate that storing a string of six digits in short-term memory interferes with the ability to: a. verify which of two letters precedes the other in the alphabet. b. read and comprehend passages of text. c. recall recently learned material. d. verify letter sequences, read and comprehend text, and recall recently learned material. e. draw a picture.
d
Factor 1 is to the __________ components of psychopathy, where Factor 2 is to the __________ components of psychopathy. a. goals and ambitions; socioeconomic status and educational attainment b. socioeconomic status and educational attainment; goals and ambitions c. deviant lifestyle and antisocial attitudes; interpersonal and affective d. interpersonal and affective; deviant lifestyle and antisocial attitudes
d
Fitness for duty evaluations are to __________ psychology as child custody evaluations are to __________ psychology. a. clinical; school b. social; criminal c. organizational; victim d. police; legal
d
Gaynor (1996) identified three stages of firesetting behavior. A twelve-year-old boy who sets damaging fires in order to get attention is likely at which stage? a. Fire interest b. Fire experimentation c. Fireplay d. Firesetting
d
Historically, criminal sentencing was based on the __________ model of corrections. a. punitive b. progressive c. reactive d. rehabilitative
d
In 1994, the Hate Crime Statistics Act was amended to include a. gender. b. sexual orientation. c. religion. d. physical and mental disabilities.
d
Information such as the name of the person who sat in front of you in the fifth grade is stored in: a. sensory memory. b. short-term memory. c. working memory. d. long-term memory. e. photographic memory.
d
Kate is a second-year college student who is interested in becoming a police psychologist. If you were Kate's parents, which career path would you suggest to her? a. Encourage her to transfer to a university accredited in police psychology b. Encourage her to earn her undergraduate degree and then join the police academy c. Encourage her to transfer to an undergraduate school with joint-degree training d. Encourage her to earn a doctorate in psychology and gain ample exposure to police culture
d
Kolko's (2002) firesetter typology is based on the __________ of a firesetter. a. criminal history b. mental disorder c. age d. motivation
d
Many of the children at Pineview Middle School are unsure about their school's policy on bullying and don't report threats because they are afraid of repercussions from other students. This illustrates a __________ factor called __________. a. family; tolerance for disrespectful behavior b. individual; inequitable discipline c. peer-related; inflexible culture d. school-related; code of silence
d
McKain's research on LPAs indicated that a. their career opportunities were limited. b. employees preferred licensed social workers to LPAs. c. most felt pressure to earn their PhDs. d. they are a marketable group.
d
Negligent supervision and inadequate security are examples of a. threat assessments. b. employee abuse. c. reasonable accommodations. d. workplace violence litigation.
d
PET scan studies: a. show that short-term memory function is contained within the frontal lobes. b. show that long-term memories are stored in the frontal lobe. c. demonstrate that massive brain damage in several regions is necessary to cause amnesia. d. support Baddeley's notion that verbal and spatial working memory are different systems. e. do not tell us anything about short-term memory.
d
Physical workplace violence is classified according to a. the level of violence involved. b. the perpetrator c. the type of business or industry d. the perpetrator's relationship to the workplace.
d
Psychological services to _________ have received little attention until recent years. a. prisoners b. persons with mental disorders c. juveniles d. victims of crime
d
Research suggests that bullying and peer aggression are related to high a. self-esteem. b. isolation. c. emotional intelligence. d. social status.
d
Retrieval involves: a. the activation of the senses. b. the translation of information into a form that can be stored. c. the storage of information over time. d. the calling to mind of previously stored information. e. the decay of information in memory.
d
Terrie Moffitt is to __________ as Laurence Steinberg is to __________. a. psychopathy; delinquency b. biopsychological theory; sociological theory c. family dynamics; peer relationships d. developmental theory; cognitive psychosocial theory
d
The UCR has stopped collecting data on which status offense? a. Burglary b. Forcible rape c. Arson d. Running away from home
d
The history of forensic psychology can be traced back to late 19th century experiments involving which topic? a. Serial murders b. Prison violence c. Child development d. Eyewitness identification
d
The majority of new psychology doctorates are employed in __________ settings. a. government b. business c. private practice d. human service
d
The primacy and recency effects in memory: a. are thought to be due to the action of short-term memory. b. are thought to be due to the action of long-term memory. c. are thought to be due to the action of sensory memory. d. can be independently manipulated, indicating at least two types of memory at work. e. have recently been discredited in cognitive psychology.
