Foundations Final
The new physical education of the 1920s focused on developing the whole child and offered opportunities for all children to participate was termed...
"New Physical Education"
National Section on Women's Athletics:
"a sport for every girl, and every girl in a sport"
**Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972:
"no person shall on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, be treated differently from another person or otherwise be discriminated against in any interscholastic, intercollegiate, club or intramural athletics offered by a recipient, or not recipient shall provide athletics separately on such basis" prohibited discriminatory by gender in any educational program, including athletics
Title IX timeline:
**Chapter 11
Club Sports
*groups of students, faculty, and staff who get together in a particular sport or activity* - European concept that spread to this country - clubs are self-organized - administered - funded - coached - otherwise maintained
Campus recreation includes:
- *non-athletic activities* (games, crafts, dances, movies, etc.) - special programs and workshops - open recreation - club sports - free play - faculty-staff programs - co-recreation
Healthy Students Act recommendations:
- 150 minutes of physical activity based instruction - waivers are accepted - recess is counted toward PE minutes - doesn't require certified PE teachers for elementary PE
NASPE recommendations:
- 150 minutes of physical education - no waivers are accepted - recess is not acceptable to count as pe - believes that pe should only be taught by certified PE teacher
Beginning of Women's Sports in Colleges:
- 1892: Smith College (Senda Berenson) - 1896: Stanford defeated California in the first intercollegiate game - 1899: standardized rules
Problems in Men's Intercollegiate Athletics:
- 1929: Carnegie Foundation's study of college athletics found problems as reported in American College Athletics - commercialism - loss of educational values
Changes in Women's basketball:
- 1938: two-division game - 1949: rover game in AAU; in 1962 in colleges - 1970: full court game in colleges Colleges: track and field, field hockey, archery, rowing, golf
Some Competitive opportunities for women included:
- 1941: National Tournament in golf- opposed by National Section on Women's Athletics - Industrial recreation and All-American Girls' Pro Baseball League
Sports Opportunities for Individuals with Special Needs:
- 1975: Education for All Handicapped Children Act (IDEA: individuals with disabilities education act) - 1978: amateur sports act - 1990: americans with disabilities act - 1952: paralympic games - 1968: special olympics
Title IX Timeline:
- 1975: Federal gov published guidelines for Title IX - 1976: schools and 1978 (colleges) required to be in full compliance with Title IX - 1979: Congress adopted Title IX policy interpretations for athletics - 1984: US Supreme Court ruled in Grove City College v. Bell that title IX was applicable only to educational programs directly receiving federal funding
Act mandates:
- 45 minutes per week of health education instruction - 150 minutes per week of activity based instruction in grade K-8
The most notable measurement/achievement tests in the early 1900s.
- David Brace's Motor Ability tests - Frederick Cozen's test of general athletic ability - Frederick Roger's Strength Index and Fitness Index - Charles McCloy's Motor Quotient
Leadership Theories:
- Great man theory - great trait theory - behavioral theory - situational theory - transactional theory or management - transformational or relationship theory
Increased Competition for Women: supported by USOC
- Olympic development thrust after defeat by Russians in 1956 and 1960 Olympic Games - US Olympic Development Committee in 1961- "to broaden the base of participation for girls and women in Olympic sports and to provide better experiences for the skilled athlete" - 1963-1969: National Institutes on Girls' Sports- to train teachers and coaches
Playground Movement:
- Playground Association of America (PAA) - founded in 1906 by Luther Gulick and Henry Curtis - later, Playground and Recreation Association of America (PRAA) - Colonial Amusements: Protestant work ethic - first playgrounds in urban setting: Boston (sand boxes); New York, Boston, Chicago (green space upper class, open playground others); Chicago (Jane Addam's Hull House- immigrant children), South Park (fields, gym) - LUTHER GULICK AND HETHERINGTON
Public Law 94-142
- The Education of all Handicapped Children Act of 1975 - required the development of an Individualized Education Program (IEP) for every child with special needs, including specifically for physical education; *individual program*
Elmer Mitchell
- U of Michigan - led in development of sport opportunities for students who were not varsity athletes but wanted more competition than was available in pe classes- intramurals
Intramurals:
