foundation activities - final

Researchers develop a set of standard criteria for classifying whether a person has a particular disease, syndrome, or health condition. It is a working definition that researchers have agreed upon as the basic unit of study. a. Case Definition b. Common Source Outbreak c. Surveillance d. Epidemiologic Triad e. Screening

a. Case Definition

__________ is a measure of the relative odds of a positive diagnosis for those with the condition versus those free of the condition. It is calculated by dividing the positive likelihood ratio by the negative likelihood ratio. a. Diagnostic odds ratio b. Likelihood ratio c. Posttest probability d. Area under the curve e. Youden's index

a. Diagnostic odds ratio

What terminology is defined as the study of diseases in populations and the evaluation of interventions at a population level, as a method of solving the problems of diseases in individuals? a. Epidemiology b. Biomedical research c. Endemic d. Evidence-based practice e. Public health

a. Epidemiology

The SuperStatin Package Insert in Appendix A of the textbook is for a drug that is clinically indicated for the treatment of: a. Hyperlipidemia. b. Diabetes. c. Depression. d. Hypertension. e. Osteoporosis.

a. Hyperlipidemia.

The sensitivity of a new diagnostic tool was reported to be 92% (95% CI, 88 to 96). Considering the information provided by the confidence interval, identify the correct statement regarding the sensitivity scores. a. Ninety-five percent of the time, the sensitivity scores fell between the range of 88% and 96%. b. There is an 8% chance that the true value for sensitivity is outside the range of 88% and 96%. c. Ninety-two percent of the sensitivity scores fell between the range of 88% and 96%. d. One hundred percent of the sensitivity scores fell between the range of 88% and 96%. e. Ninety-five percent of the sensitivity scores were 92%.

a. Ninety-five percent of the time, the sensitivity scores fell between the range of 88% and 96%.

What biostatistics is the event rate among those exposed to a factor divided by the event rate among those not exposed to the same factor? a. Relative Risk b. Absolute Risk c. Attack Rate d. Odds Ratio e. Relative Risk Reduction

a. Relative Risk

The primary goal of the PSR's interaction with physicians and other healthcare providers is to: a. provide FDA- and corporate-approved messages related to pharmaceuticals that identify potential solutions for a provider's patients. b. provide a wide range of health-related strategies for physicians to try with their patients. c. provide unbiased information about a company's specific group of pharmaceuticals. d. meet sales goals established by the manufacturer. e. treat patients with the most effective available interventions.

a. provide FDA- and corporate-approved messages related to pharmaceuticals that identify potential solutions for a provider's patients.

A/an __________ is the diagnostic test that is normally used in clinical practice and serves as the basis of comparison for a new diagnostic test in a study. a. reference standard b. usual diagnostic care c. laboratory test d. standard of care e. sensitive test

a. reference standard

A study designed to determine if the harms associated with a new intervention were significantly less than usual care is referred to as a/an: a. superiority trial. b. study of harm. c. tertiary prevention trial. d. relative risk study. e. nonequivalence study.

a. superiority trial.

A odds ratio (OR) greater than 1.0 means: a. the odds are increased. b. Cannot be determine. An OR cannot be above 1.0. c. the odds are the same. d. the odds are decreased. e. the intervention was harmful to the treatment group.

a. the odds are increased.

__________ is/are a set of standardized criteria for classifying individuals as having a specific disease or condition. a. Assessment b. Case definition c. Diagnosis d. Risk factors e. Spectrum

b. Case definition

__________ is the level of a test assigned to designed the result as positive. a. Inclusion criteria b. Diagnostic cutoff c. Indication d. Positive predictive value e. Sensitivity

b. Diagnostic cutoff

What is the degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process, and understand basic health information and services? a. Numeracy b. Health literacy c. Assessment phase of care d. Contemplation phase e. Transtheoretical model

b. Health literacy

The _______ provides science-based, 10-year national objectives for improving the health of all Americans. For three decades, the program has established benchmarks and monitored progress over time in order to encourage collaborations across communities and sectors, empower individuals to make informed health decisions, and measure the impact of prevention activities. a. World Health Organization Global Health Program. b. Healthy People initiative c. US Department of Health and Human Services. d. Health for America e. US Preventive Services Task Force

b. Healthy People initiative

When designing patient education materials, cognitive objectives are written to articulate which type of outcomes? a. Values b. Knowledge c. Motor and other skills d. Attitudes e. Knowledge and motor and other skills

b. Knowledge

A/An _____ is when a provider prescribes a medication for the first time to see how the drug works. a. case study b. N of 1 trial c. illegal prescribing practice d. micro clinical trial e. non-random single person cohort

