Founding Fathers, Historical Presidents & Figures

Woodrow Wilson 2/3

28th president of the U.S. (1913-21). He earned a law degree and later received his doctorate from Johns Hopkins University. He taught political science at Princeton University (1890-1902). As its president (1902-10), he introduced various reforms. With the support of progressives, he was elected governor of New Jersey. His reform measures attracted national attention, and he became the Democratic Party presidential nominee in 1912. His campaign emphasized his progressive New Freedom policy, and he defeated Theodore Roosevelt and William H. Taft to win the presidency. As president, he approved legislation that lowered tariffs, created the Federal Reserve System, established the Federal Trade Commission, and strengthened labour unions. In foreign affairs he promoted self-government for the Philippines and sought to contain the Mexican civil war. From 1914 he maintained U.S. neutrality in World War I, offering to mediate a settlement and initiate peace negotiations. After the sinking of the Lusitania (1915) and other unarmed ships, he obtained a pledge from Germany to stop its submarine campaign. Campaigning on the theme that he had "kept us out of war," he was narrowly reelected in 1916, defeating Charles Evans Hughes. Germany's renewed submarine attacks on unarmed passenger ships caused Wilson to ask for a declaration of war in April 1917. In a continuing effort to negotiate a peace agreement, he presented the Fourteen Points (1918). He led the U.S. delegation to the Paris Peace Conference. The Treaty of Versailles faced opposition in the Senate from the Republican majority led by Henry Cabot Lodge. In search of popular support for the treaty and its provision creating the League of Nations, Wilson began a cross-country speaking tour, during which he collapsed. He rejected any attempts to compromise his version of the League of Nations and urged his Senate followers to vote against ratification of the treaty, which was defeated in 1920. He was awarded the 1919 Nobel Prize for Peace.

Woodrow Wilson 1/

28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize President of the United States (1913-1921) and the leading figure at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. He was unable to persuade the U.S. Congress to ratify the Treaty of Versailles or join the League of Nations.

Donald Trump

45th President of the United States 2017-2021 Renegotiated terms of NAFTA, Tax Cuts and Jobs Act

Presidency

An executive institution that includes all formal and informal powers; the offices, the staffs, and the historical precedents that define it. office of the president the office and function of president

James Monroe 1/4

(1817-1821) and (1821-1825) The Missouri Compromise in 1821, the fifth President of the United States (1817-1825). His administration was marked by the acquisition of Florida (1819); the Missouri Compromise (1820), in which Missouri was declared a slave state; and the profession of the Monroe Doctrine (1823), declaring U.S. opposition to European interference in the Americas James Monroe April 28, 1758 - July 4, 1831) was an American statesman, lawyer, diplomat, and Founding Father who served as the fifth president of the United States from 1817 to 1825, a member of the Democratic-Republican Party. He was the last president who was a Founding Father as well as the last president of the Virginia dynasty and the Republican Generation; his presidency coincided with the Era of Good Feelings, concluding the First Party System era of American politics. He is perhaps best known for issuing the Monroe Doctrine, a policy of limiting European colonialism in the Americas. Previously he served as governor of Virginia, a member of the United States Senate, U.S. ambassador to France and Britain, the seventh Secretary of State, and the eighth Secretary of War. Monroe served in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. He studied law under Thomas Jefferson from 1780 to 1783 and served as a delegate in the Continental Congress as a delegate to the Virginia Ratifying Convention. He opposed the ratification of the United States Constitution. In 1790, he won election to the Senate where he became a leader of the Democratic-Republican Party. He left the Senate in 1794 to serve as President George Washington's ambassador to France but was recalled by Washington in 1796. Monroe won the election as Governor of Virginia in 1799 and strongly supported Jefferson's candidacy in the 1800 presidential election.

George W Bush Foreign policy

(2001-2009) Son of president HW Bush and the 43rd president of the US. He was elected in 2000 after the closest election in US history and launched a war on terror following the terrorist attacks on 9/11 43rd president of the US who began a campaign toward energy self-sufficiency and against terrorism in 2001 a. 9/11 (2001) b. US invades Afghanistan (2001) c. USA Patriot Act (2001) d. NCLB (2002) e. US invades Iraq (2003) Foreign Policy: 9-11, war in Iraq, War in Afghanistan

George Washington (1732-1799) 3/3

(3/3) More importantly, Washington insisted upon a neutral course until the United States could grow stronger, therefore, he issued the Proclamation of Neutrality, which stated that the United States must maintain a sense of national identity, independent from any other country's influence. The proclamation influenced the foreign policy of several presidents who followed. To his disappointment, two parties were developing by the end of his first term. After his second term, Washington refused to run for a third, thinking it unwise for one person to hold such a powerful position for that long. In 1951 an amendment to the Constitution limited presidents to being elected to only two terms. Wearied of politics, feeling old, he retired at the end of his second term, and spent his retired life in Mount Vernon with his family and oversaw their farms and estates. At the time of his death, Mount Vernon had the largest whiskey distillery in America. In his Farewell Address, he urged his countrymen to forswear (renounce, give up) excessive party spirit and geographical distinctions. In foreign affairs, he warned against long-term alliances. Washington enjoyed less than three years of retirement at Mount Vernon, for he died of a throat infection December 14, 1799. He remained non-partisan throughout his presidency and opposed the divisiveness of political parties, but he favored a strong central government, was sympathetic to a Federalist form of government, and leery of the Republican opposition

Thomas Jefferson Facts

- Eliminated taxes on whiskey, houses, and slaves, and fired all federal tax collectors. - Reduced the national debt by a third, or from $83 million to $57 million - Believed the navy to be overly prone to drawing the nation into conflict and considered it unnecessary - He also sent a naval squadron to fight the Barbary pirates, who were harassing American commerce in the Mediterranean. - The two fatal failures of the presidency of Thomas Jefferson are the relations with the Barbary Pirates and the Embargo Act, both directly stimulating American involvement with the war of 1812, thus ruining American neutrality. - The Embargo Act of 1807 was an attempt by President Thomas Jefferson and the U.S. Congress to prohibit American ships from trading in foreign ports. It was intended to punish Britain and France for interfering with American trade while the two major European powers were at war with each other. If no one can trade with us, then they''ll listen to what we want. Additionally, It hurt the American economy far more than the British or French, and resulted in widespread smuggling - He enslaved more than 700 people - President Jefferson signed a law prohibiting "the importation of slaves into any port or place within the jurisdiction of the United States." - Jefferson asked that only three of his many accomplishments be engraved on his tombstone: Author of the Declaration of American Independence; Author of the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom; and Father of the University of Virginia (he founded, designed, and directed the building of the university in 1819). - Jefferson and Madison opposed the the Sedition Acts - Jefferson was a huge fan of Ice Cream - Thomas Jefferson was known for his shyness - The purpose of the Declaration of Religious Freedom was to practice any religion you desire, this is the 1st Amendment

John Adams Facts 2/2

- Only President of the first twelve that never own slaves - Became the first ever President to reside in the White House - Adams signed the controversial Alien and Sedition Acts, and built up the Army and Navy in the undeclared naval war (called the "Quasi-War") with France - Instead of fighting against the French, he felt that the US Army Navy wasn't strong enough to fight and meet the powers of the French so we sent ministers to make peace-it was unpopular but it saved money and live - We are dependent on both countries. Adams want to continue neutrality with France. Adams is worried how our trade with Britain is going to be maintained and how our neutrality is going to work out. - Only President of the first twelve that never own slaves - Became the first ever President to reside in the White House

Woodrow Wilson 3/3

1) 2) Underwood-Simmons Tariff (1913), which reduced duties on imports for the first time in 40 years. 3) Federal Reserve Act of (1913) 4) Federal Trade Commission Act of (1914) 5) Clayton Antitrust Act (1914) 6) Lusitania (1915) 7) Adamson Act (1916), a United States federal law passed in 1916 that established an eight-hour workday, with additional pay for overtime work, for interstate railroad workers.[ 8) narrowly reelected in (1916) 9) Germany's renewed submarine attacks on unarmed passenger ships caused Wilson to ask for a declaration of war in April (1917) 10) In a continuing effort to negotiate a peace agreement, he presented the Fourteen Points (1918) 11) the Treaty of Versailles (October 1919) 12) 13) 14)

Theodore Roosevelt 4/4

1) 26th President of the U.S. (1901-1909) 2) He was elected to the New York legislature (1882), ultimately Roosevelt became the leader of the reform faction of Republicans 3) Roosevelt served as Assistant Secretary of the Navy under President McKinley, and in 1898 helped plan the highly successful naval war against Spain 4) He resigned to help form and lead the Rough Riders, a unit that fought the Spanish Army in Cuba to great publicity (1898) 5) he championed his "Square Deal" domestic progressive policy from 1901 to 1909 6) Roosevelt corollary (1904), The corollary states that the United States could intervene in the internal affairs of Latin American countries if they committed flagrant and chronic wrongdoings in order to keep European powers out. 7) Construction of the Panama Canal (1904-1914), The Panama Canal is a constructed waterway that connects the Atlantic and Pacific oceans across the Isthmus of Panama 8) The Antiquities Acts of 1906, Forest Service (1905), Pure Food and Drug Act (1906), FDA, and Meat Inspection Act (1906) 9) In 1906 Roosevelt is awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace for negotiating an end to the Russo-Japanese War 10) Great White Fleet (1907-1909), Roosevelt sent the Navy on a world tour to show the world the U.S. naval power. Also to pressure Japan into the "Gentlemen's Agreement."