- U of Michigan and Ohio State University: appointed first intramural directors - activities among participants 'within the walls' of an institution - initially organized and funded by athletics - later, administered through departments of physical education - today, comprehensive campus recreation opportunities are provided within student affairs; **leisure-time activities among students and funded by students; have expanded to include all types of campus recreation activities - University of Michigan was first college to begin intramurals
Charles McCloy
- YMCA- 22 years of service at home and abroad - tenure at University of Iowa (1930-1954) - stressed organic and psychomotor development unity or the physical dimension was major aspect of whole being - 'education of the physical' - educational objectives (secondary to development of physical) - growth in tests and measurements- to demonstrate development of skill and strength
Issues in Intercollegiate Athletics:
- academics preferential admissions missed classes freshman eligibility unearned grades failure to graduate - addressing academic issues satisfactory progress degree designation academic progress rate - recruiting violations contacts transcript tampering inducements - pressures to win - sports as business - loss of educational and ethical values - loss of institutional control - media exposure and influence - point shaving and gambling - drug use and abuse
Characteristics of Movement Education: the program
- activity centered - student centered - intellectual awareness - problems to solve have a variety of solutions
Requirements of an Individualized Education Program:
- annual goals - special education services - participation with non-disabled students - state and district tests - dates and places for services - transition service needs - measuring progress - current performance levels
*Delphine Hanna Luther Gulick Jesse Williams Rosalind Cassidy Jay Nash Clark Hetherington Thomas Wood
- anthropometrics, individualized program - play and athletics - education through the physical - New Physical Education and education through the physical - recreation, esp in lifetime sports - play is a child's chief business in life - complete education and New Physical Education
Luther Gulick
- attended Oberlin College - became in instructor at YMCA Training School in Springfield, MA--named superintendent - emphasized sports in physical directors' curriculum and started YMCA's Athletic League to promote amateur sports - developed YMCA triangle (body, mind, and spirit)- all around man - moved to NY, became director of physical training for NYC public schools (supported gymnastics) - founded Public Schools Athletic League (after school sports for boys) - promoted play (established Playground Association of America- 1906, served as prez) - initiated Campfire Girls (1913)
Middle School PE:
- attention to developmental needs of students during transitional period - developing responsible personal and social behaviors - varied curricula that *review fundamental and sport skills while incorporating* these into games, dance forms, and outdoor adventure activities
Leadership styles:
- authoritative or visionary - democratic or participative - coaching - delegating or laissez-faire - pacesetting - coercive or commanding - servant
Outdoor education emerged in the 1950's and provided Americans with the opportunity to get away from daily routines and stress. Schools began offering courses in these activities.
- backpacking - rock climbing - spelunking - orienteering - rope courses
Waivers for PE in MS:
- band - choral music - cheerleading - dance team - ROTC - all sports grades 7-12 sanctioned by MHSAA and JROTC can be substituted for physical ed if: - attendance is kept - instruction is based on at least one competency from the MS pe framework - staff licensed by ms department of ed supervises practices and games
New Physical Education
- beginning in 1920s - focused on developing the whole individual through participation in play, sports, games, and natural, outdoor activities - authors: Rosalind Cassidy and Thomas Wood - provided philosophical foundation for refocusing school programs from gymnastics to sports, games, dance, aquatics, and natural activities
Movement Education:
- begins where each child is - proceeds from known activities into new movement patterns - continues within personal and unique limitations of each child - develops confidence for each child since each learns at his or her own ability level - confidence leads to freedom to explore more difficult movements
Sport opportunities for Senior Citizens:
- biases limiting prior opp - living longer and quality of life issues - increased political and economic influence - masters competitions - 1987- Senior Games
AAHPERD Health-Related Physical Fitness Test (1980) measures...
- body composition using skin-fold measures - function of heart and circulatory system using a 1.5 mile or 12 minute run (cardiorespiratory endurance) - muscular strength and endurance using bent-knee sit-ups in 60 seconds (number done) - flexibility using straight leg with arm extension
Two events that plagued the Olympic Games and disrupted the friendly interactions among athletes of the world.
