Fritz - Human Anatomy - 2.3 - 3.1 - Tissues, skin, skin diseases + disorders

connective tissue membrane

These are synovial membranes that contain only connective tissue (no epithelial). You can find these at joints like the shoulder and knee.

blood

carries nutrients and delivers waste

Dense connective tissue containing chondrocytes refers to __. *

cartilage

hair erector muscle

connected to each follicle and the skin. these contract in response to fear, cold, or emotion (goosebumps)

the most abundant tissue type in the body?

connective

most abundant type of tissue in the body

connective tissue

Another name for skin *

cutaneous membrane

types of epithelial membranes

cutaneous, mucous, serous

group of membranes that are made up of thin sheets of tissue lining internal and external surfaces of the body *

epithelial membrane

four types of tissues

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

adipose

fat, insulation, stores energy

connective tissue types

fiberous connective tissue, loose connective tissue, adipose tissue, cartilage, blood, and bone

__ is composed of parallel bundles of collagen fibers and can be found in tendons connecting muscle to bone and ligaments connecting bone to bone. *

fibrous connective tissue

Bursa

small, fluid-filled sacs within the synovial membrane, found near joints. They act as a cushion between moving parts in the joint to stop muscles, bones, and tendons from rubbing together.

chrondrocyte

mature cartilage cell

thin sheets or layers of pliable tissue *

membrane

thin sheets of tissue lining body cavities open to the outside world

mucous membranes

membrane surrounding the heart

pericardium

membrane lining the abdominal cavity

peritoneum

membrane encasing the lungs

pleura

functions of integumentary system

protection, body temperature regulation, water barrier, vitamin d production, waste elimination, sensory perception.

Lupus

- Autoimmune inflammatory, chronic disease, the body attacks itself - Four kinds; Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), cutaneous lupus (caused by the sun), Drug-induced lupus, and Neonatal lupus - Red rashes and joint pain - Not contagious, mainly gene-caused. You can die from it if it causes kidney failure.

Cat scratch fever

- Bartoella Henselae Infection - Swollen lymph nodes, inflamed wound, flu-like symptoms, rashes (sometimes) - 5-9 y/o or 60-64 and immunocompromised are most vulnerable - Spreads to people when infected cats break your skin - Cats get it from fleas

Athletes' Foot

- Caused by a fungus - More common in men due to hygiene - Smelly feet, itching, cracked skin, toe nails pulling away, skin between toes infected - Only affects top layer of skin - Caused by excessive sweating - Is contagious via sharing shoes

keratin

- Cells within the epidermis are filled with a protein called Keratin. - Keratin gives the skin its texture and waterproof quality.

melanin

- Color of skin is mainly determined by a brown pigment called melanin. - Melanin is produced in the lower epidermis by melanocytes. - The amount of melanin is dependent on two factors: Heredity and Exposure to UV Radiation (Sunlight)

Loose connective tissue

- Found almost everywhere in the body and directly under the skin. - Basically, if there's a free space in the body, loose connective tissue fills it. - It provides support for structures passing through it, such as blood and lymph vessels and nerves. - It also serves to bind together other tissues, including organs and their components.

Sebaceous Oil Glands

- Found in large numbers in the face and scalp usually connected by small ducts to hair follicles - Secrete sebum to coat skin in such a way that prevents water loss and softens skin - Sebum is mildly toxic and controlled by hormones; high levels of sex hormones, and increases activity of oil glands. - Acne results when the ducts in the oil glands become clogged with excessive amounts of sebum, dead cells, and bacteria.

simple squamous epithelium

- Large, flat, & thin cells - Prominent Nucleus - Resemble Fried Eggs or Paving Stones - Minimal resistance to diffusion and filtration - Found in kidneys, capillaries and air sacs in the lungs

psuedostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

- Single layer of cells with different heights, where some cells don't reach the surface. The nuclei are at different levels. And they have cilia. - These function as secretory cells, usually secreting mucus. The cilia can move the mucus around. - You can find these cells in the respiratory tract and trachea as well as in sperm carrying ducts of the testes.