John Adams Facts 1/2

1) Successfully defended the British in the Boston Massacre, 2) a Massachusetts Delegate to the Continental Congress, 3) assisted Jefferson in drafting the Declaration of independence, 4) served as a diplomat in Europe and helped negotiate a peace treaty with Great Britain (Treaty of Paris) which would officially end the war, 5) primary author of the of the Massachusetts Constitution in 1780 and wrote an essay called "Thoughts on Government" which would eventually shape the U.S Constitution. 6) He signed the Alien and Sedition Acts, 7) built both the Army and Navy in the undeclared naval war (called the "Quasi-War") with France. Adams built up the Navy, adding six fast, powerful frigates, most notably the USS Constitution. 8) To pay for the military buildup of the Quasi-War, Adams and his Federalist allies enacted the Direct Tax of 1798, 9) Preserved Neutrality, 10) Peaceful transfer of power in 1800 by Treaty in which the United States and France agreed to return any captured ships and to allow for the peaceful transfer of non-military goods to an enemy of the nation - He was a Federalist - Keeps US out of war - Preserves neutrality - Strengthens the Navy - Peaceful transfer of power in 1800 - it saw Jay's Treaty (1795) as a step towards an alliance with Britain and a violation of the Franco-American Treaty of 1778 and were mad that we were still trying to remain neutral. They start to seize American ships to show their anger. 300 ships were attacked by the French.

Abraham Lincoln 1/2

16th president of the United States; helped preserve the United States by leading the defeat of the secessionist Confederacy; an outspoken opponent of the expansion of slavery. 16th President of the United States saved the Union during the Civil War and emancipated the slaves; was assassinated by Booth (1809-1865) Abraham Lincoln (February 12, 1809 - April 15, 1865) was an American lawyer, politician, and statesman who served as the 16th president of the United States from 1861 until his assassination in 1865. Lincoln led the Union through the American Civil War to defend the nation as a constitutional union and succeeded in abolishing slavery, bolstering the federal government, and modernizing the U.S. economy. Lincoln was born into poverty in a log cabin in Kentucky and was raised on the frontier, primarily in Indiana. He was self-educated and became a lawyer, Whig Party leader, Illinois state legislator, and U.S. congressman from Illinois. In 1854, he was angered by the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which opened the territories to slavery, and he re-entered politics. He soon became a leader of the new Republican Party. He reached a national audience in the 1858 Senate campaign debates against Stephen A. Douglas. Lincoln ran for president in 1860, sweeping the North to gain victory. Pro-slavery elements in the South viewed his election as a threat to slavery, and Southern states began seceding (withdrawing states from the Union) from the nation. During this time, the newly formed Confederate States of America began seizing federal military bases in the south. Just over one month after Lincoln assumed the presidency, the Confederate States attacked Fort Sumter, a U.S. fort in South Carolina. Following the bombardment, Lincoln mobilized forces to suppress the rebellion and restore the union.

John Locke

17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property. English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property. John Locke's political theory directly influenced the U.S. Declaration of Independence in its assertion of natural individual rights and its grounding of political authority in the consent of the governed. Locke also advocated a separation of executive, legislative, and judicial powers, a feature of the form of government established in the U.S. Constitution.

Theodore Roosevelt 1/4

1858-1919. 26th President. Increased size of Navy, "Great White Fleet". Added Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine. "Big Stick" policy. Received Nobel Peace Prize for mediation of end of Russo-Japanese war. Later arbitrated split of Morocco between Germany and France. 26th president, known for: conservationism, trust-busting, Hepburn Act, safe food regulations, "Square Deal," Panama Canal, Great White Fleet, Nobel Peace Prize for negotiation of peace in Russo-Japanese War Theodore Roosevelt, (born October 27, 1858, New York, New York, U.S.—died January 6, 1919, Oyster Bay, New York), 26th president of the United States (1901-09) and a writer, naturalist, and soldier. He expanded the powers of the presidency and of the federal government in support of the public interest in conflicts between big business and labour and steered the nation toward an active role in world politics, particularly in Europe and Asia. He won the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1906 for mediating an end to the Russo-Japanese War (1904-05), and he secured the route and began construction of the Panama Canal (1904-14).

Richard M. Nixon

1969-1974 *Thirty-seventh President *Prior to becoming president in 1969, Nixon served as US representative, senator, and vice president *Nixon oversaw "Vietnamization," which called for the training of South Vietnamese troops to assume responsibility for military actions *He began to remove United States troops in phase from South Vietnam *Ended the draft *Opened China for trade *Reduced tension with U.S.S.R. with the SALT agreements *Resigned following Watergate scandal, becoming the first president to do so *Credited with aiding detente, the easing of strained relations between the US and the U.S.S.R. He was a committee member of the House of Representatives, Committee on Un-American Activities (to investigate "subversion"). He tried to catch Alger Hiss who was accused of being a communist agent in the 1930's. This brought Nixon to the attention of the American public. In 1956 he was Eisenhower's Vice-President.

Ronald Reagan

1981-1989,"Great Communicator" Republican, conservative economic policies, replaced liberal Democrats in upper house with consevative Democrats or "boll weevils" , at reelection time, jesse jackson first black presdiential candidate, Geraldine Ferraro as VP running mate (first woman) first elected president in 1980 and elected again in 1984. He ran on a campaign based on the common man and "populist" ideas. He served as governor of California from 1966-1974, and he participated in the McCarthy Communist scare. Iran released hostages on his Inauguration Day in 1980. While president, he developed Reagannomics, the trickle down effect of government incentives. He cut out many welfare and public works programs. He used the Strategic Defense Initiative to avoid conflict. His meetings with Gorbachev were the first steps to ending the Cold War. He was also responsible for the Iran-contra Affair which bought hostages with guns.

William J. Clinton

1993-2001 PP: Democrat ~NAFTA ~Impeachment 42nd President (1993-2001), NAFTA, impeachment

George Washington (1732-1799) 2/3

2/3 Washington longed to retire to his fields at Mount Vernon. But he soon realized that the Nation under its Articles of Confederation was not functioning well, thus, in 1787, Washington was chosen to serve as chairman of the Constitutional Convention at Philadelphia, which eventually drafted the United States Constitution. When the new Constitution was ratified (1788), the Electoral College unanimously elected Washington President as the nation's first President along with John Adams as vice president in 1789. Additionally, his cabinet included Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton. In 1792 Washington won reelection, again unanimously. Two positions taken by President Washington had a lasting impact on American politics: his policy of neutrality and his decision to limit himself to two terms in office. In 1793, the French Revolution led to a major war between Great Britain and France. Though expected to come to France's aid, Washington refused to accept entirely the recommendations of either his Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson, who was pro-French, or his Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton, who was pro-British, furthermore, Washington felt that the United States was not prepared to enter another war so soon.

