FST Quizlet #3

biblical descriptions

Biblical description of food poisonings among early hebrews (1400-1250BCE)/during the Hebrew wanderings after their exodus from egypt, quails descended upon their camp in large numbers->the hebrews ate the bird, many died of food poisoning/quails fed on hemlock seeds, quails are resistant to hemlock, but humans are not

2. Cyanogenic Glycosides

look for C and N with a triple bond/cassava, lima beans, flax, and seeds of almonds (bitter almond), apricots, plums, peaches and others/peach pits-HCN is part of Amygdalin, enzymatic action releases HCN: interferes with cellular respiration/claimed to be a cancer cure by some->amygdalin (amygdala=almond in greek) or "vitamin B17", peaches, apricots, almonds, (deaths have been reported)

Major sources of botulism poisoning

low acid foods such as green beans, veggies, salmon, fish, meats/insufficient processing

the odwalla story

made and marketed unpasteurized fruit juice for the health segment of the juice market/claim: pasteurization impacts flavor/66 illnesses and one death (16 mo. child)

Norovirus outbreak video

yolo county, 1000 people infected, cruise ship virus

What is Obesity?

obesity is having a very high amount of body fat in relation to lean body mass

Virus characteristics

obligate parasites-no life without a host/disease is from infection-no toxin/infected people "shed" virus particles, generally in feces/food workers don't wash their hands/fecal-oral route for infection is the most common route

Toxicology: Brief History

our ancestors in their quest for food and medicines had to learn through trial and error which foods and plants were harmful and which to avoid/150-350,000 species

James Bond Video

poisoned with digitalis (disoriented, cardiac arrest, sweating, unsteady, dizzy, shaky hands, nausea, throw up)

Video Obesity and Children

when a kid drinks soda 10 teaspoons of sugar->insulin release->liver turns to fat (life expectancy decreases bc of obesity)

Are people making bad choices in their diets lack of exercise?

why do we need these choices? culture, worldview, convenience, choices (limitations/variations), media (news/ads)

Energy Balance and Exercise (BMR)

Excessive caloric intake and diminished energy expenditure combined is the major cause of obesity worldwide/you gain weight when you consume more calories than your body uses through its normal functions (BMR) and physical activity/BMR: average daily amount of energy needed by a body when it is at rest

New England Tradition

associated plain cooking with religious piety/hostile toward fancy or highly seasoned foods/these were regarded as a form of sensual indulgence/new englanders adopted an austere diet stressing boiled and baked meats, boiled veggies, and baked breads and pies

It's not just vanity: metabolic syndrome

a continual state of inflammation/the risk of having metabolic syndrome is closely linked to obesity and a lack of physical activity/metabolic syndrome: the risk for heart disease, diabetes, and stroke increases with the number of metabolic risk factors

Body Mass Index (BMI)

a measure of an adults weight in relation to their height (adults weight in kg divided by the square of his or her height in meters)

The sushi parasite: Anisakis Simplex

a nematode (complex life cycle), several hosts->eggs->larvae, eaten by crustaceans, eaten by fish, eaten by mammal->molt twice, become adults, lay eggs, secreted into feces/do not survive freezing at -20 degrees C, 24 h (fish can be inspected or farmed)

2. HFCS

entered the diet in 1980 put into almost everything we eat/a 12 oz. can of soda has as much as 13 teaspoons of sugar in the form of HFCS/a low fat, fruit flavored yogurt can have 10 teaspoons of fructose based sweetener in one serving

Acute LD50 of some chemical agents

ethyl alcohol=10,000/NaCl=4,000/Ferrous sulfate=1,500/Morphine Sulfate=900, strychnine sulfate=2/nicotine=1, tetrodotoxin=0.1, dioxin=0.001, botulintoxin=0.00001

Cleopatra-Queen of Egypt (69-30BC)

experimented with strychnine and other poisons on prisoners and poor/committed suicide with an Egyptian asp (cobra)

Rev. Sylvester Graham Cont.

extolled the virtue of whole wheat/lectured against alcohol, meat, and condiments (thought they caused insanity)/believed a strict vegetarian diet would aid in suppressing carnal urges (believed that physical lust was harmful to the body and caused diseases/advocated a regimen devoid of meat and rich in fiber as a way of combating rampant desire)/inventor of the graham crackers/established his own journal/extolled the virtues of bran flour, bread and crackers/1850s-several medical schools were established responding to HFM

Industrial production of meat

farms/slaughter facility/stable food supply

Clarence Birdseye

father of frozen foods/1923 invented a system of packing fresh food into waxed cardboard boxes and flash-freezing under high pressure/the goldman-sachs trading corporation and the postum company (general foods corporation) bought the patents and trademarks in 1929 for $22 million/the first quick frozen veggies, fruits, seafoods, and meat were sold to the public for the first time in 1930 under the tradename Birds Eye frosted foods