b. N of 1 trial

__________ are findings that are applicable to other diagnoses and indicate the patient does not have the diagnosis of interest. They help rule out items in the differential. a. Negative cases b. Pertinent negatives c. Contraindications d. Differential diagnoses e. Indications

b. Pertinent negatives

Ink pens and sticky notes with a drug company's logo and/or the name of the drug prominently displayed on them would be examples of what category of PhRMA gift? a. Moderately priced item b. Reminder item c. Non-reportable item d. Expensive item e. Reportable item

b. Reminder item

_____ is a website sponsored by drug manufacturers that connects patients with pharmaceutical assistance programs. a. Drugs.com b. RxAssist c. Meds4U d. FDA e. PhRMA Help

b. RxAssist

What is the temperament of people on the Personality Palette who are categorized as Green? a. Structured b. Scientific c. Friendly d. Cooperative e. Demanding

b. Scientific

Of the four statistics PPV, NPV, sensitivity, and specificity, which can be computed using a 2x2 contingency table? a. Only specificity can be computed with a 2x2 contingency table. b. Sensitivity, specificity, NPV, and PPV can all be computed with a 2x2 contingency table. c. Only NPV and PPV can be computed with a 2x2 contingency table, not sensitivity or specificity. d. Only sensitivity and specificity can be computed with a 2x2 contingency table, not PPV or NPV. e. Only PPV can be computed with a 2x2 contingency table.

b. Sensitivity, specificity, NPV, and PPV can all be computed with a 2x2 contingency table.

__________ is the range of disease states among individuals who comprise the population in which the diagnostic test will be used. a. Risk factors b. Spectrum of disease c. Symptom algorithm d. Disease classification e. Youden's index

b. Spectrum of disease

__________ is defined as procedures concerned with the remedial treatment or prevention of diseases. a. Outcomes b. Therapeutics c. Adherence d. Efficacy e. Interactions

b. Therapeutics

What is the primary role of an IRB in a prevention research study? a. To define the primary outcome measure b. To approve the study protocol c. To write the article for publication d. To report the results to the medical community e. To describe the indications and contraindications

b. To approve the study protocol

An unanticipated problem that arises from having a diagnostic procedure is called a/an: a. contraindication. b. complication. c. side effect. d. indication. e. harmful effect.

b. complication.

The __________ show(s) the range within which two treatments may differ and still be deemed to be substantially equivalent. a. interaction range b. equivalence margin c. noninferiority range d. 25th and 75th percentiles e. box-and-whisker plot

b. equivalence margin

A differential diagnosis is defined as: a. collecting data from the patient through a history and physical exam. b. making a determination of a disease from two or more choices. c. using pertinent negatives. d. conducting laboratory tests for diagnostic purposes. e. collecting data from imaging.

b. making a determination of a disease from two or more choices.

A ________ is a conversation in which the pharmaceutical sales representative (PSR) aims to identify a prescriber's objections or concerns related to the use of the product (e.g., medication or medical device). The goal of the PSR is to provide FDA- and corporate-approved messages that identify solutions to the provider's concerns, for the sake of the provider's patients. a. conference presentation b. sales call c. continuing education session d. paid lunch meeting e. clinical briefing

b. sales call

The usual practice by clinicians in the community or region is known as: a. defensive medical practice. b. standard of care. c. specificity. d. sensitivity. e. gold standard.

b. standard of care.

One method a clinician can use to verify whether a patient understands how to safely use a CPAP machine at home is: a. active listening. b. teach-back method. c. ask-me-three. d. summarizing the patient's words.

b. teach-back method.

A randomized controlled trial reports that 2% of the patients in the active treatment group had a heart attack vs. 3% of the patients in the placebo group. What would be the absolute riskreduction? a. 0.5 b. 0.33 c. 0.01 d. 0.95 e. 0.1

c. 0.01

__________ is the degree to which patients are able to sustain a treatment regimen according to how it was prescribed. a. Compliance b. Cooperation c. Adherence d. Observance e. Consent

c. Adherence

During what patient care procedure is the patient's chief complaint explored by the provider? a. Transtheoretical phase b. Contemplation phase c. Assessment phase of care d. Assessment of numeracy e. Health literacy assessment

c. Assessment phase of care

What epidemiologic activity involves tracking the number of people afflicted with a particular illness? a. Case Definition b. Common Source Outbreak c. Disease Surveillance d. Epidemiologic Triad e. Screening