Barack Obama (2009-2017)

2008; Democrat; first African American president of the US, health care bill; Gulf of Mexico oil spill disaster; economy: huge stimulus package to combat the great recession, is removing troops from Iraq, strengthened numbers in Afghanistan; repeal of Don't Ask Don't Tell; New Start treaty with Russia In his presidency, he..... a. Passed American Recovery and Reinvestment Act b. Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (Obama Care) c. Osama Bin Laden killed

John Adams (1797-1801) 1/3

2nd President of the United States (1735-1826) America's first Vice-President and second President of the United States. Sponsor of the American Revolution in Massachusetts, and wrote the Massachusetts guarantee that freedom of press "ought not to be restrained." Adams was born in the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1735. An American statesman, attorney, diplomat, writer, and Founding Father who served as the second president of the United States from 1797 to 1801. He defied anti-British sentiment and successfully defended British soldiers against murder charges arising from the Boston Massacre. Active in the American Independence movement, he early became identified with the patriot cause; he was elected to the Massachusetts legislature and a delegate to the First and Second Continental Congresses (1774-1778), where he was appointed to a committee with Thomas Jefferson and others to draft the Declaration of Independence and was its primary advocate on the floor of Congress. In 1776-78 he was appointed to many congressional committees, including one to create a navy and another to review foreign affairs. He served as a diplomat in France, the Netherlands, and England (1778-88). Additionally, he helped negotiate the treaty of peace (1783) with Great Britain and secured vital Governmental Loans. Adams was the primary author of the Massachusetts Constitution in 1780, which influenced the United States constitution (1787), as did his essay Thoughts on Government (1776). From 1785 to 1788 he was minister to the Court of St. James's, returning to be elected Vice President under George Washington, Adams was the first person to hold the office of vice president of the United States, serving from 1789 to 1797. Adams' two terms as Vice President were frustrating experiences for a man of his vigor, intellect, and vanity.

Lyndon B. Johnson

36th U.S. President. 1963-1969. Democratic signed the civil rights act of 1964 into law and the voting rights act of 1965. he had a war on poverty in his agenda. in an attempt to win, he set a few goals, including the great society, the economic opportunity act, and other programs that provided food stamps and welfare to needy famillies. he also created a department of housing and urban development. his most important legislation was probably medicare and medicaid.

James Madison Facts

5) He split with Hamilton over the existence of an implied congressional power to create a national bank 6) In protest of the Alien and Sedition Acts, he drafted one of the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions in 1798 (Thomas Jefferson drafted the other). 7) Elected president in 1808, he immediately faced the problem of British interference with neutral U.S. merchant vessels, which Jefferson's Embargo Act (1807) had failed to discourage. Believing that Britain was bent on permanent suppression of American commerce, 8) Madison proclaimed nonintercourse with Britain in 1810 9) signed a declaration of war in 1812. During the ensuing War of 1812 (1812-14), Madison and his family were forced to flee Washington, D.C., as advancing British troops burned the executive mansion and other public buildings. 10) During Madison's second term (1813-17) the second Bank of the United States was chartered 11) The first U.S. protective tariff was imposed. 12) He retired to his Virginia estate, Montpelier, with his wife, Dolley (1768-1849), whose political acumen he had long prized. He participated in Jefferson's creation of the University of Virginia, later serving as its rector (1826-36), and produced numerous articles and letters on political topics. - Great Britain's seizure of American cargo and sailors drove Madison to side with the War Hawks, so he asked Congress for a declaration of war on June 1, 1812. The war convinced Madison of the necessity of a stronger federal government. He presided over the creation of the Second Bank of the United States, and enacted the protective Tariff of 1816. However, Congress opted not to renew the bank's charter when it expired in 1811. Five years later, after the War of 1812, President James Madison signed a bill establishing the Second Bank of the United States

John Quincy Adams

6th president from 1825-1829; served in the Senate and House of Representatives; son of President John Adams; helped formulate the Monroe Doctrine as Secretary of State; lost his re-election to Andrew Jackson; viewed as one of the greatest diplomats in American history. Secretary of State, He served as sixth president under Monroe. In 1819, he drew up the Adams-Onis Treaty in which Spain gave the United States Florida in exchange for the United States dropping its claims to Texas. The Monroe Doctrine was mostly Adams' work. (1767-1848) Son of President John Adams and the secretary of state to James Monroe, he largely formulated the Monroe Doctrine. He was the sixth president of the United States and later became a representative in Congress.

Dwight D. Eisenhower

American General who began in North Africa and became the Commander of Allied forces in Europe. leader of the Allied forces in Europe then was elected to be Pres. of the USA leader of the Allied forces in Europe during WW2--leader of troops in Africa and commander in DDay invasion-elected president-president during integration of Little Rock Central High School

James Monroe 2/4

As President Jefferson's special envoy, Monroe helped negotiate the Louisiana Purchase, through which the United States nearly doubled in size. Monroe fell out with his longtime friend James Madison after Madison rejected the Monroe-Pinkney Treaty that Monroe negotiated with Britain. He unsuccessfully challenged Madison for the Democratic-Republican nomination in the 1808 presidential election, but he joined Madison's administration as Secretary of State in 1811. During the later stages of the War of 1812, Monroe simultaneously served as Madison's Secretary of State and Secretary of War. Monroe's wartime leadership established him as Madison's heir apparent, and he easily defeated Federalist candidate Rufus King in the 1816 presidential election. During Monroe's tenure as president, the Federalist Party collapsed as a national political force and Monroe was re-elected, virtually unopposed, in 1820. As president, Monroe signed the Missouri Compromise, which admitted Missouri as a slave state and banned slavery from territories north of the 36°30′ parallel. In foreign affairs, Monroe and Secretary of State John Quincy Adams favored a policy of conciliation with Britain and a policy of expansionism against the Spanish Empire. In the 1819 Adams-Onís Treaty with Spain, the United States secured Florida and established its western border with New Spain. In 1823, Monroe announced the United States' opposition to any European intervention in the recently independent countries of the Americas with the Monroe Doctrine, which became a landmark in American foreign policy. Monroe was a member of the American Colonization Society which supported the colonization of Africa by freed slaves, and Liberia's capital of Monrovia is named in his honor.

James Madison (1809-1817) 1/4

Democratic Republic Domestic Affairs: Rechartering of National Bank (20 year charter) Tippecanoe Harrison vs. Tecumseh and Prophet Hartford Convention Foreign Affairs: Macon's Bill No. 2 War of 1812 Harrison New Orleans (Jackson) "Father of the Constitution" primary author of the Constitution, Federalist leader, and fourth President of the United States. Became known as the father of the constitution because he had a plan for creating a stronger national government James Madison Jr. (March 16, 1751 - June 28, 1836) was an American statesman, diplomat, and Founding Father who served as the fourth president of the United States from 1809 to 1817. Madison is hailed as the "Father of the Constitution" for his pivotal role in drafting and promoting the Constitution of the United States and the Bill of Rights. Madison was born into a prominent slave-owning planter family in Virginia. He served as a member of the Virginia House of Delegates and the Continental Congress during and after the American Revolutionary War. Dissatisfied with the weak national government established by the Articles of Confederation, he helped organize the Constitutional Convention, which produced a new constitution designed to strengthen republican government against democratic assembly. Madison's Virginia Plan was the basis for the convention's deliberations, and he was an influential voice at the convention.

Thomas Jefferson (1801-1809) 1/3

Democratic Republican Domestic Policy: Shrink size of federal government Repeal of Alien and Sedition Acts, 1798 Marbury v Madison, 1803 War with Supreme Court—Pickering/Chase Burr Conspiracy, 1805-1807 Essex Junto Revolution of 1800 Berlin and Milan/Orders in Council Foreign Policy: Barbary Pirates conflict Louisiana Purchase, 1803 Chesapeake incident/ impressment Embargo Act > Non-Intercourse Act Napoleon -Republican -Marbury vs Madison, 1803 -Louisiana Purchase, 1803 -Lewis and Clark Expedition, 1804-05 -12th Amendment, 1804 -Embargo Act, 1807 -Non-Intercourse Act. 1809 Thomas Jefferson was the first Democratic Republican president. Jefferson felt that we should follow the constitution very strictly. Thomas Jefferson is a hypocrite because he bought the Louisiana purchase, but no where in the constitution does it say that the president can buy land, and he wanted everyone to follow the constitution strictly. Another way Thomas Jefferson was a hypocrite was that he owned slaves, but he wrote in the Declaration of Independence that all men are created equal. Some Positive outcomes of Jefferson's presidency were that he expanded our nation, he kept neutrality, kept US out of costly war. Some negative outcomes of Jefferson's presidency were that he weakened the military, and was hypocritical on his views of the constitution. Jefferson and Federalist John Adams became both Friends and political Rivals, serving in the Continental Congress and drafting the Declaration of Independence together. In the 1796 Presidential election, Jefferson became vice president to President John Adams. Four years later, Jefferson challenged Adam's and won Presidency in 1800. In 1804, Jefferson was overwhelmingly reelected to a second term as president. While then constitutionally eligible to run for a third term, Jefferson followed Washington's precedent of limiting his presidency to two terms. Jefferson eventually reconciled with Adams, and the two shared a correspondence that lasted 14 years. He and Adams both died within hours of each other on the same day, July 4, 1826, the 50th anniversary of Declaration of Independence.

