FSHN150: Chapter 3: The Human Body: A Nutrition Perspective

- the microbiota

A community of 100 trillion microorganism that colonizes throughout the body is termed ______. Multiple choice question. - probiotics - synbiotics - prebiotics - the microbiota

lipase

A fat-digesting enzyme is called ______.

- immune function

A healthy gut microbiota profoundly influences ______. Multiple choice question. - weight gain - immune function - nutrient deficiencies - the development of osteoporosis

- stomach

A mucus lining protects this organ from digesting itself. Multiple choice question. - small intestine - stomach - gallbladder - esophagus

protein

A protease assists in the digestion of which macronutrient? - starch - fat - protein - sugar

peristalsis

A series of wave-like muscle contractions that moves food along the GI tract is called _______.

- prebiotic.

A substance that serves as fuel for bacteria in the large intestine is called a Multiple choice question. - probiotic. - prebiotic.

- chyme

After a meal, ______ moves from the stomach, through the pyloric sphincter, and into the small intestine one teaspoon at a time. Multiple choice question. - pancreatic juice - bile - fecal matter - chyme

- veins.

After blood flows through the body, it returns to the heart through the Multiple choice question. - lacteals. - veins. - capillaries.

- starch

Amylase is the enzyme needed to digest ______. Multiple choice question. - fat - cholesterol - protein - starch

- lipase.

An enzyme that breaks down the bonds in protein is a(n) Multiple choice question. - amylase. - peptide. - lipase. - protease.

- Duodenum - Jejunum - Ileum

Arrange the parts of the small intestine in order they appear in the GI tract (from top to bottom). - Jejunum - Ileum - Duodenum

- pick up oxygen and release carbon dioxide.

As deoxygenated blood travels through capillaries in the lungs, red blood cells Multiple choice question. - pick up carbon dioxide and release oxygen. - pick up oxygen and release carbon dioxide. - pick up oxygen and release urea. - pick up nutrients and release carbon dioxide.

- cholesterol - bile acids - phospholipids

Bile aids fat digestion in the small intestine by suspending fat in water using ______. Multiple select question. - phospholipids - digestive enzymes - cholesterol - bile acids

- some fatty acids - sodium - potassium

Choose the nutrients that are absorbed in the large intestine. Multiple select question. - some fatty acids - sodium - potassium - alcohol - calcium

- fuels the cells that line the intestine - synthesizes vitamin K and several B vitamins

Choose the outcomes of microbial metabolism. Multiple select question. - stimulates the increased production of several hormones - fuels the cells that line the intestine - synthesizes vitamin K and several B vitamins - creates an imbalance in gut microbiota

- The human microbiota has high metabolic activity. - The human microbiota influences nearly every aspect of human health. - The human microbiota is recognized as a human organ.

Choose the true statements about the human microbiota. Multiple select question. - The human microbiota has high metabolic activity. - The human microbiota influences nearly every aspect of human health. - The human microbiota is recognized as a human organ. - The human microbiota consists of about 1000 different microorganisms.

- stomach.

Chyme is formed in the Multiple choice question. - mouth. - small intestine. - stomach. - large intestine.

- small intestine

Chyme passes from the stomach into the ______. Multiple choice question. - pancreas - small intestine - large intestine - liver/gallbladder

- houses more bacteria - absorbs fewer nutrients

Compared to the small intestine, the large intestine ______. Multiple select question.  - produces more digestive enzymes - houses more bacteria - absorbs fewer nutrients - is longer in length

- cardiovascular

Distributing nutrients, oxygen, white blood cells, and hormones throughout the body is the function of the ______ system. Multiple choice question. - endocrine - cardiovascular - urinary - digestive

- inflammatory bowel disease - irritable bowel syndrome

Dysbiosis is implicated in several long-term gastrointestinal problems such as ______. Multiple select question. - inflammatory bowel disease - irritable bowel syndrome - gallbladder disease

adipose

Fat is stored in ______ tissue.

- lymphatic system.

Fat-soluble nutrients are absorbed into the Multiple choice question. - lymphatic system. - venous blood. - portal vein. - blood capillaries.

- lipase.

Fats are digested by Multiple choice question. - lactase. - lipase. - protease. - sucrase.

- passive diffusion

Fats, water, and some minerals are absorbed by _____. Multiple choice question. - passive diffusion - facilitated diffusion - pinocytosis - active absorption - phagocytosis

- anal sphincters.

Feces are expelled from the body through the Multiple choice question. - ileocecal sphincter. - sphincter of Oddi. - anal sphincters. - lower esophageal sphincter.

- probiotics.

Foods containing live microorganisms (e.g., lactobacilli), which are eaten in an attempt to promote digestive health, are called Multiple choice question. - prebiotics. - probiotics.

