FSE 112 Midterm

William Harvey

(1578-1657) English physician and scientist who described the circulation of the blood; injected colored solutions into the arteries to support his theories

Fredrick Ruysch

(1638-1731) devised a technique for arterial embalming, but he did not divulge its media and operative details

William Hunter

(1718-1783) An influential person in medical embalming who is acknowledged as the first person to successfully adopt a method of arterial injection to preserve; generally considered originator of injection technique of preserving human remains

Anthropomorphic or anthropodal refers to the shape of some early Egyptian coffins. These were in the shape of ___

A man

What did "life signals" accomplish?

A mean to allow life to those buried alive

What were the Elysian Fields?

A pleasant place where dead heroes favored by the gods would congregate

What did the word "pagan" originally mean?

A villager or county dweller

What is an "ogee"

An elliptical casket design

The vogue of black was given a powerful boost in 1498, when black was substituted for white by ___, the widow of Charles VIII of France

Anne

An "ogee" pertained to a casket or coffin's:

Appearance

What was the greatest disadvantage of arsenic-based embalming fluids?

Arsenic could poison the embalmer and anatomists performing dissections

In late 17th century and early 18th century England, if undertakers made a sideline of furnishing upholstery, then area drapers:

Began to furnish funerary goods

What is meant by the Romans' "animistic" view of death?

Belief that the soul separated from the body at death and hovered around the grave for its continued peace and happiness

The plagues during the Middle Ages were also called this:

Black Death

"Reducers" was another term for:

Bloodletting

The practice of American burial in coffins/caskets is derived mainly from:

British folkways

These were established during the Middle Ages to help defray the enormous expense involved in funeral services: participants paid a "quarterage" or a premium

Burial clubs

What industry or job was the colonial-era funeral director associated with most?

Carpenters and furniture making

Crane & Breed produced a hearse that was displayed at the 1893 Chicago World Fair. It was used for the funeral of:

Carter Harrison, mayor of Chicago

The early Christians were forced to go underground and perform their worship in tombs. What were these underground tombs called?

Catacombs

A Sexton was primarily responsible for what aspect of Colonial-era funerals?

Church caretaker who is the forerunner of the modern-day cemetery caretaker

What company began using mass production principles in 1858?

Crane & Breed

What person translated Gannal's "History of Embalming" text and provided instructions on how to embalm?

Dr. Richard Harlan

Leonardo Da Vinci

Drew 750 anatomical plates (which seconded the demand for better methods of preservation) and dissected more than 50 cadavers; developed a system of venous injection that, years later, might have served as inspiration for Ruysch and Hunter

A cooling board became a predecessor of the ___

Early embalming table

During the Middle Ages, when royalty died, a likeness or "fake" body would be created of the deceased, then the likeness of this person might be dressed in royal attire and placed in a special hearse and paraded throughout towns. This ensured the safety of the "real" body while also avoiding showing a possible decomposing body. What was this likeness called?

Effigy

A. Johnson Dodge

Embalming school principal; a magazine bears his name

In New England, the procession to the grave was by horse and carriage.

False

In Old New England, gravestones not only identified the remains of the deceased, but also offered inscriptions in the form of cenotaphs.

False

There are many records that embalming was practiced by the Native American Indians

False

Today's western culture is considered to be mostly pagan as of now

False

Which of these funerary gifts was not common during early New England funeral services?

Fountain pens

Gabriel Clauderus

German physician who described in his published book the method he used for embalming without evisceration.

The term that best describes funeral rites and ceremonies of the late 19th century is:

Gloomy

What two forces in physics would McGyver, the embalmer of the 1800's use to inject embalming fluid into the corpse if his embalming machine shorted out during the lightning storm?

Gravity & Pressure

This society is credited with starting the tradition of cremation

Greeks

An interesting advantage that a Sexton had over his competition when practicing undertaking was:

He had the monopoly over his church's cemetery

During the Middle Ages and in early New England, the "___ to funerals" was hired to walk between homes, tell of a death, and actually invite the householder to the funeral service.

Inviter

What purpose did a side-service hearse serve?

It allowed the casket to exit through either side doors on a pivoting table

What purpose did a combination car serve?

It could be used as a hearse or an ambulance

What town was founded in 1607 by the Virginia Colony?

Jamestown

Who embalmed the body of the wife of Martin Van Butchell? Her body was kept on display in the house for years until Mr. Butchell's second wife complained and the remains were removed from the residence.

John Hunter

Although embalming was rare in biblical times, which of these persons was embalmed?

Joseph

Who was in complete charge in the Egyptian embalming chamber?