- capture and killing of Israeli athletes in 1972 - bombing at the Atlanta games in 1996
Signs and symptoms of career burnout:
- chronic stress - emotional exhaustion - less enjoyment of work and leisure time - bodily changes (fatigue, increased heart rate) - overeating or under eating - excessive drinking or abuse of drugs - frustration with job-related factors - anxiety and depression
Exercise Science
- college graduates may need to obtain certifications to work in exercise science - health and fitness clubs expecting their employees to hold certifications as personal trainers, aerobic leaders, and fitness program directors - athletic trainers for colleges, clinics, and pro teams must be certified
Philosophical justifications for the opposition toward competitive sports for females:
- competition might be physically and emotionally harmful - undesirable examples from men's programs - philosophy of mass participation - societal beliefs of women as homemakers, not athletes
Traditional Intramurals:
- competitions in traditional team and individual sports - usually a fairly narrow offering of activities - league competition is well structured and organized - requires a solid commitment from participants
Purpose of Intramurals:
- constructive use of leisure time - opportunity to experience success - physical fitness - mental and emotional health - social interaction and contacts - Esprit de corps- team spirit - promote permanent participate interest - practice skills learned in physical ed classes - training ground for future varsity athletes
**What did the NCAA attempt to do?
- control the roughness and brutality of football by revising the rules - continued as sole voice of and controlling organization for college athletics until 1938- National Junior College Athletic Association (NJCAA) was founded to provide competitive opportunities for students in two-year institutions - then, National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) began to sponsor championships for small colleges (started with basketball until 1952)
Secondary School PE:
- curricular focus on developing and maintaining a health-enhancing level of physical fitness - varied program that includes aerobic activities and lifetime sports and activities - helping students learn to *commit to lifelong physical activity*
Challenges facing recreation and leisure programs:
- demographic changes - altered family and work patterns including latch-key (children who are locked up in their rooms most of the time) kids - environmental concerns - budget reductions - socioeconomic factors of participants - unique programmatic needs to individuals of all ages
Thomas Wood
- developed undergraduate teacher curriculum in pe at Stanford University (1891) - joined faculty of Teachers College of Columbia University (1901)- led in the establishment of the first master's and doctor's degree programs in pe - development of health ed as separate field of study - coauthored New Physical Education with Cassidy (1927) - emphasized educational goals through 'natural activities'- sports, games, dances, aquatics, arts, and recreation - spoke at the International Congress on Education sponsored by the National Education Association in 1893 (called for new approach to pe)
Issues with Olympic Games:
- drug abuse - politics - commercialization - cheating
Mabel Lee
- elected first woman president of the American Physical Education Association (APEA)- preserve an educational model for women's participation in sport
Causes of career burnout:
- excessive demands - constant tension or pressure - lack of recognition and reward - excessive repetitiveness in job - lack of challenge or motivation - lack of flexibility and freedom - no possibility for advancement - role conflict
History behind adapted physical education:
- excused - corrective or remedial - individualized - mainstreaming - inclusion - least restrictive environment- required by law today
The potential negative outcomes of youth sports programs..
- exploitation of young athletes - extreme pressures on young athletes to win - adults who dispute officials and berate children - elimination of less-skilled children
Significant Changes in Men's Intercollegiate Athletics:
- faculty control (institutional or home rule) - conferences (save money, fewer classes missed, rivalry) - no seasonal coaches (in departments of physical ed to gain faculty status) - rules of sports standardized and to provide national tournaments (track and field- 1921) - Sanity Code (1948-1951)
Final Policy Interpretations of 1979 (Title IX)
- financial assistance available - males and females receive equal treatment - interests and abilities of male and female students accommodated
Jay Nash
- graduated from NYU Ph.D program in pe - worked as assistant supervisor of pe in California under Hetherington before joining faculty at NYU (1926) as Hetherington's replacement - stressed that recreational skills should be learned early in life and could provide enjoyment throughout life/*recreation*- part of life experiences for all ages - emphasis on carry-over sports: encourage people to adopt active lifestyles
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)
- has fostered sig changes in lives of children with special needs and their fam and in roles of schools and teacher in ed of children with special needs - basic tenets of IDEA have remained intact since original passage of law in 1975 - each set of amendments has strengthened the original law
Rosalind Cassidy
- helped broaden and clarify tenets of new physical education during her professional career at Mills College in CA - helped develop and promote understanding that pe could uniquely contribute to education of the whole person through physical activities - redefined pe as study of human movement
Characteristics of Movement Education: the student
- inner motivation - independent - thinks and reason intelligently - progresses at own rate - self-evaluates based on individualized goals - competes against self, not others
Instructional challenges:
- insufficient facilities and equipment - violence and bullying in schools - apathetic students - alcohol and other drug use and abuse - lack of parental and family support for ed - heterogeneous students in large classes - disciplinary and behavioral problems - lack of fitness - etc.