- facilitated diffusion

Fructose is absorbed via _____. Multiple choice question. - active absorption - facilitated diffusion - passive diffusion - phagocytosis

- carbohydrates

Glycogen is the primary storage form of ______ in the human body. Multiple choice question. - insulin - fat - carbohydrates - protein

- bind to a receptor on a specific target tissue. - are chemical messengers. - act on target tissues that are distant from the site of hormone production in the body.

Hormones Multiple select question. - are essential components of the diet. - are chemical messengers. - act on target tissues that are distant from the site of hormone production in the body. - bind to a receptor on a specific target tissue.

- a mucus lining.

How is the stomach lining protected by the stomach's acidic environment? Multiple choice question. - a mucus lining. - a layer of protective protein. - enzymes that break down the acid. - a bicarbonate secretion.

- Water - Fats

Identify the nutrients that are absorbed via passive diffusion. Multiple select question. - Protein - Water - Fructose - Fats

- Liver - Pancreas - Gallbladder

Identify three organs that are an important part of the digestive system, even though they do not come in direct contact with food matter in the gastrointestinal tract. Multiple select question. - Esophagus - Liver - Pancreas - Gallbladder - Anus

- promoting the uptake of glucose into body cells.

Insulin lowers blood glucose by Multiple choice question. - promoting protein synthesis. - promoting the uptake of glucose into body cells. - releasing glycogen from the liver. - releasing fat from storage.

- B-12

Intrinsic factor is required for absorption of vitamin ______. Multiple choice question. - A - C - B-6 - B-12

- lymph

Large dietary fats are absorbed from the small intestine into the Multiple choice question. - lymph. - blood. - portal vein. - chyme.

- saliva

Lipase and amylase are two components of ________, which is produced by glands in the mouth. Multiple choice question. - saliva - bile - chyme - pancreatic juice

- Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

List the organs of digestive tract in order, from start to finish. Multiple choice question. - Esophagus, mouth, stomach, small intestine, large intestine - Mouth, stomach, small intestine, esophagus, large intestine - Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

- Dietary fats - Plasma - White blood cells

Lymph contains which of the following? Multiple select question. - Red blood cells - Dietary fats - Plasma - White blood cells

Gallbladder -><- Stores bile Pacreas -><- Manufactures horomones Liver -><- Produces bile

Match the accessory organ with its digestive function. Gallbladder -> Pacreas -> Liver -> <- Manufactures horomones <- Produces bile <- Stores bile

Stomach -><- Small amounts of water and alcohol Small intestine -><- Glucose, fats, amino acids, most vitamins and minerals Large intestine -><- Water, potassium, and sodium

Match the organ with the primary nutrients absorbed there. Stomach -> Small intestine -> Large intestine -> <- Small amounts of water and alcohol <- Glucose, fats, amino acids, most vitamins and minerals <- Water, potassium, and sodium

Glucose -><- Muscle and liver Fat -><- Adipose tissue Calcium-><- Bones

Match the storage site for the nutrients below. Glucose -> Fat -> Calcium-> <- Bones <- Adipose tissue <- Muscle and liver

- stomach

Name the organ in which chyme is formed during digestion. Multiple choice question. - liver - small intestine - stomach - mouth

bile.

One substance that aids the digestion and absorption of fat in the small intestine is Multiple choice question. - amylase. - protease. - bile. - pepsin.

- left

Oxygenated blood circulates from the lungs to the ______ side of the heart and then to the rest of the body. Multiple choice question. - right - left

glycogen

Short-term storage of carbohydrate occurs in muscle and the liver in the form of _______.

- harsh, high

The _____ environment of the small intestine (acid and digestive enzymes) results in a rapid cell turnover of the absorptive cells which leads to _____ nutrient needs for the small intestine. Multiple choice question. - mild, low - harsh, high - harsh, low - mild, high

- acid

The _____ in gastric juice destroys the biological activity of proteins, converts inactive digestive enzymes to their active form, partially digests food protein, and makes dietary minerals soluble so that they can be absorbed. Multiple choice question. - acid - base - water

- bacteria

The _____ in the large intestine are able to break down some of the remaining food products such as lactose and some fiber. Multiple choice question. - antigens - bacteria - amino acids - antibodies

endocrine

The _____ system has a major role in the regulation of metabolism, reproduction, and water balance.

- short

The absorptive cells of the intestine have a very ______ life. Multiple choice question.  - short - long

- partially digesting protein. - making dietary minerals soluble. - activating some digestive enzymes.

The acidic environment of the stomach is beneficial in Multiple select question. - making dietary minerals soluble. - breaking down fats. - activating some digestive enzymes. - partially digesting protein.