c. Disease Surveillance

________ is a field focusing on the interplay of human behavior and the environment related to health outcomes, problems of disease, and disease control. This field addresses the spatial context of health-related issues, specifically the location of disease occurrence and contributing environmental factors. a. Ethnography b. Epidemiology c. Medical geography d. Health demography e. Public health

c. Medical geography

__________ is the percentage likelihood an individual has a disease or condition before the diagnostic test results are received. a. Odds ratio b. Odds c. Pretest probability d. Likelihood ratio e. Area under the curve

c. Pretest probability

__________ determine(s) the difference between prevalence and pretest probability. a. Relative risk b. Diagnostic odds c. Risk factors d. Sensitivity e. Diagnostic cutoff

c. Risk factors

__________ is/are end points that are evaluated but not the specific focus of the intervention. a. Indications b. WOMAC Scale c. Secondary outcome measures d. Side effects e. Minimal clinically important differences

c. Secondary outcome measures

A __________ covers all body systems and collects information on the patient's entire health status, including items such as, but not limited to, past medical/surgical history, medications, and family and social history. a. wellness exam b. systematic interview c. complete history d. motivational exam e. standard exam

c. complete history

A/an __________ determines if two interventions are similar enough to be deemed essentially equivalent. a. noninferiority trial b. superiority trial c. equivalence trial d. nonequivalence trial e. nonsuperiority trial

c. equivalence trial

According to the information provided in the textbook for this course, the US Office of the Inspector General found in 2003 _____ are likely to result in prescriptions or purchases of medical devices or treatments used for patients. a. no type of gifts b. only expensive gifts c. even small gifts and educational projects d. only educational projects e. moderate to expensive gifts

c. even small gifts and educational projects

A reference standard test to which new diagnostic tests are compared in diagnostic research studies is also known as a: a. sensitivity. b. definitive diagnostic practice. c. gold standard. d. PPV. e. standard of care.

c. gold standard.

The term __________, in the con of healthcare, is defined as, "mutual or reciprocal action or influence." a. complication d. side effect c. interaction d. compliance e. serious adverse event

c. interaction

According to a meta-analysis by Baker et al (2003), discussed in the textbook for this course, pharmaceutical sponsored drug trials resulted in: a. consistent outcomes of the comparator medications against placebo. b. superior outcomes of placebo as compared to the company's drug. c. more favorable outcomes for the company's drug compared with comparator medications. d. similar outcomes for the company's drug as compared with other medications. e. consistently superior outcomes of the comparator medications against the pharmaceutical's medication.

c. more favorable outcomes for the company's drug compared with comparator medications.

A visual analog scale used to assess a patient's willingness to consider a change in his/her healthy or unhealthy behaviors is a/an: a. self-efficacy ruler. b. action plan using a small step approach. c. readiness ruler. d. shared decision-making model. e. informed consent form.

c. readiness ruler.

What theory explains disease outbreak in terms of the relationships and interactions between the host, the agent, and the environment? a. Case Definition b.Common Source Outbreak c. Disease Surveillance d. Epidemiologic Triad e. Screening

d. Epidemiologic Triad

According to the variation on Hartman's personality colors system mentioned in the chapter, which of the following personality types would respond best to a presentation of scientific data as part of the PSR sales approach, including providing copies of reprints of articles from medical journals? a. White b. Red c. Blue d. Green e. Yellow

d. Green

When writing a letter to a legislator to gain support for a health initiative, the health care practitioner can employ the following strategy to provide credibility for his/her perspective on the initiative? a. Getting high profile individuals campaigning for the health initiative b. Creating a committee or coalition to support the health initiative c. Developing Public Service Announcements for the radio and televisions stations d. Using evidence, sometimes in the form of statistics to support the need for the initiative

d. Using evidence, sometimes in the form of statistics to support the need for the initiative (all answer choices marked wrong on site) idk

The amount and frequency of administering a treatment is referred to as: a. prescription. b. technique. c. route. d. dosage. e. medium.

d. dosage.

A __________ is designed to collect information about a specific problem and differentiate between critical and non-critical causes. It covers only the relevant body systems, past medical/surgical history, medications, family history, and social history. a. prevention encounter b. wellness exam c. medical exam d. focused history e. motivational interview

d. focused history

In diagnostics research, the test/tool/procedure of interest and being studied is referred to as the: a. gold standard b. spectrum test. c. definitive diagnostic tool. d. index test. e. neo-diagnosis.

d. index test.