Some Characteristics of Leaders:
- integrity - effective communicators - build and nurture strong relationships with people - visionary and creative - establish, maintain, and model high standards of performance - intelligent and competent
Truths about Leadership:
- leaders are made, not born - occurs at all levels - having charismatic personality not prerequisite - not one identifiable right way to lead - make distinction bw processes of management and leadership - can be taught
Jesse Williams
- led in the promotion of education through the physical - stressed that pe programs should be retained bc they contributed to physical development of students as well as education of total child - social and intellectual interactions occurring during physical activities helped educate children for living in democratic society - worked at Teachers College of Columbia University (1919-1941) - physical development is a means to an end (emphasized educational objectives)
**Proposed Changes in Youth Sports:
- making sure that having fun is most important - developing sports skills - emphasizing playing several sports, not specializing in one - playing every child in each game and indifferent positions - educating coaches so teach skills, strategies, and rules - matching youths' abilities and maturity levels - keeping games and participants safe - educating parents so model proper behavior - giving each child equal opportunity - deemphasizing winning - giving certificates of participation - eliminating individuals awards and tournaments that reduce playing opportunities - avoiding all-star, select, elite, or travel teams - teaching and modeling values like cooperation, fair play, respect, etc.
Sports for High School Girls: problems
- males coached - used boys' rules - spectators allowed - newspaper covered games - competition was intense - all the above meant pressure to win
Values of Physical Activity: increases
- metabolic, endocrine, immune systems - maintenance of healthy bones, muscles, and joints - self-efficacy - alertness and ability to learn - emotional and mental health - energy level and feeling of well being - enjoyment of life
Physical Therapy
- minimum of 50 observation hours to get into UMMC but want to get more to be considered competitive - must have: compassion, intelligent, direct with teaching, cheerleader, sympathy - average of entering pt is 60000 a year; 74000 with pt with general practice - write down updates of exercises able to perform - included in the 100 best jobs in America - top ten of fastest growing jobs- baby boomers - great demand - 4 years of undergrad, 3 years of pt
Standardized rules of Women's Sports in Colleges: (basketball)
- no snatching the ball - could hold the ball only three seconds - could bounce the ball only three times - divided the court into three areas to limit exertion; *women seen as physically and emotionally fragile for competition, play days and sports days precluded varsity teams
Coping Mechanisms: socially
- nurture personal relationships - engage in service to others - practice healthy communication - express feeling to someone you trust - keep sense of humor
In 1917, what did the Athletic Conference of American College Women do?
- opposed intercollegiate competition - emphasis on participation by all - aligned with physical education departments and teachers
In 1923, Women's Division of the National Amateur Athletic Federation...
- opposed international and intercollegiate competition - favored play days for girls and women - "a sport for every girl, and every girl in a sport"- National Section on Women's Athletics
*Three-Part Test: Title IX
- participation opportunities are substantially proportionate to undergrad enrollment - must have been continuing practice of program expansion in response to developing interest and abilities of underrepresented sex - institution must show that interests and abilities of members of the under represented sex have been fully and effectively accommodated
What was stressed in 1909 for Women's intercollegiate sports?
- participation rather than competition - about half of the colleges had intercollegiate competition, esp in the West and Midwest
Mississippi Healthy Students Act:
- passed in 2007 - went into effect in 2008 - requires public schools to provide increased amounts of physical activity and health education instruction for K-12 students
Categories of Adapted physical education:
- physical limitations - deaf - blind - hard of hearing - orthopedically impaired - speech impaired - visually handicapped - injured - low skilled - mental limitations (mentally challenged, learning disabled) - behavioral limitations (attention-deficit disorder, emotionally disturbed) - interrelated (multiple handicapped)
Accountability:
- political right that demands that an individual or institution be held responsible to achieve a specified action - standard: a uniform criterion or min essential element for the measurement of quality - assessment: a measure of the knowledge, skills, and abilities that leads to assignment of a value or score
**Problems in Youth Sports:
- pressure to win - poorly trained coaches - parental interferences and pressure - loss of values or ideals - injury risks ignored - violence and gamesmanship - sport specialization - only the skilled play- others sit the bench - restricted to one position - financial burden and disruptive to families - not fun any more
Problems and Benefits of Men's Intercollegiate Sports:
- problems: injuries, property damage, class absences, rule confusion, gambling, drunkenness, professionalism, commercialism, loss of values - benefits: improved health, taught values as fair play and teamwork, diminished use of tobacco and alcohol, reduced rowdyism, improved discipline, enhanced school spirit
Challenges facing exercise sciences:
- public health issues (obesity, cardiovascular diseases) - rising health care costs - activity program adherence in fitness programs - inadequately educated individuals conducting fitness classes, prescribing exercise, or serving as personal trainers - lack of access to fitness programs by some females, minorities, etc. - information-based, global interconnection - must seek advanced edu in order to qualify for and retain jobs - must evaluate info on web - utilization of tech in research and athletic performance - focus on assessment and accountability - ethical concerns
Values of Physical Activity: reduces
- risk of premature mortality - risk of coronary heart disease - risk of stroke - risk of high blood pressure or hypertension - obesity - risk of osteoporosis - diabetes - high cholesterol - depression and anxiety - sedentary behaviors
Growth of Intercollegiate Athletics:
- social function - newspaper coverage - recruiting - winning=fans=money - graduate managers - professional coaches - Walter Camp controlled the collegiate football rules committee (1879-1925)
Funding (club sports):
- state appropriations (within physical education) - student fees
Policy Makers:
- strengthen the Healthy Students Act by providing funding in the budget for salaries for certified PE teachers and health teachers - requiring certified teachers at every grade level - requiring at least 150 minutes of PE at elementary level and 225 minutes of PE at middle and high school - deleting the allowance of waivers/exemptions for PE - requiring evaluations in a higher percentages of schools each year
Men's Intercollegiate Athletics:
- students promoted, financed, and controlled athletics- faculty and administrators did not want to be involved (no standard rules or eligibility regulations) - rowing- Harvard over Yale College 1852 - Baseball- Amherst over Williams 1859 - Football- Rutgers over Princeton 1869
Delphine Hanna
- taught at Oberlin College (oldest, continuously-operating coeducational institution in the US), directed pe program for female students at Oberlin - taught Luther Gulick, Thomas Wood, Jay Nash, Jesse Williams
Clark Hetherington
- taught by Wood at Stanford - coined the term new physical education - second mentor: G. Stanley Hall (Clark University) emphasized education developmentalism (child) - philosophy was that *play is a child's chief business in life* - U of Missouri, U of Wisconsin, NYU, and Stanford- helped set undergrad pe programs - NYU: led in development of grad degree programs, pe curriculum - U of Missouri: rid athletics of abuses (supported women's activities) - *stressed attainment of educational goals in physical activities*
Issues in Interscholastic Sports:
- too much emphasis on winning - year-round conditioning programs - specialization in one sport - athletes expected to play while hurt - coaches' jobs depending on winning - drug use and abuse - unsportsmanlike conduct - no pass, no play - hazing - pay for play
Issues for Ethnic Minorities in intercollegiate athletics:
- tracking in hs - sliding scale for hs grades and college entrance tests - non-qualifiers and grants in aid to only the highly skilled - tutorial support - upward mobility through sports
Elementary School Programs:
- understand developmental readiness of children (cardiorespiratory endurance) - fundamental movement skills progress from simple to complex - varied curricula including stunts, games, relays, etc.
Intercollegiate sports for women were allowed if these conditions were met:
- women officials and coaches - audience by invitation only - college-finanaced only - no "win-at-all costs" attitude- for fun and social interaction
Benefits of Physical Activity: helps reduce/improve
-- cardiovascular disease - some risk factors associated with high blood pressure, obesity, diabetes, and colon cancer - risk for stroke - feelings of depression and anxiety -- improve mood - cardiorespiratory endurance - muscular strength and endurance - flexibility - healthy bones, muscles,and joints - capacity for exercise
Commission on Intercollegiate Athletics for Women (CIAW)
-1966-1967: set up by Division of Girls and Women in sport - *encourage and govern intercollegiate competition for women at all levels* - sanction intercollegiate events - hold national tournaments- first national tournaments in track and field and in gymnastics
Coping Mechanisms: mentally
-develop coping skills for stress -understand yourself and how deal with stress - set realistic goals - learn to manage time - relax
Movement education
-influenced elementary school curricula -child centered curricula -emphasized presenting movement challenges to students and encouraging them to use problem solving through guided discovery to learn fundamental skills
Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women (1971)
-replaced CIAW with colleges as members - educational goals and purposes foremost - *set standards and policies for women's athletics* - adopted NAGWS game rules - separated from NAGWS in 1979 - 42 championships in 19 sports - ended June 1982
All educational institutions today are in full compliance with Title IX of the 1972 Education Amendments bc it is federal law.