Alexander Hamilton 2/2

Differences between Hamilton and Jefferson over the powers of the national government and the country's foreign policy led to the rise of political parties; Hamilton became leader of the Federalist Party, and Madison and Jefferson created the Democratic-Republican Party. Hamilton favored friendship with Britain and influenced Washington to take a neutral stand toward the French Revolution. In 1796 he caused a rift in the Federalist Party by opposing its nomination of John Adams for president. In 1800 he tried to prevent Adams's reelection, circulating a private attack that Aaron Burr, long at odds with Hamilton, obtained and published. When Jefferson and Burr both defeated Adams but received an equal number of electoral votes, Hamilton helped persuade the Federalists in the House of Representatives to choose Jefferson. In 1804 he opposed Burr's candidacy for governor of New York. This affront, coupled with alleged remarks questioning Burr's character, led Burr to challenge Hamilton to a duel, in which Hamilton was mortally wounded.

Andrew Johnson 2/2

Elected to the U.S. Senate (1857-62), he opposed antislavery agitation, but, in 1860, after the election of Pres. Abraham Lincoln, he vehemently rejected Southern secession, a position he maintained even after Tennessee seceded in 1861. During the American Civil War he was the only Southern senator who refused to join the Confederacy. In 1862 he was appointed military governor of Tennessee, then under Union control. In 1864 he was selected to run for vice president with President Lincoln; he assumed the presidency after Lincoln's assassination. During Reconstruction he favored a moderate policy of readmitting former Confederate states to the Union with few provisions for reform or civil rights for freedmen. In 1867, Johnson's vetoes of legislation to establish a Freedmen's Bureau and other civil rights measures angered moderate as well as Radical Republicans; in response, they united to pass the Tenure of Office Act (1867), which forbade the president from removing civil officers without senatorial consent. In 1868, in defiance of the act, Johnson dismissed secretary of war Edwin M. Stanton, an ally of the Radicals. The House then voted to impeach the president—the first such occurrence in U.S. history. In the subsequent Senate trial, the charges proved weak, and the necessary two-thirds vote needed for conviction failed by one vote. Johnson remained in office until 1869, but he had lost the ability to lead. He returned to Tennessee, where he won reelection to the Senate shortly before he died.

James Monroe 3/4

Following his retirement in 1825, Monroe was plagued by financial difficulties and died on July 4, 1831, in New York City - sharing a distinction with Presidents John Adams and Thomas Jefferson of dying on the anniversary of U.S independence. Historians have generally ranked him as an above-average president. As a youthful politician, he joined the anti-Federalists in the Virginia Convention which ratified the Constitution, and in 1790, an advocate of Jeffersonian policies, was elected United States Senator. As Minister to France in 1794-1796, he displayed strong sympathies for the French cause; later, with Robert R. Livingston, he helped negotiate the Louisiana Purchase. His ambition and energy, together with the backing of President Madison, made him the Republican choice for the Presidency in 1816. With little Federalist opposition, he easily won re-election in 1820. Monroe made unusually strong Cabinet choices, naming a Southerner, John C. Calhoun, as Secretary of War, and a northerner, John Quincy Adams, as Secretary of State. Only Henry Clay's refusal kept Monroe from adding an outstanding Westerner. Early in his administration, Monroe undertook a goodwill tour. At Boston, his visit was hailed as the beginning of an "Era of Good Feelings." Unfortunately these "good feelings" did not endure, although Monroe, his popularity undiminished, followed nationalist policies. Across the facade of nationalism, ugly sectional cracks appeared. A painful economic depression undoubtedly increased the dismay of the people of the Missouri Territory in 1819 when their application for admission to the Union as a slave state failed. An amended bill for gradually eliminating slavery in Missouri precipitated two years of bitter debate in Congress.

Rutherford B. Hayes 3/3

Hayes's administration was influenced by his belief in meritocratic government and in equal treatment without regard to wealth, social standing, or race. One of the defining events of his presidency was the Great Railroad Strike of 1877, which he resolved by calling in the US Army against the railroad workers. It remains the deadliest conflict between workers and strikebreakers in American history. As president, Hayes implemented modest civil-service reforms that laid the groundwork for further reform in the 1880s and 1890s. He vetoed the Bland-Allison Act of 1878, which put silver money into circulation and raised nominal prices; Hayes saw the maintenance of the gold standard as essential to economic recovery. His policy toward western Indians anticipated the assimilationist program of the Dawes Act of 1887. Biographer Ari Hoogenboom has written that Hayes's greatest achievement was to restore popular faith in the presidency and to reverse the deterioration of executive power that had established itself after the assassination of Abraham Lincoln in 1865. His supporters have praised his commitment to civil-service reform; his critics have derided his leniency toward former Confederate states as well as his withdrawal of federal support for African Americans' voting and civil rights.[5] Historians and scholars generally rank Hayes as an average to below-average president

Who is James Madison? 2/4

He became one of the leaders in the movement to ratify the Constitution and joined Alexander Hamilton and John Jay in writing The Federalist Papers, a series of pro-ratification essays that remains prominent among works of political science in American history. Madison emerged as an important leader in the House of Representatives and was a close adviser to President George Washington. During the early 1790s, Madison opposed the economic program and the accompanying centralization of power favored by Secretary of the Treasury Hamilton. Alongside Thomas Jefferson, he organized the Democratic-Republican Party in opposition to Hamilton's Federalist Party. After Jefferson was elected president in 1800, Madison served as his Secretary of State from 1801 to 1809 and supported Jefferson in the case of Marbury v. Madison. While Madison was Secretary of State, Jefferson made the Louisiana Purchase, and later, as President, Madison oversaw related disputes in the Northwest Territories. Madison was elected president in 1808. Motivated by desire to acquire land held by Britain, Spain, and Native Americans, and after diplomatic protests with a trade embargo failed to end British seizures of American shipped goods, Madison led the United States into the War of 1812. Although the war ended inconclusively, many Americans viewed the war's outcome as a successful "second war of independence" against Britain. Madison was re-elected in 1812, albeit by a smaller margin. The war convinced Madison of the necessity of a stronger federal government. He presided over the creation of the Second Bank of the United States and the enactment of the protective Tariff of 1816. By treaty or through war, Native American tribes ceded 26,000,000 acres (11,000,000 ha) of land to the United States under Madison's presidency.

George Washington Facts

He established the United States Army - He was Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution - He was responsible for enforcing the strong central government that the Constitution created - Established many forms of government that still exist to this day - Insisted to keep the U.S. Neutral in Foreign Affairs because he did not believe it was wise for new nations to involve itself in affairs of other nations - He created a plan to fix the problem of the national debt. - One of the key events during his presidency was the formation of two political parties - the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists (who became the Democratic-Republican party). - After taking out loans from France to cover the expenses of fighting the American Revolutionary War, specifically $25-50 million on a national level, he passed a bill that created the first Bank of the United States. - Washington decided to issue a Proclamation of Neutrality, saying that the United States would stay out of the war and not take anyone's side. This was a risky decision, since France had been the United States's major ally during the Revolutionary War - In his Farewell Address, He advised the country to avoid political parties, Religion was the pillar of good government, and avoid long-term alliances with other countries. - Washington's thoughts about political parties: He thought they weakened the government and led to unnecessary conflict and arguing. - The two political parties that emerged were the Federalists and Republicans - President Washington signed the bill into law in February 1791. The Bank of the United States, now commonly referred to as the first Bank of the United States, opened for business in Philadelphia on December 12, 1791, with a twenty-year charter. - While called wooden teeth, the teeth themselves were not actually made of wood but were made up of a range of materials, including human teeth, animal teeth, and ivory.

Andrew Jackson 2/3

He fought briefly in the American Revolution near his frontier home, where his family was killed in the conflict. When the region became the state of Tennessee, he was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives (1796-97) and the Senate (1797-98). He served on the state supreme court (1798-1804) and in 1802 was elected major general of the Tennessee militia. When the War of 1812 began, he offered the U.S. the services of his 50,000-man volunteer militia. Sent to the Mississippi Territory to fight the Creek Indians, who were allied with the British, he defeated them after a short campaign (1813-14) at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend. After capturing Pensacola, Fla., from the British-allied Spanish, he marched overland to engage the British in Louisiana. A decisive victory at the Battle of New Orleans made him a national hero; he was dubbed "Old Hickory" by the press. After the U.S. acquired Florida, Jackson was named governor of the territory (1821). One of four candidates in the 1824 presidential election, he won an electoral-vote plurality, but the House of Representative instead selected John Quincy Adams as president. Jackson's victory over Adams in the 1828 presidential election is commonly regarded as a turning point in U.S. history. Jackson was the first president from west of the Appalachian Mountains, the first to be born in poverty, and the first to be elected through a direct appeal to the mass of voters rather than through the support of a recognized political organization. The era of his presidency has come to be known as "Jacksonian Democracy." Upon taking office he replaced many federal officials with his political supporters, a practice that became known as the spoils system. His administration acquiesced in the illegal seizure of Cherokee land in Georgia and then forcibly expelled the Indians who refused to leave (see Trail of Tears).