Rev. Sylvester Graham: 1794-1851 (Quote)

"Every farmer known that if his horse has straw cut with his grain, or hay and abundance, he does well enough. Just so it is with the human species. Man needs the bran in his bread"

Canned salmon

"fast food nation" well it's a low acid (high pH food)/fisheries are and were not as well regulated/rather well known around the world for less than sanitary conditions (the jungle)

Horace Fletcher (1849-1919)

"great masticator"/lectured prominently about virtues of masticating (chewing) food to a fluid before swallowing/fletcherism: the term was largely lost after horace passed away/fletcherizing: a popular idea of the times->the lifestyle and treatments of the san were not always conducive to good health/not only way meat forbidden but also demon rum (alcohol)-an idea that was gaining popularity at the time of the San/this was politicized by the Temperance Movement

Types of toxins

(1) chemical-inorganic-heavy metals ex. mercury in fish, radioactive-selenium in brazil nuts (ex. pesticides) (2) biological toxins= (microorganisms that produce toxins) clostridium botulinum toxins-bostulism ex. canned foods, staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin ex. salads, meats (3) physical toxins-due to their physical nature they interfere with biological processes ex. water if taken in extremely high doses

Forces for dietary change: fast food (1920s)

(1920) establishment of the earliest cafeterias and chains of lunch counters and fast food establishments/first burger chain White Castle, Chicago 1921/pioneered the use of franchising/increasingly processed and nationally distributed foods began to dominate the nation's diet

Shen Nung

(2696 BCE) the father of chinese medicine, notes for tasting 365 herbs, wrote a treatise "on herbal medical experiment poisons", died of toxic overdose

foodborne disease estimation

(48 million get sick from these, 128,000 hospitalized, 3,000 die) known pathogens: 9.4 million of the illnesses are caused by 31 known foodborne pathogens/90% of all illnesses are caused by 7 pathogens: salmonella, norovirus, campylobacter, toxoplasma, E.coli 0157:H7, listeria, and clostridium perfringens/salmonella, listeria, toxoplasma account for 75% of deaths each year (underreported)

history of food

(500-1450 AD) rich people-drank ale or wine/wheat tasted better/meat in their diet/used spices and salt poor people-drank ale or wine/barley bread, pancakes, soups/carrots, cabbages, onions, garlic

food testing video

(Listeria) on frozen veggies at walmart and target can cause severe illness

Clostridium botulinum etiology

(canned foods) gram positive anaerobic bacteria, ubiquitous in the soil, produces botulinum toxin:neurotoxin, spore forming protein

Agent Orange

(dioxin) a 50:50 mixture of these herbicides was used in massive quantities in vietnam-its name was agent orange/its long term effects have been debated for decades/many claims by soldiers and victims of the spraying

Foodborne intoxications

(food poisoning) any illness caused by ingesting food containing preformed microbial toxins/relatively acute illness/the organism must grow in the food, but need not grow in you/staphylococcus aureus (classic barf), clostridium botulinum (deadly), bacillus cereus (pasta) (an emerging pathogen)

Parasites and famous foodborne parasites

(giardia spp., cryptosporidium spp., cyclospora spp.) trichinellosis: trichinella spiralis (trichina worm) from undercooked pork, bear, dog, cat, rare in US, killed by freezing 3 weeks/Anisakiasis-anisakis simplex (a nematode-round worm, the sushi parasite, undercooked fish)

Food Hazards

(in increasing concern by regulatory agencies such as FDA and CDC) microbiological, nutritional, environmental, natural toxicants, pesticide residues, food additives/increasing concern by the public and news media is opposite

Botulism manifestations

- Nausea & vomiting (12-24 hours)/weakness, lassitude, "double vision"/death in 2-9 days from respiratory paralysis/Infant botulism->C. botulinum can colonize young infants' colon (<1 yr), spores present in honey and corn syrup. Don't dip the pacifier in honey (or corn syrup)."floppy baby" syndrome, may be responsible for some SIDS cases, constipation, no facial expression, poor feeding, weak cry, reduced movement, drooling

Four Major American Food Traditions (List)

1. New England Tradition 2. Southern Tradition 3. Middle Atlantic (Quaker) Tradition 4. Frontier/Backcountry Tradition

Carry A. Nation (1846-1911)