...
An institution found guilty of violating Title IX risks having to pay compensatory and/or punitive damages.
...
No federal money has ever been lost bc of a violation of Title IX.
...
One way to comply with the participation opportunities required by Title IX is to provide the same number of men's teams as women's teams.
...
The ratio of males and females within the undergrad student body is used as a basis for determine whether participation opportunities for males and females are substantially proportional.
...
The three part test used for determining participating opportunities requires the elimination of men's sports teams in order to achieve proportionality.
...
Title IX applies only to those programs in an educational institution that directly receive federal finance assistance.
...
Title IX permits those men's teams that generate revenue to receive additional financial aid and program benefits as long as these benefits are paid for out of the revenues that are produced by these sports.
...
Title IX requires the coaches of women's teams receive the same salaries as the coaches of men's teams.
...
Title IX requires the expenditure of the equal amount of funds for men's intercollegiate athletics as for women's intercollegiate athletics.
...
Who were instrumental in developing and promoting programs that moved away from formalized gymnastics systems and were appropriate for individuals of all ages?
1. Luther Gulick 2. Thomas Wood 3. Jay Nash 4. Jesse Williams 5. Clark Hetherington
The two major problems that continue to be an issue in men's college sports.
1. academic problems 2. recruiting issues
Two themes emerged in the middle of the 20th century:
1. education 'through' the physical 2. education 'of' the physical
The two themes that emerged in physical education were...
1. education through the physical 2. education of the physical
Under Clark Hetherington in 1910, what were the four phases of the education process?
1. organic ed 2. psychomotor ed 3. character ed 4. intellectual ed
Three important developments by Luther Gulick were...
1. unity in the development of mind, body, and spirit 2. the YMCA triangle promoting the all around man 3. founded the Public Schools Athletic League that started after-school sports or Promotion of play
In High School, there is a..
1/2 Carnegie Unit requirement for graduation in health ed and 1/2 Carnegie Unit requirement for graduation in physical education
How did the faculty attempt to gain control?
1895- Midwestern colleges (Intercollegiate Conference of Faculty Representative- today's Big Ten) - required them to be students - six months residence for transfers - must not be delinquent in studies - could not play against professional teams - could not be paid
Physical Education moved from formal exercise programs to a part of the curricula in the schools by the...
1920s
Youth Sports
1925: American Legion baseball 1929: Pop Warner Football- Joe Tomlin 1939: Little League Baseball- Carl Stoltz 1950: AAU age group swimming, later wrestling, skiing, and track and field 1967: AAU Junior Olympics
Paralympic Games
1952 offer international competitions for individuals with spinal cord injuries and in any one of ten impairment types
AAHPER Youth Fitness Test
1958: developed by AAHPER's National Research Council results of this showed poor performance by 8500 youth in grades 5-12 -retesting of youth with updated AAHPER Youth Fitness Test showed improvement in students' fitness levels 1974: retesting of youth with AAHPER Youth Fitness Test showed no overall improvement in fitness levels since 1965
The 'fitness mania' which brought about the obsession with jogging, swimming, and tennis, particularly among the middle and upper class began in this decade.
1970s
FITNESSGRAM
1994 - computerized reporting system of a health-related physical fitness assessment - allows physical education teachers to easily report their students' fitness levels to parents
**Kraus-Weber Minimal Muscular Fitness Test (1954)
58% of US youth failed one or more items 9% of European youth failed one or more items (tested primarily flexibility) - on stomach: raise legs 10 seconds each - on stomach: raise upper body - on back: raise legs - straight leg sit up - bent knee sit up - touch toes - measured flexibility and abdominal strength
**national organizations
ACSM- American College of Sports Medicine, represents exercise of the physical and science APTA- American Physical Therapy Association AOTA- American Occupational Therapy Association Aford--> SHAPE
In 1917, what set standards and rules of sports for women?
APEA Committee on Women's Athletics
A very important form of physical education that allowed children with special needs to participate.
Adapted Physical Education
For outside colleges, ___ sponsored leagues and tournaments.
Amateur Athletic Union (women)
This PE teacher believed that PE should be taught to develop an individual's fitness and sport skills.
Charles McCloy (education of the physical)
This physical educator coined the phrase "the New Physical Education" and believed that play was a child's chief business in life.