Ulysses S. Grant 3/3

He served in the Mexican War (1846-48) under Zachary Taylor. After two years' service on the Pacific coast (1852-54), during which he attempted to supplement his army pay with ultimately unsuccessful business ventures, he resigned his commission. His decision might have been influenced by his fondness for alcohol, which he reportedly drank often during this period. He worked unsuccessfully at farming in Missouri and at his family's leather business in Illinois. When the American Civil War began (1861), he was appointed brigadier general; his 1862 attack on Fort Donelson, Tenn., produced the first major Union victory. He drove off a Confederate attack at Shiloh but was criticized for heavy Union losses. He devised the campaign to take the stronghold of Vicksburg, Miss., in 1863, cutting the Confederacy in half from east to west. Following his victory at the Battle of Chattanooga in 1864, he was appointed commander of the Union army. While Gen. William T. Sherman made his famous march across Georgia, Grant attacked forces under Gen. Robert E. Lee in Virginia, bringing the war to an end in 1865. Grant's administrative ability and innovative strategies were largely responsible for the Union victory. In 1868 his successful Republican presidential campaign made him, at 46, the youngest man yet elected president. His two terms were marred by administrative inaction and political scandal involving members of his cabinet, including the Crédit Mobilier scandal and the Whiskey Ring conspiracy. He was more successful in foreign affairs, where he was aided by his secretary of state, Hamilton Fish. He supported amnesty for Confederate leaders and protection for the civil rights of former slaves. His veto of a bill to increase the amount of legal tender (1874) diminished the currency crisis during the next 25 years. In 1881 he moved to New York City; when a partner defrauded an investment firm co-owned by his son, the family was impoverished. His memoirs were published by his friend Mark Twain.

John Adams 2/3

His administration focused on France, where the Directory, the ruling group, had refused to receive the American envoy and had suspended commercial relations. Adams sent three commissioners to France, but in the spring of 1798 word arrived that the French Foreign Minister Talleyrand and the Directory had refused to negotiate with them unless they would first pay a substantial bribe. Adams reported the insult to Congress, and the Senate printed the correspondence, in which the Frenchmen were referred to only as "X, Y, and Z." The Nation broke out into what Jefferson called "the X. Y. Z. fever," increased in intensity by Adams's exhortations. The populace cheered itself hoarse wherever the President appeared. Never had the Federalists been so popular. Congress appropriated money to complete three new frigates and to build additional ships, and authorized the raising of a provisional army. It also passed the Alien and Sedition Acts, intended to frighten foreign agents out of the country and to stifle the attacks of Republican editors. President Adams did not call for a declaration of war, but hostilities began at sea. At first, American shipping was almost defenseless against French privateers, but by 1800 armed merchantmen and U.S. warships were clearing the sea-lanes. Despite several brilliant naval victories, war fever subsided. Word came to Adams that France also had no stomach for war and would receive an envoy with respect. Long negotiations ended the Quasi War. Sending a peace mission to France (Convention of 1800 or Treaty of Mortefontaine) brought the full fury of the Hamiltonians against Adams. In the campaign of 1800 the Republicans were united and effective, the Federalists badly divided. Nevertheless, Adams polled only a few less electoral votes than Jefferson, who became President. On November 1, 1800, just before the election, Adams arrived in the new Capital City to take up his residence in the White House. Adams retired to his farm in Quincy. Here he penned his elaborate letters to Thomas Jefferson. Here on July 4, 1826, he whispered his last words: "Thomas Jefferson survives." But Jefferson had died at Monticello a few hours earlier.On November 1, 1800, just before the election, Adams arrived i

Rutherford B. Hayes 2/3

His decision to introduce civil-service reform based on merit provoked a dispute with Roscoe Conkling and the conservative "stalwart" Republicans. At the request of state governors, Hayes used federal troops against railroad strikers in 1877. Declining to run for a second term, he retired to work for humanitarian causes. Served as the 19th president of the United States from 1877 to 1881, after serving in the U.S. House of Representatives and as governor of Ohio. Before the American Civil War, Hayes was a lawyer and staunch abolitionist who defended refugee slaves in court proceedings. He served in the Union Army and the House of Representatives before assuming the presidency. His presidency represents a turning point in U.S. history, as historians consider it the formal end of Reconstruction. Hayes, a prominent member of the Republican "Half-Breed" faction, placated both Southern Democrats and Whiggish Republican businessmen by ending the federal government's involvement in the South. In 1877, Hayes assumed the presidency following the 1876 United States presidential election, one of the most contentious in U.S. history. Hayes lost the popular vote to Democrat Samuel J. Tilden, and neither candidate secured enough electoral votes. According to the U.S. Constitution, if no candidate wins the Electoral College, the House of Representatives is tasked with selecting the new president. Hayes secured a victory when a Congressional Commission awarded him 20 contested electoral votes in the Compromise of 1877. The electoral dispute was resolved with a backroom deal whereby the Southern Democrats acquiesced to Hayes's election on the condition that he end both federal support for Reconstruction and the military occupation in the former Confederate States.

John Adams 3/3

On November 1, 1800, just before the election, Adams arrived in the new Capital City to take up his residence in the White House. Adams retired to his farm in Quincy. Here he penned his elaborate letters to Thomas Jefferson. Here on July 4, 1826, he whispered his last words: "Thomas Jefferson survives." But Jefferson had died at Monticello a few hours earlier. He was the only president elected under the banner of the Federalist Party. During his single term, Adams encountered fierce criticism from the Jeffersonian Republicans and from some in his own Federalist Party, led by his rival Alexander Hamilton. Adams signed the controversial Alien and Sedition Acts, and built up the Army and Navy in the undeclared naval war (called the "Quasi-War") with France. During his term, he became the first president to reside in the executive mansion now known as the White House. In his bid in 1800 for reelection to the presidency, opposition from Federalists and accusations of despotism from Jeffersonians led to Adams losing to his vice president and former friend Jefferson, and he retired to Massachusetts. He eventually resumed his friendship with Jefferson by initiating a continuing correspondence. The positives of Adams Accomplishments were: 1) opposing British taxes, 2) delegate to both continental congress, 3) signed the declaration of independence, 4) served as the defense of counsel for British Soldiers, 5) Maintain neutrality, and 6) strengthen the army & Navy. The negatives of John Adams Presidency are Relationship with France damage, new taxes imposed, party politics became enhanced. Though the real reason was that The Federalists were trying to slow down the growth of the Democratic-Republican party because most foreigners coming to the United States were in favor of the Democratic-Republicans. The government's reason to sign the Alien and Sedition Acts was because they were protecting the nation from countries like Europe (French attacking).

Abraham Lincoln 2/2

Lincoln, a moderate Republican, had to navigate a contentious array of factions with friends and opponents from both the Democratic and Republican parties. His allies, the War Democrats and the Radical Republicans, demanded harsh treatment of the Southern Confederates. Anti-war Democrats (called "Copperheads") despised Lincoln, and irreconcilable pro-Confederate elements plotted his assassination. He managed the factions by exploiting their mutual enmity, carefully distributing political patronage, and by appealing to the American people. His Gettysburg Address came to be seen as one of the greatest and most influential statements of American national purpose. Lincoln closely supervised the strategy and tactics in the war effort, including the selection of generals, and implemented a naval blockade of the South's trade. He suspended habeas corpus in Maryland and elsewhere, and averted British intervention by defusing the Trent Affair. In 1863, he issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which declared the slaves in the states "in rebellion" to be free. It also directed the Army and Navy to "recognize and maintain the freedom of such persons" and to receive them "into the armed service of the United States." Lincoln also pressured border states to outlaw slavery, and he promoted the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which upon its ratification abolished slavery, except as punishment for a crime. Lincoln managed his own successful re-election campaign. He sought to heal the war-torn nation through reconciliation. On April 14, 1865, just five days after the war's end at Appomattox, he was attending a play at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C., with his wife, Mary, when he was fatally shot by Confederate sympathizer John Wilkes Booth. Lincoln is remembered as a martyr and a national hero for his wartime leadership and for his efforts to preserve the Union and abolish slavery. Lincoln is often ranked in both popular and scholarly polls as the greatest president in American history.