Absorption through the skin is an example of the __________ of administration of a treatment. a. form b. course c. method d. mode e. dosage

d. mode

A/An __________ is a diagram that displays the scales of three or more variables side by side as parallel lines and is used to estimate posttest probability. a. odds ratio chart b. parallel diagnosis diagram c. side-by-side chart d. nomogram e. Youden's index

d. nomogram

A/An _____ must be included in the box with any prescribed medication. It provides information about the proper use and prescribing of the medication. a. receipt b. advertisement c. patient handout d. package insert e. practice guideline

d. package insert

Endpoints that are intended to be directly impacted by the study intervention are called: a. clinical indications. b. minimally clinical important differences. c. principal effects. d. primary outcome measures. e. adverse events.

d. primary outcome measures.

PSRs usually present studies that: a. show the medication compared in a head-to-head trial with another current medication known to be effective for the condition of interest. b. show only information about the medication without any comparison at all. c. show all of the medications in the same class that are used to treat the condition of interest. d. show the medication in a positive light while comparing it with placebo or an infrequently used medication with a higher side-effect profile. e. show the positive effects of medication but conceal the adverse effects of it.

d. show the medication in a positive light while comparing it with placebo or an infrequently used medication with a higher side-effect profile.

Which of the following is not a requirement for obtaining a position as a pharmaceutical sales representative (PSR)? a. Years of successful sales experience b. Cumulative GPA of 3.0 or higher c. Completion of a rigorous interview process d. A thorough background check e. A master's or doctorate degree

e. A master's or doctorate degree

__________ is/are any undesirable experience that is observed during a clinical trial and associated with the use of a medical product in a patient. a. Contraindications b. Secondary effects c. Harm d. Interactions e. Adverse events

e. Adverse events

Which of the following healthcare professionals does not need an understanding of pharmaceuticals and their appropriate use in patient care?a. Physicians b. Nurses c. Pharmacists d. Physical therapists e. All of the listed professionals need to know about pharmaceuticals.

e. All of the listed professionals need to know about pharmaceuticals.

Culturally sensitive communication requires a practitioner to be mindful of a patient's cultural influences related to: a. display of pain. b. interpersonal distance. c. direct eye contact. d. display of pain and interpersonal distance. e. All of these are correct.

e. All of these are correct.

Health communication is important to inform and influence: a. interprofessional collaborative team members in providing quality care. b. clients' and communities' decisions about health. c. decision-makers by practitioner advocacy efforts. d. interprofessional collaborative team members in providing quality care and clients' and communities' decisions about health. e. All of these are correct.

e. All of these are correct.

Studies of treatment may use which of the following methodologies? a. Randomized controlled trial b. Case-control c. Cross-sectional study d. Cohort e. All of these are correct.

e. All of these are correct.

__________ is the technique used for performing a treatment. a. Treatment administration b. Preference of intervention c. Style of treatment d. Manner of intervention e. Method of administration

e. Method of administration

This diagram compares various methods for diagnosis of liver cancer. It compares the true positive rate on one axis with the false positive rate on the other. What is this type of diagram called? a. TPR/FPR Diagram b. Likelihood Ratio Curve c. Log linear relationship chart d. AUC Graph e. ROC Curve

e. ROC Curve

According to Hartman's personality "color codes," which of the following colors represents the authoritative personality type or "the power wielders"? a. White b. Blue c. Yellow d. Green e. Red

e. Red

_______ refers to determining the factors that predispose someone to a specific disease. a. Etiology b. Disease classification c. Differential diagnosis d. Surveillance e. Risk identification

e. Risk identification

________ is the ability of a test to be negative given the person does not have the disease. a. Specificity b. Gold standard c. PPV d. NPV e. Sensitivity

e. Sensitivity

__________ is when researchers select populations that are clinically inappropriate for their study of a diagnostic test. a. Population bias b. Dimension bias c. Selection limitation d. Sampling limitation e. Spectrum bias

e. Spectrum bias

The excessive use of diagnostic procedures to avoid medical malpractice is known as: a. __________ are findings that are applicable to other diagnoses and indicate the patient does not have the diagnosis of interest. They help rule out items in the differential. b. standard of care. c. specificity. d. sensitivity. e. defensive medical practice.

e. defensive medical practice.

Studies of __________ explore adverse consequences of therapies, the natural progression of disease, or the complications and interactions between interventions. a. treatment b. prevention c. epidemiology d. pharmaceuticals e. harm

e. harm

Research on pharmaceutical marketing has shown: a. healthcare professionals are less susceptible to the effects of advertising than patients. b. the majority of promotions by drug companies are targeted at patients, rather than healthcare professionals. c. most patients are only minimally susceptible to television advertising. d. radio is equally effective as television in causing patients to request advertised medications. e. marketing does effect the prescribing decisions made by healthcare professionals.

e. marketing does effect the prescribing decisions made by healthcare professionals.