- oxygen - wastes - nutrients

The cardiovascular system facilitates the exchange of ______ between the body's internal and external environments. Multiple select question. - lymph - oxygen - wastes - nutrients

energy

The catabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins yields _____.

- hepatic portal vein

The circulation of water-soluble nutrients from the GI tract to the liver is via the ______. Multiple choice question. - hepatic portal vein - gallbladder - bile duct - lymphatic vessels

- microvilli - folds of the mucosa - villi

The combined surface area of the _____ increase the surface area for nutrient absorption in the small intestine. Multiple select question. - folds of the mucosa - villi - cilia - microvilli

- cilia - villi - microvilli

The combined surface area of the _____ increase the surface area for nutrient absorption in the small intestine. Multiple select question. - villi - microvilli - folds of the mucosa - cilia

- peristalsis.

The contraction of muscles in the esophagus is called Multiple choice question. - peristalsis. - nerve contractions. - bolus. - chyme.

- trachea

The epiglottis prevents a bolus from entering the _____. Multiple choice question. - esophagus - pharynx - stomach - trachea

- stomach

The esophagus is a long tube that connects the pharynx with the _____. Multiple choice question. - liver - small intestine - throat - stomach

- capillaries.

The exchange of nutrients, oxygen, and waste products between the blood and the cells throughout the body occurs across the cells lining the Multiple choice question. - lacteals. - veins. - arteries. - capillaries.

- duodenum

The first segment of the small intestine is known as the ______. Multiple choice question. - colon - duodenum - jejunum - ileum

- lipids

The function of bile is to assist digestion of Multiple choice question. - minerals. - carbohydrates. - proteins. - lipids.

- dysbiosis

The imbalance of "good" and "bad" microbes in the gut is termed ______. Multiple choice question. - dysbiosis - postbiotics - clostridia

- bile

The liver secretes unwanted substances from the blood by adding them to _____. Multiple choice question. - enzymes - bacteria - nutrients - bile

- accessory

The liver, gallbladder, and pancreas are part of the digestive system but are considered to be _____ structures. Multiple choice question. - accessory - primary - tertiary

- small

The main site of nutrient digestion and absorption is the ______ intestine. Multiple choice question. - large - small

- as energy for the cells that line the intestine

The microbial metabolism of fiber is used ______. Multiple choice question. - as energy for the cells that line the intestine - to disrupt the balance of gut microbiota - as fuel for producing more ATP

- chyme.

The mixture of acid, enzymes, and partially digested food that forms in the stomach is known as Multiple choice question. - feces. - chyme. - pepsin. - bile.

- gallbladder.

The organ that stores bile is the Multiple choice question. - gallbladder. - liver. - stomach. - pancreas.

- bile

The presence of fat in the small intestine causes the release of a hormonal signal that triggers the gallbladder to release ______. Multiple choice question. - additional hormones - bile - chyme - bicarbonate

- adipose tissue.

The primary site for storage of fat is the Multiple choice question. - adipose tissue. - lymphatic system. - brain. - muscles.

- endocrine

The regulation of blood glucose level by insulin and glucagon is the ______ function of the pancreas. Multiple choice question. - exocrine - endocrine

- metabolize undigested food.

The role of beneficial bacteria in the large intestine is to Multiple choice question. - metabolize undigested food. - decrease the amount of antibodies produced. - increase the activity of disease-causing bacteria. - absorb water-soluble vitamins.

- small intestine.

The site of most nutrient absorption is in the Multiple choice question. - small intestine. - pancreas. - large intestine. - stomach.

- increasing the surface area.

The villi facilitate absorption of nutrients in the small intestine by Multiple choice question. - secreting a protein-based mucosal lining. - enzymes that attract the nutrients. - increasing the surface area. - increasing the blood flow.

- thyroid gland

Thyroid hormones are synthesized and released from the _____. Multiple choice question. - liver - gallbladder - pancreas - thyroid gland

False - Endocrine System

True or false: The digestive system is the body system primarily in charge of regulating metabolism.

False - small intestine

True or false: The stomach is the site of most nutrient digestion and absorption.

- Metagenomics of Human Intestinal Tract program in Europe - The Human Microbiome Project in the United States

What are two large research studies mapping the microbial genome and trying to understand how probiotics and prebiotics influence human health? Multiple select question. - The Human Microbiome Project in the United States - a joint venture between NIH and FDA on Translational Graphing of Microbial Genome - Metagenomics of Human Intestinal Tract program in Europe

- The portal vein transports blood to the liver rather than directly to the heart.

What distinguishes the portal vein from other veins in the body? Multiple choice question. - The portal vein transports blood to the liver rather than directly to the heart. - The portal vein carries blood from the gastrointestinal tract to the heart. - The portal vein carries blood away from the heart. - The portal vein transports blood from the lungs to the heart.