John Hancock

Patriot leader and president of the Second Continental Congress; he signed the Articles of Confederations and was the first person to sign the Declaration of Independence. John Hancock (January 23, 1737 [O.S. January 12, 1736] - October 8, 1793) was an American Founding Father, merchant, statesman, and prominent Patriot of the American Revolution. He served as president of the Second Continental Congress and was the first and third Governor of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. He is remembered for his large and stylish signature on the United States Declaration of Independence, so much so that the term John Hancock or Hancock has become a nickname in the United States for one's signature. He also signed the Articles of Confederation, and used his influence to ensure that Massachusetts ratified the United States Constitution in 1788. Before the American Revolution, Hancock was one of the wealthiest men in the Thirteen Colonies, having inherited a profitable mercantile business from his uncle. He began his political career in Boston as a protégé of Samuel Adams, an influential local politician, though the two men later became estranged. Hancock used his wealth to support the colonial cause as tensions increased between colonists and Great Britain in the 1760s. He became very popular in Massachusetts, especially after British officials seized his sloop Liberty in 1768 and charged him with smuggling. Those charges were eventually dropped; he has often been described as a smuggler in historical accounts, but the accuracy of this characterization has been questioned.

Ulysses S. Grant (1822-1885) 2/3

President Abraham Lincoln promoted him to lieutenant general after his victory at Chattanooga. For thirteen months, Grant fought Robert E. Lee during the high-casualty Overland Campaign which ended with capture of Lee's army at Appomattox, where he formally surrendered to Grant. In 1866, President Andrew Johnson promoted Grant to General of the Army. Later, Grant openly broke with Johnson over Reconstruction policies. A war hero, drawn in by his sense of duty, Grant was unanimously nominated by the Republican Party and then elected president in 1868. As president, Grant stabilized the post-war national economy, supported congressional Reconstruction and the ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment, and prosecuted the Ku Klux Klan. Under Grant, the Union was completely restored. He appointed African Americans and Jewish Americans to prominent federal offices. The Panic of 1873 plunged the nation into a severe economic depression, resulting in the Democrats winning the House majority. Grant's Native American policy was to assimilate Indians into Anglo-American culture. His foreign policy was mostly peaceful, without war, the Alabama Claims against Great Britain skillfully resolved. However, his attempted annexation of Santo Domingo was rejected by the Senate. The Grant administration was often remembered primarily for a number of scandals, but modern scholarship has better appreciated Grant's appointed reformers and prosecutions. Grant's critics take a negative view of his economic mismanagement, and the corruption within his administration while his admirers emphasize his peace policy with Native Americans, vigorous enforcement of civil and voting rights for African Americans, and securing North and South as a single nation within the Union.

George Washington (1789-1797) 1/3

President George Washington has been labeled "Father of His Country" because of the great role he played in the founding of the United States. He was commanded/Commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution, led the Convention that wrote the U.S. Constitution, and served as the first President of the United States from 1789 to 1797. Before he became Commander-in-chief, he had led troops (rather unsuccessfully) during the French and Indian War, and had surrendered Fort Necessity to the French. Although he was appointed commander-in-chief of the Continental Army, Washington was much more successful in this second command. (1/3) Commissioned a lieutenant colonel in 1754, he fought the first skirmished of what grew into the French and Indian War. From 1759 to the outbreak of the American Revolution, Washington managed his lands around Mount Vernon and served in the Virginia House of Burgesses. But like his fellow planters, Washington felt himself exploited by British merchants and hampered by British regulations. As the quarrel with the mother country grew acute, he moderately but firmly voiced his resistance to the restrictions. When the Second Continental Congress assembled in Philadelphia in May 1775, Washington, one of the Virginia delegates, was elected Commander in Chief of the Continental Army. On July 3, 1775, at Cambridge, Massachusetts, he took command of his ill-trained troops and embarked upon a war that was to last six grueling years. When the American colonies declared independence from Britain in 1776, the Continental Congress named Washington commander in chief of the colonial military forces. On October 19, 1781, Washington's army, combined with French naval and ground forces, staged a siege at Yorktown, Virginia. The commander of the British army, General Charles Cornwallis, was forced to surrender, ending the fighting in the American Revolution.

Franklin D. Roosevelt

President of the US during Great Depression and World War II 32nd US President - He began New Deal programs to help the nation out of the Great Depression, and he was the nation's leader during most of WWII President of the United States during most of the Depression and most of World War II.

Benjamin Franklin

Printer, author, inventor, diplomat, statesman, and Founding Father. One of the few Americans who was highly respected in Europe, primarily due to his discoveries in the field of electricity. He rose out of poverty to become very successful, wealthy, and important person. He made many large contributions to society through his many inventions through hard work. After quitting the Printing Business, Franklin invented Lightning rod, bifocals, a new type of stove, confirmed laws of electricity, contributed to the understanding of earthquakes and ocean currents. He helped draft the Declaration of Independence, enlisted French support during the Revolutionary War, negotiated a peace treaty with Great Britain, and drafted the US Constitution He served as a delegate to the second Continental Congress and as a member of the committee to draft the Declaration of Independence. In 1776 he went to France to seek aid for the American Revolution. Lionized by the French, he negotiated a treaty that provided loans and military support for the U.S. He also played a crucial role in bringing about the final peace treaty with Britain in 1783. As a member of the 1787 Constitutional Convention, he was instrumental in achieving adoption of the Constitution of the U.S. He is regarded as one of the most extraordinary and brilliant public servants in U.S. history

George H. W. Bush (1924-)

Republican Major Items: • Fall of the Berlin Wall (1989) • Revolutions in Europe (1989) • Savings & Loan Scandal (1990) • Invasion of Panama (1990) • Gulf War (1991) • Fall of the Soviet Union (1991) Forty-first president of the United States, 1989-1993. A former congressman diplomat, businessman, Republican party chairman, and director the CIA, Bush served for eight years as Reagan's vice president before being elected president in 1988 He had served as vice president during the Reagan administration and then won the presidential election of 1988. During his presidential campaign, Bush promised not to raise taxes. However, the federal deficit had become so big that he had to raise taxes. Bush chose to make fighting illegal drugs a priority. He created the Office of National Drug Control Policy, but it was only moderately successful in stopping drug use. In 1989, Bush ordered the invasion of Panama and the capture of Panamanian leader Manuel Noriega, who was wanted in America on drug charges. He was captured, tried, and convicted. In 1990, Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait; and Bush sent the American military to Saudi Arabia on a defensive mission. He assembled a multinational force and launched Operation Desert Storm, which took Kuwait back from Saddam in 1991. The euphoria over the victory in Kuwait was short lived as the country slid into a recession. He lost the 1992 presidential election to Bill Clinton. 41st president of the United States. A former congressman, diplomat, businessman, Republican party chairman, and director the CIA, He served for eight years as Reagan's vice president before being elected President in 1988. As President, he oversaw the end of the Cold War and the revitalization of the American military in the Persian Gulf War. He faced a severe economic recession late in his term that damaged his popularity, and he lost his bid for reelection in 1992.

Andrew Johnson (1865-1869) 1/2

Republican Domestic Affairs: Reconstruction Black Suffrage Phase I/II (Pres v Congress) 14th Amendment Impeachment Tenure of Office Act Fell short 1 vote Foreign Affairs: Purchase of Alaska (Seward's Folly) Force out French puppet state in Mexico (Maximilian) Repair Anglo-American Relations 17th President of the United States, A Southerner form Tennessee, as V.P. when Lincoln was killed, he became president. He opposed radical Republicans who passed Reconstruction Acts over his veto. The first U.S. president to be impeached, he survived the Senate removal by only one vote. He was a very weak president. Born in poverty, he never attended school, and he taught himself to read and write. After a short apprenticeship as a tailor, he moved with his family to Greeneville, Tenn., where he opened his own tailor shop. Before he was 21 he organized a workingman's party. Elected to the state legislature (1835-43), he became a spokesman for small farmers. He then served in the U.S. House of Representatives (1843-53) and as governor of Tennessee (1853-57).