A study designed to show the experimental treatment to not be substantially worse than the control treatment is referred to as a/an: a. study of harm. b. interaction trial. c. relative risk study. d. relative harm study. e. noninferiority trial.

e. noninferiority trial.

A positive likelihood ratio (LR+) greater than 1 means that a: a. diagnostic test is more specific than it is sensitive and has a higher NPV than PPV. b. positive diagnostic test is less likely to be associated with patients who have the disease. c. negative diagnostic test is more likely to be associated with patients who have the disease. d. negative diagnostic test is less likely to be associated with patients who have the disease. e. positive diagnostic test is more likely to be associated with patients who have the disease

e. positive diagnostic test is more likely to be associated with patients who have the disease

As discussed in the textbook, the following statement was included in the drug information for the medication tolterodine: Tolterodine is a competitive muscarinic receptor antagonist. Both urinary bladder contraction and salivation are mediated via cholinergic muscarinic receptors. In the anesthetized cat, tolterodine shows a selectivity for the urinary bladder over salivary glands; however, the clinical relevance of this finding has not been established. Select the statement that represents the appropriate action for a prescribing provider to take when a patient using this medication reports experiencing dry mouth. a. The provider should recognize the drug's reported selectivity for receptors in the bladder was not sufficiently tested and discuss with the patient the possibility of using a different medication. b. The provider should have the patient get in contact with the pharmaceutical company to report the symptom so it can be tracked. c. The provider should contact the FDA to report the symptom that appears to be associated with this medication. d. The provider should prescribe a mouth wash that has a medication in it that treats dry mouth. e. The provider should recommend the patient drink more water to counteract the dry mouth symptoms the patient is experiencing.

a. The provider should recognize the drug's reported selectivity for receptors in the bladder was not sufficiently tested and discuss with the patient the possibility of using a different medication.

A drug advertisement includes the following statement: "Our drug lowers the risk of heart attack by 36%." This number is most likely derived from which of the following? a. The relative risk reduction b. Odds ratio c. The number needed to harm d. The number needed to treat e. Sensitivity

a. The relative risk reduction

__________ are actions aimed at eradicating, eliminating, or minimizing the impact of disease and disability, or if none of these is feasible, retarding the progress of disease and disability. a. Treatments b. Self-help activities c. Prevention strategies d. Adherence programs e. Compliance monitoring devices

a. Treatments

An action plan is utilized for a community health initiative: a. by the committee organizing the community health program to communicate each member's tasks and target dates for completion of tasks. b. for an e-health technology solution to communicate solutions that have been implemented through the initiative. c. to form the evidence for a national health education standard, which is established by a community health group made up of sub-community members. d. to list community health needs. e. to develop patient-centered learning objectives as part of a patient education encounter.

a. by the committee organizing the community health program to communicate each member's tasks and target dates for completion of tasks.

The best alternative for communicating with a non-English speaking client is using a/an: a. certified language interpreter over the telephone. b. child of the client. c. adult relative of the client. d. staff member who is barely fluent in the client's native language. e. child of the client and adult relative of the client.

a. certified language interpreter over the telephone.

The contraindications section of a drug's package insert would contain information regarding: a. patients who should avoid using the drug. b. patients who would most benefit from using the drug. c. clinical trials related to the drug's efficacy. d. the class of the medication. e. clinical uses of the drug.

a. patients who should avoid using the drug.

A randomized controlled trial of heart attack prevention reports that only 2% of the patients in the active treatment group had a heart attack vs. 3% of the patients in the placebo group. What would be the relative risk reduction? a. 0.5 b. 0.95 c. 0.1 d. 0.33 e. 0.01

d. 0.33

A randomized controlled trial reports that 2% of the patients in the active treatment group had a heart attack vs. 3% of the patients in the placebo group. What would be the number needed to treat? a. 10 b. 1000 c. Impossible to calculate d. 100 e. 1

d. 100

Studies of harm generally use which of the following methodologies? a. Randomized controlled trial b. Prospective randomized cross-over studies c. Prospective case series d. Case-control study e. All of these are correct.

d. Case-control study

What type of comparisons are most often made in the research included in a pharmaceutical package insert? a. There are no research articles referenced within package inserts. b. Only research performed in the last ten years c. Head to head trials comparing the medication with all others of the same class and indication d. Comparison of the medication with placebo e. Systematic reviews

d. Comparison of the medication with placebo

Which of the following terms is best defined as "the ability of an intervention to produce the desired or beneficial effect"? a. Indication b. Clinically important difference c. Interaction d. Efficacy e. Adherence

d. Efficacy