Clark Herrington
**This woman emerged as a leader in physical education and bridged the transition between the 19th and 20th century.
Delphine Hanna
Who directed the Girls' Branch of the Public Schools Athletic League, which featured folk dancing?
Elizabeth Burchenal
A computerized fitness reporting system that assesses the health-related fitness concepts and is used to report fitness levels to parents.
Fitnessgram
Rehabilitation Act of 1973, Section 504
Individuals with Disabilities in Education: no otherwise qualified handicapped person shall on the basis of handicap, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or otherwise be subjected to discrimination under any program which receives or benefits from Federal financial assistance; *no disabled child excluded*
Who served as Assistant Director for Physical Training for NYC Public Schools?
Jesse Brancroft
Expanding on Wood's ideas of PE as part of a complete curriculum and believing in "Education through the physical" this man was also a big advocate of achieving social outcomes.
Jesse Williams
Who was the primary advocate for seeking to achieve social outcomes through physical education and sport?
Jesse Williams
This researcher coined the term "aerobic" exercise and established the Research Institute of Dallas.
Kenneth Cooper
Aerobics was coined by...
Kenneth Cooper - 1968 male: 30 points per week female: 24 points per week
___, a very well known fitness test conducted in the year ___ among American youth and European youth sent out a strong message that American youth fell well below average on fitness levels.
Kraus-Weber Fitness in 1954
A student of Delphine Hanna this man became an instructor of the YMCA training school in Springfield, Massachusetts and was an advocate for amateur sports.
Luther Gulick
The playground movement that provided adequate playgrounds throughout the country had two physical educators who were instrumental in the foundation of the Playground Association of American (PAA) in 1906.
Luther Gulick and Clark Hetherington
This physical educator was elected as the first female president of the American Physical Education Association and worked to establish women's participation in sports.
Mabel Lee
This form of curricula emphasized the importance of offering challenges to students and encouraging them to use problem solving skills to learn.
Movement Education
This organization was developed in 1906 and attempted to control the roughness and brutality of football.
NCAA
NASPE
National Association for Sports and Physical Education - mission is to enhance knowledge, improve professional practice, and increase support for high quality pe, sport, and physical activity programs - envisions society where individuals physically educated and participate in lifelong physical activity
What administers the NCAA drug testing program?
National Center for Drug Free Sport, Inc - 4th amendment: guarantee of rights against unreasonable searches (urinalyses) - 14th amendment: adds state protection
**As a direct result of football injuries and deaths, what was formed in 1906?
National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA)
The first university to hire a director on intramural sports.
Ohio State University
The most important legislation to solidify quality physical education specifically designed to meet the needs of children with special needs. (IEP- individualized education program)
PL-94-142/IDEA
What president started a council on Youth Fitness?
President Eisenhower through an executive order established the President's Council on Youth Fitness as an outgrowth of the President's Conference on Physical Fitness 1956
Who changed name of President's Council on Youth Fitness to President's Council on Physical Fitness?
President Kennedy 1963
This national organization was established as a result of the low fitness levels of American youth by President ___.
President's Council on Youth Fitness by President Eisenhower
Legislation passed in 1973 specified that 'no otherwise qualified handicapped person shall be excluded from participation of physical education.'
Rehabilitation Act of 1973
Who helped revolutionize the conceptual base of physical education?
Rosalind Cassidy Eleanor Metheny
Faculty at ___ contributed to the integration of educational developmentalism and social education into the new physical education.
Teachers College - Rosalind Cassidy took a degree - Jesse Williams influenced Teachers College students to advocate for education through physical as also supported by Wood and Cassidy
These meets enable women to compete in several sports and compares their times/scores with females from other institutes.
Telegraphic meets
A famous researcher in the late 1800s called for a new approach for physical education and stressed the relation of physical education to overall complete education.
Thomas Wood
A very important Act that finally required equal opportunity for females in all schools and organization was established in 1972.