Rutherford B. Hayes (1877-1881) 1/3

Republican Domestic Affairs: Reconciliation following Reconstruction Compromise 1877 Bland-Allison Act Increased Exec power Great RR Strike 1877 Foreign Affairs: Tensions with Mexico Pressure against French Panama Canal 19th president of the united states, was famous for being part of the Hayes-Tilden election in which electoral votes were contested in 4 states, most corrupt election in US history Rutherford B. Hayes, (born Oct. 4, 1822, Delaware, Ohio, U.S.—died Jan. 17, 1893, Fremont, Ohio), 19th president of the U.S. (1877-81). He practiced law in Cincinnati, Ohio, where he represented defendants in several fugitive-slave cases and became associated with the new Republican Party. After fighting in the Union army in the American Civil War, he served in the U.S. House of Representatives (1865-67). As governor of Ohio (1868-72, 1875-76), he advocated a sound currency backed by gold. In 1876 he won the Republican nomination for president. His opponent, Samuel Tilden, won a larger popular vote, but the Hayes campaign contested the electoral-vote returns in four states, and a special Electoral Commission awarded the election to Hayes. As part of a secret compromise reached with Southerners during the electoral dispute (see Wormley Conference), Hayes withdrew the remaining federal troops from the South, ending Reconstruction, and promised not to interfere with elections there, ensuring the return of white supremacy.

Ulysses S. Grant (1869-1877) 1/3

Republican an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War. The eighteenth president of the United States from 1869-1877, Grant gained notoriety as commander of the Union army during the Civil War. He graduated from West Point, served in the Mexican-American War, and then resigned from the military after serving in posts on the west coast. He was commissioned as a colonel at the start of the Civil War. Grant won key victories along the Mississippi River, including at the Battle of Shiloh and the Battle of Vicksburg. After a series of victories, Lincoln gave him command of the Union army in 1864. He created an overall plan concentrated on Sherman's march through Georgia and his own assault on the Confederate army in Virginia. As Commanding General, he led the Union army to victory at Appomattox Court House, where he accepted Lee's surrender in 1865, ending the war. He wanted peace, not continued military reconstruction in the South, but he was unprepared to serve as president (1869-1877). however, as president, Grant was an effective civil rights executive who signed the bill that created the Justice Department and worked with Radical Republicans to protect African Americans during Reconstruction. Going on to serve with distinction in the Mexican-American War. He resigned from the army in 1854, returning to civilian life impoverished. In 1861, shortly after the American Civil War began, Grant joined the Union Army and quickly rose to prominence after winning early Union victories in the western theater. In 1863, he led the Vicksburg campaign, gaining control of the Mississippi River, dealing a serious strategic blow to the Confederacy.

James Madison 3/4

Retiring from public office at the end of his presidency in 1817, Madison returned to his plantation, Montpelier, and died there in 1836. During his lifetime, Madison was a slave owner. In 1783, to prevent a slave rebellion at Montpelier, Madison freed one of his slaves. He did not free any slaves in his will. Born in 1751, Madison was brought up in Orange County, Virginia. A student of history and government, well-read in law, he participated in the framing of the Virginia Constitution in 1776, served in the Continental Congress, and was a leader in the Virginia Assembly. When delegates to the Constitutional Convention assembled at Philadelphia, the 36-year-old Madison took frequent and emphatic part in the debates. Madison made a major contribution to the ratification of the Constitution by writing, with Alexander Hamilton and John Jay, the Federalist essays. In later years, when he was referred to as the "Father of the Constitution," Madison protested that the document was not "the off-spring of a single brain," but "the work of many heads and many hands." In Congress, he helped frame the Bill of Rights and enact the first revenue legislation. Out of his leadership in opposition to Hamilton's financial proposals, which he felt would unduly bestow wealth and power upon northern financiers, came the development of the Republican, or Jeffersonian, Party. As President Jefferson's Secretary of State, Madison protested to warring France and Britain that their seizure of American ships was contrary to international law. The protests, John Randolph acidly commented, had the effect of "a shilling pamphlet hurled against eight hundred ships of war." Despite the unpopular Embargo Act of 1807, which did not make the belligerent nations change their ways but did cause a depression in the United States, Madison was elected President in 1808. Before he took office the Embargo Act was repealed. During the first year of Madison's Administration, the United States prohibited trade with both Britain and France;

Theodore Roosevelt 3/4

Roosevelt served as Assistant Secretary of the Navy under President McKinley, and in 1898 helped plan the highly successful naval war against Spain. He resigned to help form and lead the Rough Riders, a unit that fought the Spanish Army in Cuba to great publicity. Returning a war hero, Roosevelt was elected governor of New York in 1898. Roosevelt assumed the presidency at age 42, and remains the youngest person to become president of the United States. As a leader of the progressive movement he championed his "Square Deal" domestic policies. It called for fairness for all citizens, breaking of bad trusts, regulation of railroads, and pure food and drugs. Roosevelt prioritized conservation and established national parks, forests, and monuments to preserve the nation's natural resources. In foreign policy, he focused on Central America, where he began construction of the Panama Canal. Roosevelt expanded the Navy and sent the Great White Fleet on a world tour to project American naval power. His successful efforts to broker the end of the Russo-Japanese War won him the 1906 Nobel Peace Prize, making him the first American to ever win a Nobel Prize. Roosevelt was elected to a full term in 1904 and promoted policies more to the left, despite growing opposition from Republican leaders. During his presidency, he groomed his close ally William Howard Taft to succeed him in the 1908 presidential election. Roosevelt grew frustrated with Taft's conservatism and belatedly tried to win the 1912 Republican nomination for president. He failed, walked out, and founded the new Progressive Party. He ran in the 1912 presidential election and the split allowed the Democratic nominee Woodrow Wilson to win the election. Following the defeat, Roosevelt led a four-month expedition to the Amazon basin where he nearly died of tropical disease. During World War I, he criticized Wilson for keeping the country out of the war, and his offer to lead volunteers to France was rejected. Roosevelt considered running for president again in 1920, but his health continued to deteriorate and he died in 1919.

Harry S. Truman

The 33rd U.S. president, who succeeded Franklin D. Roosevelt upon Roosevelt's death in April 1945. Truman, who led the country through the last few months of World War II, is best known for making the controversial decision to use two atomic bombs against Japan in August 1945. After the war, Truman was crucial in the implementation of the Marshall Plan, which greatly accelerated Western Europe's economic recovery. Became president when FDR died; gave the order to drop the atomic bomb

James Monroe 4/4

The Missouri Compromise bill resolved the struggle, pairing Missouri as a slave state with Maine, a free state, and barring slavery north and west of Missouri forever. In foreign affairs Monroe proclaimed the fundamental policy that bears his name, responding to the threat that the more conservative governments in Europe might try to aid Spain in winning back her former Latin American colonies. Monroe did not begin formally to recognize the young sister republics until 1822, after ascertaining that Congress would vote appropriations for diplomatic missions. He and Secretary of State John Quincy Adams wished to avoid trouble with Spain until it had ceded the Floridas, as was done in 1821. After serving in the American Revolution, he studied law under Thomas Jefferson, then governor of Virginia. From 1783 to 1786 he served in the Congress under the Articles of Confederation. In 1790 he was elected to the U.S. Senate, where he opposed the adminstration of George Washington. He nevertheless became Washington's minister to France in 1794, though he was recalled two years later for misleading the French about U.S. politics. From 1799 to 1802 he served as governor of Virginia. In 1803 Pres. Jefferson sent him to France to help negotiate the Louisiana Purchase; he was then appointed minister to Britain (1803-07). He returned to Virginia and was again elected governor in 1810, though he resigned the office after 11 months to serve as U.S. secretary of state (1811-17) and secretary of war (1814-15). He served two terms as president, presiding in a period that became known as the Era of Good Feelings. He oversaw the Seminole War of 1817-18 and the acquisition of the Floridas (1819-21), and he signed the Missouri Compromise (1820). With Secretary of State John Quincy Adams, he developed the principles of U.S. foreign policy later called the Monroe Doctrine.

Andrew Jackson 1/3

The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers. As leader of the Tennessee militia, during the War of 1812 Andrew Jackson decisively defeated the Creek Indians (allied with the British). His heroic defeat of the British in the Battle of New Orleans cemented his reputation as a war hero. In 1817-18 he responded to Seminole raids into Georgia by taking control of Spanish Florida. Andrew Jackson was the first to be elected president by appealing to the mass of voters rather than the party elite. He established the principle that states may not disregard federal law. However, he also signed the Indian Removal Act of 1830, which led to the Trail of Tears.