Kher-heb

Which Egyptian embalming method consisted of purging the intestines and soaking the body for a period of seventy days?

Least Expensive

The Fisk burial case was made from what material?

Metal

Which of the following gifts was not customarily given to the grieving family in New England?

Money

In which Egyptian embalming method were the organs removed and placed in jars?

Most expensive

The Egyptian deceased were often soaked in ___ for a prescribed number of days

Natron

There were two reasons early Christians held "wakes". What were they?

Next of kin and visitors would scrutinize the face for signs of life as the body lay in repose & visitors would gather to give comfort to the grieving family

Was a tradesmen undertaker and a furnishing undertaker the same person?

No, they're not the same

What did the Native Americans use to preserve the skin when preparing a body for burial?

Oil

If one does not believe in God, like the Egyptians were described, this person would be called a:

Pagan

During the Middle Ages, linen was becoming rare and laws were created to limit its use as a burial material. This is mainly because linen was needed or used for:

Paper

In early America, the lesser quality or less expensive coffins were made from:

Pine

A "tradesmen undertaker" would practice what in what fields in addition to funerals?

Practiced solely or in conjunction with another trade

Another name for the Egyptian physician was the:

Priest

Strangely enough, the word "hearse" comes from a Latin term that means

Rake

The "corpse cooler" is to "cooling board" as "cold storage" is to

Refrigeration

What was the Christians' view of the resurrection of the body and cremation?

Resurrection was a miracle and cremation was frowned upon

Native Americans would fill the body of the deceased with ___

Sand

Joseph H. Clarke

Set up the first US embalming schools

The Greek stelae, are also called a ____ tomb

Shaft

This person could be given money, bread, and a bowl of beer to "assume the sins of the deceased":

Sin eater

During colonial times, the funeral service was both a/an ___ and a public event

Social function

In order to have someone to provide for him in his afterlife, it was important for a Hebrew to have a/an:

Son

Greek "trapazae" were the:

Square-cut tombs

Naidia were the ____ Greek structures for burial.

Temple-like

Dr. Auguste Renouard

The "Dean" of early embalming instruction

What's the biggest difference between a Libitanarius and a Libitina?

The Libitanarius is the funeral directory or undertaker's equivalent, and Libitina is the goddess of corpses

What is a "sarcophagus"?

The item most closely associated with a casket

What was the main driver that helped contribute to the modern funeral practice as we know it?

The sudden rise in the middle class resulting from the expansion of industry and trade

To what does the undertaker's buying cycle refer?

The trade in time between hearse purchases

What was the unique claim made by the Fisk Burial Case company?

Their casket would delay decomposition

Father of Modern Embalming

Thomas Holmes

A "layer of the dead" and a mid-wife that birthed babies are both considered specialized occupations within Colonial-era death care

True

An Indian burial ritual included that of "Mound Builders", which were erected Earthen mounds over their dead.

True

Dutch funerals took place three to four days after death

True

It was customary for Native Americans to bury with the body all of the possessions of the deceased

True

New England funeral processions were originally on foot. The casket was carried by those in attendance

True

The earliest New England burials were models of simplicity and quiet dignity.

True

The most persistent symbol of early New England days was probably the skull and crossbones.

True

The Style E. Casket was used in the funeral of:

Ulysses S. Grant

Who actually carried the coffin in early New England funeral services?

Underbearers

How popular were sermons during the early New England funeral services?

Very unpopular at the funeral

"Life signals" could be all of the following EXCEPT

Voices emerging from a Ouija board during a seance

The Burial in Woolen Act stressed that the dead should be buried in what substance or material?

Wool

Dr. Richard Harlan

Wrote the first "how-to" embalming instruction manuals

Dr. Julius LeMoyne

built the first US crematory in Washington, PA in 1876; cremationist that also operated an underground railroad

Coffined burial during the Middle Ages was:

reserved for the wealthy and important

What is the Circle of Necessity?

the 3000 year journey the soul takes to return to the body after death

How long was the undertaker's buying cycle?

15 years

The Burial in Woolen Act was created in what year?

1666

Metal burial vaults originated around the year ___

1879

The term "casket" became popular in usage around the year ___

1890

Concrete vaults that were made from gravel, sand, and cement came into prominence around

1900

The first motorized vehicles for hearse production were seen around the year ___

1909

When was the motorized limousine first developed for use? Approximately the year ___

1909

A corpse cooler use ___ to help preserve bodies.

Ice

The Native Americans and their New England counterparts shared what funeral beliefs?

In-ground burial & belief in an afterlife