Title IX
**According to the strength and conditioning presentation, what did they say about career outlook?
Top 5 most promising careers in recent future
Leadership
a behavioral process in which one person attempts to influence other people's behaviors toward the accomplishment of shared goals creation of a vision that empowers others to translate this vision into reality
Burnout
a psychological state of apathy about responsibilities of one's career
What led to the establishment of NCAA?
a second meeting with reps from 28 colleges, reform of football to prevent injuries and deaths, legalized the forward pass
Public Schools Athletic League initiated what kinds of tests?
achievement tests to reward boys' successful performances
It is the position of the National Association for Sport and Physical Education (NASPE) that..
all K-12 students should take all required physical ed courses and that no substitutions, waivers, or exemptions should be permitted - unique goals: development of physical competence, health-related fitness, cognitive understanding, and a positive attitude toward physical activity so that individuals can adopt and maintain physically active and healthy lifestyles
Delegating:
assume colleagues can get done on own
Sanity Code:
banned scholarships, but its failure led to establishment of recruitment and scholarship policies
Emerging during World War I and II were an emphasis of training soldiers for war through use of these exercises...
calisthenics
President MacCracken of NYU...
called a meeting in December 1905 to investigate the future of football due to deaths and injuries, reps from 13 colleges attended
1990 Americans with Disabilities Act
called for access to public recreational facilities for those previously denied it
College achievement tests measured..
cognitive knowledge, motor ability, endurance, and sports skills
By the 1920s, Americans strongly encouraged schools to offer this to all students.
competitive sports or youth sports programs
**How fast is field of PTA growing?
continues to grow of a rate of 35 percent
The Olympic games have been offered since 1896 with the exception of three times...
during World War 1 and 2
Telegraphic meets
enabled females to compete in sports on their own campuses such as swimming, bowling, and archery and compare their times or scores with females from other institutions - send scores to a central location (to eliminate competition and pressure to win)
In women's colleges, ___ were normally conducted once or twice a year on campus, and all students were urged to participate. Interclass play within a school.
field days
Modern Olympic Games: founder purposes
founder: Pierre de Coubertin purposes: - spread pe and sports around world - raise standard of physical achievement esp in France - link all people of world in friendship
Science and athletics:
genetics, talent detection programs, technological advances in equipment and clothing, and pharmacology will dramatically affect athletes' performances in the future
Coping Mechanisms: physically
get complete physical exam get sleep eat nutritious and timely meals exercise regularly
Coaching:
help people achieve potential, teach, develops
Characteristics of Movement Education: the teacher
imaginative creative guides
Interscholastic Sports: Problems
important educational and extracurricular activities of students; - lack of adequate funding, -lack of adequate facilities and equipment; - lack of qualified coaches for all sports; -lack of parental and school support; - lack of emphasis on teaching values
*Recreation Movement by Decade
in slides (chapter 9); expanded leisure-time pursuits to all ages with decade-long popularity of industrial reaction, outdoor actives, lifetime sports, and fitness activities
Democratic:
include others in decision making process
Characteristics of Movement Education: class atmosphere
informal varied formations permissive behavior allowed time allotment based on students' needs
Inclusion
integration of children with special needs into regular classes with their peers
Adapted Physical Education
is for exceptional students who are different in mental, physical, emotional, or behavioral characteristics that in the interest of quality of educational opportunity, special provisions must be made for their proper education
Authoritative:
lead people towards a goal, promote changes
Servant:
leaders should be devoted to serving their team/organization
Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975
mandated that athletics be provided to school students with special needs
In the Playground Movement, sport was used as a means...
of social control and for assimilation and socialization of immigrant youth into America - began with playgrounds for children and transitioned into recreation for all ages
___, beginning in the 1920s, provided for social interaction as female students met and formed teams composed of representatives from several institutions. Mixed teams competed with a social emphasis.
play days
Amateur Sports Act of 1978
specified that the competitive needs of athletes with special needs must be accomodated
Evolving from these play days were ___, during which college teams competed, frequently in only one sport, but still with the emphasis on social interaction and fun. Within own team, competition with a social emphasis.
sports days
Education through the physical
stated that physical education as a field uniquely contributed to the education of the whole person because it included learning through the physical realm
What happened in the late 1800s regarding football?
students unified various rules of sports
NASPE recommends..
that Recess does not replace pe classes - recess provides unstructured play opportunities that allow children to engage in physical activity - all elementary school children should be provided with at least one daily period of recess of at least 20 minutes in length
Harvard faculty attempted...
to control class absences and regulate athletic abuses - 1882: Harvard model with three faculty - 1885: added two students and one alumnus - 1888: three faculty, three students, three alumni
Coercive:
used when immediate compliance is needed
Pacesetting:
when leaders expect high standards of performance and excellence
Relational Leadership
where people come together attempting to accomplish change or make a difference to benefit the common good - inclusive - empowering - purposeful - ethical - process-oriented