Hypodermis

- Subcutaneous fascia includes fibrous connective tissue and lipocytes (fat cells). - This is needed for padding, insulation and a backup energy storage area.

simple columnar epithelium

- Tall, vertical cells at the top are columnar cells; those at the bottom are connective tissue. - These cells use active transport as absorption to move nutrients from the intestine to the blood.

mucous membrane

- These line all body cavities exposed to the external environment, specifically organs that open to the outside world: - Respiratory System- mouth, nose, lungs - Digestive System- mouth, stomach, rectum - Urinary System- bladder - Reproductive System- vagina

Vitiligo

- affects melanin production (pigmentation) in the skin. Different kinds affect areas of the body and create different patterns of color - Autoimmune disorder - cause unknown, thought to be hereditary or even caused by stressed - people with vitiligo are at risk of other autoimmune diseases.

Necrotizing fasciitis

- death of fascia (layer of skin - caused mainly by streptococcal bacteria - sudden and rapid infection - flu like symptoms, redness and pain around the infection site - ⅓ of patients with N.F. die from infection or can develop toxic shock syndrome - rarely contagious and occurs mostly randomly - prior conditions + weakened immune system can lead to it

parts of the skin

- epidermis - dermis - fatty tissue - blood vessels - hair follicles - oil glands - sweat glands - melanocytes

simple cuboidal epithelium

- single layer of cube shaped cells - large, central, spherical nucleus - Function: secretion and absorption - Found in kidneys and ovaries

Lichen Plantus

1. Autoimmune response, could have association with Hep C infection 2. presents as a purple, flat topped lesions on Ankles and wrist. wickham's striae. white bumps in mouth can occur 3. treat with topical steroids

epithelial tissue types

1. simple squamous epithelium 2. simple cuboidal epithelium 3. simple columnar epithelium 4. pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar epithelium 5. stratified squamous epithelium

Ringworm

A highly contagious, fungal infection of the skin or scalp. Transmitted from people, animals, and moist environments.

skeletal muscle

A muscle that is attached to the bones of the skeleton and provides the force that moves the bones.

Impetigo

Bacterial infection of the skin Usual occurs in pre-pubescent children Open sores around nose + mouth Streptococcus A or Staphylococcus aureus bacteria cause it. Highly contagious

Scarlet fever

Bacterical infection Common in children Caused by streptococcus Also can lead to impetigo Rash starts at the top of the body and moves down- is aggrivated where the skin creases (joints) -- strawberry tongue

Carbuncles & Sebaceaous Cysts

Carbuncle = cluster of boils. Buildup in sebaceaous glands. (Formed from a staph infection from staphylococcus bacteria) Cysts = sebum buildup. Both are common in people with autoimmune disorders. No treatment, surgery for removal rarely necessary.

Cartilage

Cartilage is a type of "DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE"

fiberous connective tissue

Fibrous connective tissue is composed of parallel bundles of collagen fibers. It is found in the dermis, tendons, and ligaments and can also be referred to as dense connective tissue. These attach muscles to bones and bones to bones.

alopecia

In autoimmune disease that causes the body to attack its own hair follicles and causes hair loss. - Alopecia totalis - includes all hair on head. - Alopecia universalis - all hair on body Those with astma, hay fever, dermatitis, thyroid, vitiligo, or down syndrome are more likely to develop it.

Psoriasis

Inflamtion of skin and buildup of plaque Caused by an overactive immune system Can be scaly, smooth, or pus-coated Not sure how its caused, most likely genetic No prevention

smooth muscle

Involuntary muscle found inside many internal organs of the body

cardiac muscle

Involuntary muscle tissue found only in the heart. looks like bacon.

stratified squamous epithelium

Locations: surface of skin; lining of mouth, throat, esophagus, rectum, anus, and vagina Functions: provides physical protection against abrasion, pathogens, and chemical attack

Serous membrane

Membrane that lines a cavity without an opening to the outside of the body. Serous membranes have two layers. The parietal layers of the membranes line the walls of the body cavity. The visceral layer of the membrane covers the organs. Between the parietal and visceral layers is a very thin, fluid-filled serous space, or cavity filled with serous fluid.