d
The recency effect is through to result from participants' use of: a. sensory memory. b. short-term memory. c. long-term memory. d. either sensory or short-term memory. e. both short-term and long-term memory
d
The trial of __________ was considered an embarrassment to the justice system and resulted in the Supreme Court's ruling that a defendant deemed competent to stand trial was not necessarily competent to serve as his or her own lawyer. a. Stephen Raucci b. Ted Bundy c. O.J. Simpson d. Colin Ferguson
d
There has been a global increase in forensic psychology graduate programs within the past few years. What conclusion can you make about the field of forensic psychology from this statement? a. Crime is on the rise b. There is a need for trained mental health counselors in corrections c. The field has been overly glamorized in the media d. The field is growing
d
UCR data indicate that __________ accounts for the smallest share of violent crime, where __________ accounts for the largest share of violent crime. a. burglary; forcible rape b. assault; nonnegligent homicide c. rape; simple robbery d. murder; aggravated assault
d
When assessing risk in sexually violent predators, it is important for clinicians to be aware that a. the majority of SVPs are also substance abusers. b. the majority of SVPs have been falsely accused. c. co-morbid mental disorders are rare in this population. d. treatment may not be provided once the individual is civilly committed.
d
When information is first translated into a form that other cognitive processes can use, we say that _______ has occurred. a. retrieval b. storage c. forgetting d. encoding e. remembering
d
Which answer choice describes the difference between mass murder and serial murder? a. Mass murder involves at least five victims, where serial murder involves victims or less. b. Mass murder involves victims that are known to the perpetrator where serial murder involves unknown victims. c. Serial murder involves a sexual component, whereas mass murder does not. d. Serial murder involves a cooling off period, where mass murder does not.
d
Which of the following illustrates a difference between coercion developmental model and Moffit's developmental theory? a. The coercion developmental model focuses more on self-determination and gender differences than societal influences. b. The coercion developmental model focuses more on societal influences than on self-determination and gender differences. c. The coercion developmental model focuses more on characteristics of the child than parenting skills. d. The coercion developmental model focuses more on the role of parenting than on specific characteristics of the child.
d
Which of the following is the most recently recognized applied branch of psychology? a. Clinical b. Counseling c. Industrial/organizational d. Police and public safety
d
Sternberg's classic work on searching for information from short-term memory indicated that the search process is: a. serial. b. self-terminating. c. exhaustive. d. parallel. e. both serial and exhaustive.
e
The main distinction between "short-term memory" and "working memory" hinges on: a. the kind of storage (short vs. longer term). b. the kind of coding used (acoustic vs. imaginal). c. the capacity (limited to 7+2 items vs. unlimited). d. the type of forgetting (decay vs. interference). e. the emphasis on static structure vs. active processing.
e
20. Thomas Sophonow was convicted of murder on the basis of eyewitness evidence. DNA evidence exonerated him 15 years later. Which of the following is not one of the recommendations put forth by the judge as a result of this case? a) The photo lineup procedure with the witness should be recorded. b) Officers should inform witnesses that it is just as important to clear innocent suspects as it is to identify guilty suspects. c) The photo lineup should be presented sequentially. d) Officers should not discuss a witness's identification decision with the witness. e) As many witnesses should participate during the lineup as possible.
e) As many witnesses should participate during the lineup as possible.
11. Which of the following is not a reason why photo arrays are more common than lineups? a) A witness may be less anxious examining a photo array than a live lineup. b) Photo arrays are less time-consuming to construct. c) The suspect does not have the right to counsel being present when a witness looks at a photo array, but this right is present with live lineups. d) Photo arrays are portable. e) The results of photo arrays are more accurate than lineups.
e) The results of photo arrays are more accurate than lineups.
19. Eyewitness Evidence: A Guide for Law Enforcement is a national set of guidelines used in the United States. Which of the following was not specified as one of the recommendations for lineup identifications? a) The person who conducts the lineup or photo array should not know which person is the suspect. b) Eyewitnesses should be told explicitly that the criminal may not be present in the lineup. c) The suspect should not stand out in the lineup as being different from the foils. d) A clear statement should be taken from the eyewitness regarding his/her confidence at the time of the identification. e) Witnesses should be limited in terms of the amount of time they are allowed to review the lineup.
e) Witnesses should be limited in terms of the amount of time they are allowed to review the lineup.
