FSE 340 Pathology ch.17

Explain the impact of diseases of the endocrine system on the condition of the deceased.

1. Edema, incresed fluids in the tissues will increase secondary dilution of embalming fluids. It may be necessary to utalize several injection points with different strengths of solution. 2. Discoloration, disorders like Waterhouse-Friderichsen may result in hemorrhaging and rash like stain or bruising. Addison's disease may cause areas of excessive pigmentation. 3. Circulatory disturbances, hemorrhaging may also complicate embalming. 4. Deformities, may be permanent. may create problems with dressing and casketing.

Graves' disease

A distinct type of hyperthyroidism caused by an autoimmune attack on the thyroid gland.

cretinism

A hypothyroid condition of infants and children in which the thyroid gland does not secrete sufficient quantities of thyroid hormones.

Addison's disease

A rare endocrine disorder, occurring when the adrenal glands fail to produce enough of the hormones cortisol and aldosterone.

Compare and contrast acromegaly, giantism, dwarfism, and cretinism/myxedema.

Acromegaly, giantism, and dwarfism are the result of overproduction or underproduction of growth horomones by the pituitary gland. Cretinism/myxedema are hypothyroid conditions that result from insufficeint quantities of thyroid hormones produced by the thyroid gland. Both are disorders of the endocrine system that can result in deforimities.

What is a disorder occurring when the adrenal glands fail to produce enough of the hormone cortisol or aldosterone?

Addison's disease

characterized by a bronze discoloration of the body.

Addison's disease

Cushing's syndrome

An iatrogenic disorder of the adrenal glands due to chronic glucocorticoid hormone therapy.

Compare and contrast hypothyroidism and hyperhyroidism.

Both are diseases of the thyroid gland. Hypothyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland does not secrete sufficient quanities of thyroid hormones and is usually the result of iodine deficiency, surgical removal of the thyroid gland or excessive use of thyroid drugs. Hyperthyroidism is an overactive thyroid gland the leading cause of which is an autoimmune disorder called Graves disease. Hyper thyroidism may also be the result of an iodine deficiency.

What are the tests used to diagnose parathyroid disorders?

Chvostek's sign and Trousseau's sign.

What disorder is characterized by arrested physical and mental development, dystrophy of the bones, and lowered basal metaboism?

Cretinism

What results from an excess of the hormone cortisol?

Cushing's syndrome

due to chronic glucocorticoid hormone therapy.

Cushing's syndrome

Describe the roll of islets of Langerhans in diabetes mellitus

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder in which the carbohydrates that berak down into sugars in the digestive system are not digested effectively because of a lack of appropriate insulin production in the pancreatic islets (the islets of Langerhans).

Compare and contrast diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus.

Diabetes mellitus is caused by a disorder of the pancreas, while diabetes insipidus is caused by a disorder between the pituitary gland and the kidneys. Diabetes insipidus is an uncommon condition resulting from the inability of the kidneys to conserve water. Excessive urination (polyuria) and excessive thirst can be complications of both disorders.

goiter

Enlargement of the dysfunctional thyroid gland, often due to iodine deficiency and not associated with inflammation or cancer.

polyuria

Excessive unination.

Differentiate between Graves' disease and goiters

Graves' disease is hyperthyroidism caused by and autoimmune attack on the thyroid gland while a goiter is hyperthroidism that results in the excessive growth of the thyroid gland due to a lack of iodine in the diet.

acromegaly

Hyper function of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland after ossification has been completed.

hyperthyroidism

Hyperfunction of the thyroid gland.

Compare and contrast hypoparathyroidism and hyperparathyroidism.

Hyperparathyroidism and hypoparathyroidism are two conditions in which the parathyroid glands overproduce and underproduce hormones, respectively . The parathyroid glands regulate the level of calcium in the body's tissues.

nervous reactions that are indicative of decreased levels of calcium in the tissues.

Tetany

myxedema

The clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism that includes an infiltration of the skin by a thick, gelatinous substance formed from the bonding of water and mucopolysaccarides, which gives the skin a waxy or coarsened appearance.

Differentiate between Addison's disease, Cushing's syndrome, and Waterhouse-Friderchsen syndrome.

These are diseases that affect the adreneal glands. Addison's disease is a failure of the glands to produce enough of the hormones corisol or aldosterone is caused by autoimmune disorers and tuberculosis. Cushing's syndrome is an iatrogenic disorder caused by the long term use of Prednisone which results in excesses of the hormone cortisol. Waterhouse-Frderchsen syndrome is a failure of the adrenal glands to secrete appropriate levels of corticosteroids due to bleeding with in the adrenal cortex and is caused by septic bacterial infection which may result in cardiovascular collapse and death.

A goiter is excessive growth of which glands?

Thyroid

Caused by an overproduction of human growth hormone in adults.

acromegaly

hypothyroidism in children.

cretinism

Results from the kindneys' inability to conserve water.

diabetes insipidus

exophthalmia

hyperplasia of the eyeballs.