- healthy gut microbiota

What is essential for immune system development and maintenance? Multiple choice question. - healthy gut microbiota - adequate fiber and fluid intake - loose junctions in the cells that line the intestines

- A protein carrier - Energy

What is needed to facilitate active absorption? Multiple select question. - Energy - Bile - A protein carrier - Lipase

- Choose firm cranberries with a deep red color. - Choose dried cranberries that are made with less sugar.

What should you look for when purchasing cranberries? Multiple select question. - Avoid frozen and dried varieties. - Cooked cranberries are better than raw cranberries. - Choose firm cranberries with a deep red color. - Choose dried cranberries that are made with less sugar.

- Intrinsic factor

What substance is necessary for the body to absorb vitamin B-12? Multiple choice question. - Intrinsic factor - Lymph - Bicarbonate - Insulin

- plasma - white blood cells

What substances do lymph and blood have in common? Multiple select question. - red blood cells - white blood cells - plasma - platelets

- Water-soluble compounds

What type of nutrients are absorbed into the hepatic portal vein and eventually to the liver before they enter the general circulation? Multiple choice question. - Minerals - Water-soluble compounds - Fat-soluble vitamins

- active absorption.

When a nutrient requires a carrier protein and energy in order to be absorbed, this is called Multiple choice question. - facilitated diffusion. - passive diffusion. - phagocytosis. - active absorption.

- increases.

When pancreatic function declines, insulin production decreases and blood glucose Multiple choice question. - increases. - decreases.

- muscle and liver

Where does short-term storage of carbohydrate occur? Multiple choice question. - muscle and liver - pancreas and liver - stomach and small intestine - skin and muscle

- Large intestine

Which digestive organ has no villi or digestive enzymes, has a number of mucus-producing cells, and absorbs water, some vitamins, some fatty acids, and the minerals sodium and potassium? Multiple choice question. - Stomach - Pancreas - Small intestine - Large intestine

- thyroid hormone

Which hormone helps to regulate the body's metabolic rate? Multiple choice question. - growth hormone - insulin - glucagon - thyroid hormone

- Fructose

Which nutrient is absorbed via facilitated diffusion? Multiple choice question. - Glucose - Protein - Fructose - Water

- Gallbladder

Which of the following accessory organs stores bile? Multiple choice question. - Small intestine - Liver - Gallbladder - Pancreas

- amylase - lipase - mucus

Which of the following are components of saliva? Multiple select question. - lipase - mucus - gastrin - amylase - pepsin

- distributing nutrients - facilitating the exchange of oxygen - delivering hormones to target cells

Which of the following are functions of the cardiovascular system? Multiple select question. - transmitting nerve impulses - producing hormones that regulate the reproductive functions - distributing nutrients - facilitating the exchange of oxygen - delivering hormones to target cells

- Glucagon - Insulin

Which of the following are hormones secreted by the pancreas? Multiple select question. - Amylase - Insulin - Lipase - Glucagon

- water - alcohol

Which of the following dietary components can be absorbed by the cells lining the stomach? Multiple select question. - fatty acids - water - alcohol - minerals

- Fat-soluble vitamins - Long-chain fatty acids

Which of the following must be absorbed into the lymphatic vessels before entering general circulation? Multiple select question. - B vitamins - Fat-soluble vitamins - Water - Long-chain fatty acids - Protein

- Platelets - Red blood cells

Which of the following substances are present in blood but are NOT present in lymph? Multiple select question. - Platelets - Red blood cells - Fluid - White blood cells

- Bile - Some waste products

Which of the following substances are released by the liver and eventually into the small intestine? Multiple select question. - Amylase - Bile - Some waste products - Hydrochloric acid

- Protein - Carbohydrates - Fat

Which of the following yields energy? Multiple select question. - Protein - Carbohydrates - Fat - Minerals - Vitamins

- We still have a lot to discover.

Which statement is true related to what we have learned about human microbiota? Multiple choice question. - We still have a lot to discover. - We understand how microbiota influences weight control, cardiovascular disease, blood glucose, and mental health. - The science has moved so quickly that we understand the complexities of the human microbiota in significant detail.

- Hormones

______ are the chemical messengers of the body. Multiple choice question. - Hormones - Cells - Neurons - Endocrine

- Phytochemicals

______ in cranberries have been shown to reduce the ability of bacteria to adhere to the epithelial cells. Multiple choice question. - Phytochemicals - Neurotransmitters - Hormones - Enzymes

- Relaxation

______ of the external anal sphincter allows for elimination. Multiple choice question. - Relaxation - Contraction

- Bile

______ suspends lipids in the watery chyme in the small intestine so that lipids can be more easily digested by lipase enzymes. Multiple choice question. - Bicarbonate - Mucus - Bile - Hydrochloric acid