James Madison 4/4

Then in May, 1810, Congress authorized trade with both, directing the President, if either would accept America's view of neutral rights, to forbid trade with the other nation. Napoleon pretended to comply. Late in 1810, Madison proclaimed non-intercourse with Great Britain. In Congress a young group including Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun, the "War Hawks," pressed the President for a more militant policy. The British impressment of American seamen and the seizure of cargoes impelled Madison to give in to the pressure. On June 1, 1812, he asked Congress to declare war. The young Nation was not prepared to fight; its forces took a severe trouncing. The British entered Washington and set fire to the White House and the Capitol. But a few notable naval and military victories, climaxed by Gen. Andrew Jackson's triumph at New Orleans, convinced Americans that the War of 1812 had been gloriously successful. An upsurge of nationalism resulted. The New England Federalists who had opposed the war-and who had even talked secession-were so thoroughly repudiated that Federalism disappeared as a national party. 1) After graduating, he served in the Virginia state legislature - Continental Congress - Participated in the framing of the Virginia Constitution in 1776 - was a leader of the Virginia Assembly (1776-80, 1784-86). 2) At the Constitutional Convention (1787), his Virginia Plan, or large-state, Plan furnished the Constitution's basic framework him the title "father of the Constitution." 3) To promote its ratification, he collaborated with Alexander Hamilton and John Jay on the Federalist papers, a series of articles on the Constitution and republican government published in newspapers in 1787-88 (Madison wrote 29 of the 85 articles). 4) In the U.S. House of Representatives (1789-97), he sponsored the Bill of Rights.

Theodore Roosevelt 2/4

Theodore Roosevelt, known as Teddy Roosevelt, (born Oct. 27, 1858, New York, N.Y., U.S.—died Jan. 6, 1919, Oyster Bay, N.Y.), 26th president of the U.S. (1901-09). He was elected to the New York legislature (1882), where he became a Republican leader opposed to the Democratic political machine. After political defeats and the death of his wife, he went to the Dakota Territory to ranch. A supporter of William McKinley, he served as assistant secretary of the navy (1897-98). When the Spanish-American War was declared, he resigned to organize a cavalry unit, the Rough Riders. He returned to New York a hero and was elected governor in 1899. As the Republican vice-presidential nominee, he took office when McKinley was reelected, and he became president on McKinley's assassination in 1901. One of his early initiatives was to urge enforcement of the Sherman Antitrust Act against business monopolies. He won election in his own right in 1904, defeating Alton Parker. At his urging, Congress regulated railroad rates and passed the Pure Food and Drug Act and Meat Inspection Act (1906) to protect public health. He created national forests and set aside mineral, oil, and coal deposits for conservation. He and secretary of state Elihu Root announced the Roosevelt corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, which reasserted the U.S.'s position as protector of the Western Hemisphere. For mediating an end to the Russo-Japanese War, he received the 1906 Nobel Prize for Peace. He secured a treaty with Panama for construction of a trans-isthmus canal. Declining to seek reelection, he secured the nomination for William H. Taft. After traveling in Africa and Europe, he tried to win the Republican presidential nomination in 1912; when he was rejected, he organized the Bull Moose Party and ran on a policy of New Nationalism. Though he lost the election, he secured 88 electoral votes—the most successful third-party candidacy in the 20th century.

Thomas Jefferson 3/3

They also claimed that states had the power to ignore and disregard federal laws if they considered them outside of the bounds of their powers as described in the Constitution. As president, Jefferson pursued the nation's shipping and trade interests against Barbary pirates and aggressive British trade policies. Beginning in 1803, he promoted a western expansionist policy with the Louisiana Purchase, which doubled the nation's claimed land area. To make room for settlement, Jefferson began the process of Indian tribal removal from the newly acquired territory. As a result of peace negotiations with France, his administration was able to reduce military forces and expenditures. Jefferson's second term as president was beset by difficulties at home. In 1807, American foreign trade was diminished when Jefferson implemented the Embargo Act in response to British threats to U.S. shipping. Jefferson was a slave owner, but also condemned the slave trade in his draft of the Declaration of Independence and signed the Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves in 1807. Since the 1790s, he was rumored to have had children by his slave Sally Hemings. After retiring from public office, Jefferson founded the University of Virginia. Presidential scholars and historians generally praise Jefferson's public achievements, including his advocacy of religious freedom and tolerance, his peaceful acquisition of the Louisiana Territory from France, and the successful Lewis and Clark Expedition - study the land (geography); make contact with Native Americans; and see if waterway exists between the Mississippi River and the Pacific Ocean - Louisiana Purchase doubled the size of the young nation - Slashed Army and Navy expenditures - He reduced the army to 3,000 soldiers and 172 officers, the navy to 6 frigates, and foreign embassies to 3 in Britain, France, and Spain, deeming it unnecessary in peacetime - Cut the Government's budget and Reduced Taxes believing that this would cause the economy to expand and prosper

Thomas Jefferson 2/3

Thomas Jefferson (April 13, 1743 - July 4, 1826) was a Founding Father who served as the third president of the United States from 1801 to 1809. Among the "Committee of Five" charged by the Second Continental Congress with authoring the Declaration of Independence, Jefferson was the document's primary author. Following the American Revolutionary War and prior to becoming president in 1801, Jefferson was the first U.S. Secretary of State under George Washington and then the nation's second vice president under John Adams. Jefferson's writings and advocacy for human rights, including freedom of thought, speech, and religion, were a leading inspiration behind the American Revolution, which ultimately led to American independence and the United States Constitution. During the American Revolution, Jefferson represented Virginia in the Second Continental Congress in Philadelphia, which adopted the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776, and served as second Governor of Virginia from 1779 to 1781. In 1785, Congress appointed Jefferson as United States Minister to France, where he served from 1785 to 1789. President Washington then appointed Jefferson the nation's first secretary of state, where he served from 1790 to 1793. During this time, in the early 1790s, Jefferson and James Madison organized the Democratic-Republican Party to oppose the Federalist Party during the formation of the nation's First Party System. With Madison, Jefferson anonymously wrote the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions in 1798 and 1799, which sought to strengthen states' rights by nullifying the federal Alien and Sedition Acts. In response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, leading Democratic-Republicans, each wrote resolutions that pushed for a strict interpretation of the Constitution when it came to powers granted to the federal government.

Founding Fathers

a group of late-18th-century American revolutionary leaders who united the Thirteen Colonies, oversaw the War of Independence from Great Britain, established the United States, and crafted a framework of government for the new nation. America's Founders include the signers of the United States Declaration of Independence, Articles of Confederation, the United States Constitution, along with many others leaders who laid the groundwork for the United States representatives from each of the 13 colonies who decided to meet and write a document stating their reasons for separation and independence from England

Alexander Hamilton 1/2

United States statesman and leader of the Federalists 1789-1795; First Secretary of the Treasury. He advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt. He first came to the U.S. in 1772, arriving in New Jersey. In the American Revolution he joined the Continental Army and showed conspicuous bravery at the Battle of Trenton (see Battles of Trenton and Princeton). He served as aide-de-camp to Gen. George Washington (1777-81); fluent in French, he became a liaison with French commanders. After the war he practiced law in New York. At the Continental Congress, he argued for a strong central government. As a delegate to the Annapolis Convention in 1786, he drafted the address that led to the Constitutional Convention. With James Madison and John Jay, he wrote an influential series of essays, later known as the Federalist papers, in defense of the new Constitution and republican government. Appointed the first secretary of the treasury (1789), Hamilton developed fiscal policies designed to strengthen the national government at the expense of the states. His proposal for a Bank of the United States, which was funded by a tariff on imports and a whiskey tax, was opposed by Thomas Jefferson but adopted by Congress in 1791.

Andrew Jackson 3/3

When South Carolina claimed a right to nullify a federally imposed tariff, Jackson asked for and received Congressional authority to use the military to enforce federal laws in the state. His reelection in 1832 was partially the result of his controversial veto of a bill to recharter the Bank of the United States, which was unpopular with many of his supporters (see Bank War). The intensity of the political struggles during his tenure led to the strengthening of the Democratic Party and to the further development of the two-party system. In 1832, he vetoed a bill by Congress to reauthorize the Second Bank of the United States, arguing that it was a corrupt institution that benefited the wealthy. After a lengthy struggle, he and his allies dismantled the Bank. In 1835, Jackson became the only president to pay off the national debt. He also survived the first assassination attempt on a sitting president. In one of his final presidential acts, he recognized the Republic of Texas. created the framework for full democratic participation, established strong relationships with foreign nations and was the only president to pay off the national debt. As national politics polarized around Jackson and his opposition, two parties grew out of the old Republican Party-the Democratic Republicans, or Democrats, adhering to Jackson; and the National Republicans, or Whigs, opposing him.

John F. Kennedy

president during part of the cold war and especially during the superpower rivalry and the cuban missile crisis. he was the president who went on tv and told the public about hte crisis and allowed the leader of the soviet uinon to withdraw their missiles. other events, which were during his terms was the building of the berlin wall, the space race, and early events of the Vietnamese war. President of the US during the Bay of Pigs Invasion and the Cuban Missile Crisis