1867 Carry marries a young physician in Belton, Missouri (unfortunately he was a heavy drinker)/the union produces a sickly child (carry attributed this to her husband's drinking)/she left him bc of his habit and inability to earn a steady living/1877 Carry married David Nation, a preacher 19 years her senior (experience visions and sense of divine protection)/largely fueled by women with their children has endured the effects of drinking by many of their men folk (sed moral suasion from the pulpit to address the problem/1919 National Prohibition Act (volstead act) to the passage of the 18th amendment banning the sale or consumption of alcohol anywhere in the US/1933 the 21st amendment passed repealing the 18th/debate regarding the effects, good and bad, of alcohol

The Temperance Movement: Carry A. Nation

1874-WTCU (women's christian temperance union) formed/Carry A. Nation was the most famous proponent/the WTCU along with other pushed for prohibition of alcohol through WW1

Work in low physical activity occupation and proportion of trips to work by walking

1950->2000: sitting by +116%/decrease by 45% 1950 to 2000

Innovations in food

1954 Swanson's TV dinner was embraced by consumers who were excited over TV/decreased the workload of the american housewife/a pre-prepared dinner/food product development

1. Too Much fat in the diet

1982 Recommendation from Am Heart Assoc., AMA, USDA: fat has 2x the cals of sugar and protein so reduce cals from fat from 40% to 30% (what happened? obesity began its steep increase)

Obesity Trends Among US Adults (map)

1985- <10% obese 1990- 14% or less 2000- CA 15-19%, south 20-24% 2010- south >30%, CA 20-24% 2011- CA, HI, CO, DC=20-25%, LA, MS, AR, TX=30-35% 2012- south 30-35%, CA 25-30%, CO, HI, DC=20-25% 2013- CA 20-25%, south 30-35%, MS, WV > or equal to 35% 2014-AR, MS, WV >35% , CA, CO, DC, HI 20-25% 2015- LA, MS, AL, WV >35%, CA, CO, DC 20-25% 2016- CA 25-30%, CO, HI, DC 20-25%, south >35%, midwest 30-35% 2017-OK, AR, LA, IA, WV, AL >35%, CO, HI 20-25% 2018-CO, HI 20-25%, more states >35% (North Dakota) 2019- CO, DC 20-25%, HI, CA 25-30%, south >35%

dietary reform movements

19th century saw the advent of various diet reform movements and health regimens/rise of various health food movements (HFM) (ex. vegetarianism, no spices, crusaders for temperance)/the choice of foods often took on moral overtones

Symptoms of infection of a foodborne pathogen

2-8 days after eating contaminated food->fever, abdominal cramps, vomiting, bloody diarrhea, nausea/severe symptoms: decreased urine, HUS kidney failure, vomiting, etc.

Acute Toxicity: Dioxin

2004 Ukrainian president Victor Yushchancko was poisoned with dioxin (LD=0.001 mg/kg)

Why do we add Nitrites to food?

3 reasons to add: taste, to fix color (pink), to inhibit growth of clostridium botulinum

Recent E.coli outbreak links to fresh veggies

30 deaths in europe, 2900 illnesses

brief history of food

4000 BC Egypt-beer fermentation/yeast breads 3000 BC Mesopotamia-cultivation of grain crops/barley beer (fermentation) Greece-propagation of plants/made juices from plants (wine was the drink of choice) Middle Ages-manners and haute cuisine developed

food customs: table manners

9000 years ago (bronze and iron age) people cooked soups in pots, food customs-dipped wooden spoons or bone into the cooking pot to eat, rules about who could dip into the pot first, many of these customs survive

What conditions allow Botulinum toxin to be produced?

C botulinum, is an obligate anaerobe->they grow only in the absence of air/water activity must be >0.9->translation: water has to be available for the bugs to grow, salt does have an inhibitory effect on growth due to water binding/osmotic properties, so does sugar/pH must be >4.6 (low acid food)/nitrite-NaNO2 has inhibitory effect

Industrial production of produce

Farms once produced many crops/NOW: Monoculture/Fertilizers/Pesticides (ex. Corn, Soy)/Rachel Carson: Silent Spring

Paracelsus (1493-1541)

Father of toxicology/first names: theophtastus philippus areoulus bombastus von hohenhein/alchemist, physician, astrologer, and general occultist/"all substances are poisons: there is nine which is not a poison, the right dose differentiates a poison from a remedy"

Why HFCS?