Skin Cancer

Most common type of cancer caused by uv degradation Malignant or benign Squamous or Basal in location Prevention: avoid uv exposure. People with lighter skin have increased risk of skin cancer. Use sunscreen.

Measles

Respiratory infection caused by virus Highly infections Can be fatal in children Preventable by vaccine Originally called Rubeola Rash, runny nose, fever, cough Single-stranded RNA virus MMR vaxx - measles mumps and rubella 12 months and up can get MMRV (measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella (chicken pox))

progeria

a rare syndrome in children characterized by physical signs and symptoms suggestive of premature old age. displays as: - Brittle joints - Aged skin - Beaked nose - Cataracts - Hair thinning - Baldness No cure.

Which of the following is NOT one of the four major types of tissues?

adipose

cutaneous membrane

another name for skin.

compact bone

framework, protection, support

sweat glands

give off excess water, salt, and urea; the sweat cools skin as it evaporates. It comes from Sudoriferous Glands Concentrated in armpits, palms, soles of feet, and the forehead.

exocrine glands

glands that release secretions through ducts. That's different from an endocrine gland that secrete hormones and other materials directly to the bloodstream. the skin is a excretory organ

Demis

inner layer of skin, is composed of living cells and specialized structures. These include sensory neurons, blood vessels, muscle fibers, hair follicles and exocrine glands.

skin

largest organ of the body. it is continuous but structurally distinct from mucous membranes lining the mouth, anus, urethra, and vagina.

__ is a type of connective tissue that is known for its ability to provide structure for support of structures passing through it, such as blood vessels, lymph vessels and nerves. It can also be used to bind other tissues together, including organs and their components. *

loose connective

Pacinian Corpuscles

nerve receptors that respond to pressure, temperature and vibrations. They are an oval of sensory nerve fibers found in the subcutaneous fatty tissue under the dermis.

nervous tissue

nervous tissues are made of neurons. neurons are nerve cells.

nerve cell

not included: - node of ranvier (gap between axons) - schwann cell (produce the myelin sheath)

Which type of epithelium functions as secretory cells putting out mucus which is spread out by cilia? These can be commonly found in the respiratory tract, trachea, and sperm carrying duct of the testes. *

pseudostratified ciliated columnar

hair color

result of melanin in the hair shaft. influenced by hereditary factors

thin, clear liquid that serves as a lubricant between parietal and visceral membranes *

serous fluid

thin sheets of tissues that line body cavities closed to the outside world

serous membrane

This tissue is known for having large, flat cells with prominent nuclei and resemble paving stones. In addition, they can be found in the kidneys, capillaries and lungs. Which epithelial tissue are these?

simple squamous

This epithelial tissue provides protection from abrasions, pathogens and chemical attacks and is commonly found in the lining of the mouth, throat and esophagus as well as the rectum, anus and vagina. Which one is it? *

stratified squamous

cytology

study of cells

histology

study of tissues

hair

supposed to protect and insulate the body, and is produced by hair follicles, found in the dermis and epidermis. The hair shaft is composed of dead, keratin-filled cells that overlap like roof shingles. Oil glands associated with hair follicles keep the hair from drying out.

Eccrine glands

sweat glands found all over the body, 99% water

Apocrine gland

sweat glands in genitals and armpits - pheromone production

This is a clear liquid secreted by synovial membranes that provides cushioning and reduces friction in synovial joints. *

synovial fluid

A group of cells working in concert to perform a specific function is a __, and these are studied as a part of __. *

tissue, histology

Chicken pox and shingles

varicella zoster virus. Starts at chest, back, and face. Affects the unvaccinated or those with weakened immune systems. the virus is contagious (airborne virus) while a rash is present. Once you get chicken pox, it never leaves your body. You might get it again around age 50, this is called shingles. People with shingles can spread chickenpox to people who have not had it