HFCS mixes easily, extend shelf life and is as much as 20% cheaper than other sources of sugar, it can help prevent freezer burn so you'll find it in frozen foods, helps breads brown and keeps them soft, cheap alternative to sugar

Health food Movement Summary

HFM is not a new phenomenon (prob be around as long as people eat food)/HFM people concerned about their personal health/HFM attracts advocates that are both hucksters and heroes/usually does little harm and may be beneficial

road to wellvile video

Kellogg thought that meat heavy diet with that type of protein caused problems in GI tract so he pushed vegetarianism (favored carbs)

CHANGE: table manners

King Louis XIV/first person in europe to offer guests a place setting with forks, knives, and spoons/ordered all the table knives to have rounded ends/culturally food became a defining symbol and national identity

Elie Matchnikoff

Louis Pasteur's replacement at the Pasteur institute/worried about his longevity and looked around europe for long-lived people/the Bulgarians were the longest-lived and he claimed this was due to yogurt/studied one of the bacteria in yogurt and named it Lactobacillus Bulgaricus (bulgarian milk bacteria)/wrote several books ("immunity in infective diseases", described WBC phagocytosis defense against diseases/wrote a book (1907) "the prolongation of life"/the book might have been lost in the dust, except in 1908 he won a nobel prize (for phagocytosis theory, not yogurt)/had great influence in bringing yogurt to popularity in the americas/john harvey kellogg at battle creek sanitarium endorsed some of his beliefs/tried to prove that yogurt was a contributor to health and longevity/Bulgarian yogurt on the menu and well also used in enemas/and he added a little bit of his own bowel treatment plans to the folk shelling out the big bucks at the san such as John D. Rockefeller, Henry Ford/the battle creek san saw 2000 patients a year->200,000 over the life at the san before sister white fired him

Solution?

Michael Pollan's advice: eat food, not too much, mostly plants, get adequate exercise

America's Culinary history

Native Americans-found a continent with Native Americans/own food and culture/succotash (stew made of lima beans, corn, meat, and bear fat)/roasted or boiled corn on the cob, popcorn, bean soup, and squash soup/squash, beans, pumpkins, cotton, potatoes European colonists-brought european tastes and food conventions with them/dominated by meats and bread with very little use of fruits and green veggies

Race in relation to Obesity

Non-hispanic white adults=western states 20-25%, DC, HI <20%/Hispanic Adults=increased rates of obesity >35% or 30-35%/Non-hispanic black adults= >35%

We like sweet things (study)

Princeton psychologist shows that rats fed a high sugar diet were when the sugar was removed thrown into a state of anxiety similar to that seen in withdrawal from morphine or nicotine

James O. Hill/CA statistic

Psychologist/if obesity is left unchecked almost all americans will be overweight by 2050/1 in 3 children in california is overweight or obese

Unique to the American Diet

Puritanical restraint/excessive consumption/abundance of meat and distilled liquor->abundant and fertile lands allowed settlers to raise corn and feed it to the livestock as fodder and convert the rest into whiskey/by the early 1800s adult men were drinking more than 7 gallons of pure alcohol a year/books from these eras susan anna brown "mrs. gilpin's frugalities" and maria collins "the great western cook book adapted to western houswifery"

Catherine de Medici (1519-1589)

Queen of france as wife of Henry II/catherine often used poisoning as a political tool during her reign/to develop more advanced poisoned, also experimented with poisons on sick and poor (poisoned poor and sick street people under guise of "feeding" and "assistance")/early experimental toxicologist/cooking historians consider her he mother of french cuisine (OG wearer of high heels and lip gloss)

10 leading causes of death in 1993-95 for babies <1yr

SIDS is #3 (12,139)

Peanuts Corporation of America Scandal

Stuart Parnell/factories had roaches, rats, mice, beetles/products had salmonella typhimurium and he knew and shipped them/46 states, more than 360 companies, and more than 3,900 different products manufactured using PCA ingredients/FDA and CDC/vomiting, diarrhea, death/confirmatory test/didn't register his company with the FDA/you suffer from sepsis/outbreak occurs->food product are recalled, loss of money, illnesses occur, deaths occur/lead to FSMA/28 yrs in prison

Gustavus Swift

Swift and Company: organizing the large-scale slaughter and processing of cattle in the Midwest (Chicago) and shipping its products to east coast via refrigerated railroad cars/ushered the "era of cheap beef"/pioneered the use of animal byproducts for the manufacture of soap, glue, fertilizer, medical products, etc./mechanized the meatpacking business/Upton Sinclair's famous 1906 novel "The Jungle"/when he died (1903) his company was valued at between $25 million and $35 million/bought out by JBS: worth $40 billion

Obesity: A Dramatic Change

There has been a dramatic increase in obesity in the US over the past 40 years (60 million adults are obese/>50% are overweight)/obesity in children has more than doubled in the last 20 years (National Average is 17%)/31.8% of school age children are overweight (2010)/trends are similar in many developed countries (Europe and Australia)

Toxicant vs. Nutrient

Toxicant-a substance which when ingested at high levels, produces harmful actions on biological mechanisms/nutrient-a substance which when not ingested in sufficient amount, produces harmful actions on biological mechanisms

Erasmus (Dutch) 1530

Treatise: etiquette and manners/"on civility in children"/treatise on the moral and practical education of children/do not blow your nose or spit at the dinner table/do not share soup bowls, knives, spoons (no forks at the time)/do not put chewed bones back on your plate (throw bones to the dogs)

BMI categories

Underweight = <18.5 Normal weight = 18.5-24.9 Overweight = 25-29.9 Obesity = BMI of 30 or greater

Top 10 Most Obese Countries (2017) (in order)

US, China, India, Brazil, Mexico, Russia, Egypt, Turkey, Iran, Nigeria (in video USA now is #18, and the most obese are islands like nauru)

Obesity-Global Epidemic Video

USA, UK, Luxembourg/social values, sedentary lifestyle, can be avoided

2010 dietary guideline changes

USDA launched new icon (a plate) to accompany 2010 dietary guidelines, supertracker for food, can be used as an educational tool (didn't talk about serving size, confusing for consumers)

Forces for dietary change

WW2 and other foreign wars/overseas service introduced soldiers to a variety of foreign cuisines/the post-war expansion of international trade made american diets more diverse/revolutions in food technology and agriculture transformed eating into Big Business, and have separated most americans from food production entirely

Seafood Toxins: Ichtyotoxicology

a Japanese delicacy Fugu, tetrodotoxin

Microorganisms-how do they become hazards

a parasite is an organism that lives in another organism called the host and often harm it. It depends on its host for survival, w/o a host a parasite cannot live, grow, and multiply/yeasts and molds multiply in foods/bacteria multiply in food and or humans (infection)/human viruses multiply in humans NOT FOOD/parasites have a complex life style/bacteria viruses multiply in bacteria

Digitalis

a real drug that is used to treat congestive heart failure and heart rhythm problems/it can increase blood flow/effects: dizziness, anxiety, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, mood changes, headache, rash, abnormal heart rate, tremors, blurred vision, death/obviously doesn't act as fast as in movies/is poisonous and can kill you if given high enough doses (must be administers by doctors)

Sacramento video

a woman had nacho cheese (valley oak fuel and food) botulism

acute vs. chronic toxicity

acute-an acute disease is a disease with a rapid onset or a short course/chronic-a chronic disease is a disease that is persistent or otherwise long-lasting in its effects or it occurs over a long period of time

How to sell more?

advertising, marketing food to kids (ex. avengers themed snacks)

2008 Map Worldwide

africa <10%, Canada and Europe 20-29%, Egypt, USA, South Africa >30%

Four Major American Food Traditions

all begun with Native Americans saving the starving European settleres-> corn, squash pumpkins, beans of every color, wild onions, blueberries, blackberries, native plums, cherries, etc.

Henry D. Perky (1843-1906)

also advocated for whole wheat as a healthy food/invented shredded wheat in denver/tried to sell the product to Kellogg's but failed/he started the National Biscuit company ("Nabisco") and marketed shredded wheat cereal/was the pioneer of the "cookless breakfast food" and it was he who first mass produced and nationally distributed ready-to-eat cereal

Southern Tradition

amalgam of native american, african, english, french, spanish, indian foods/louisiana: creole and cajun spices/utilizes lots of seasonings and emphasizes frying and simmering/staples: corn, potatoes, sweet potatoes, pumpkins, beans, okra, rice, wild game, seafood

Food sources of Cyanogenic Glycosides

bitter almonds 250mg/100g HCN (amygdalin), cassava root 53 (linamarin), whole sorghum 250 (dhurrin), lima beans 10-312 (linamarin)

history of food: early european table

boards were laid across trestles and covered with cloth/banquets and buffets-no individual plates were used, only large serving platters, two people shared a soup bowl and used squares of stale bread as plates/trenchers (edible bread plates)/present day: panera bread bowl

The Greeks

by 1500BC written recordings indicated that hemlock, opium, arrow poisons, and certain metals were used to poison enemies or for state executions/greek's (400-250BC) hippocrates, aristotle, and theophastus/used toxins in the treatment of certain diseased and rational medicine

Concerns about the addition of nitrites

cancer was a concern (carcinogens), now generally recognized that they don't cause cancer, nitrites can make nitrosamines which are carcinogens at high levels, food scientists now have worked out how to keep nitrosamine levels very low and thus they do not cause cancer

Monty Python's Spoof

canned salmon killed them (botulinum)

Foodborne diseases

caused by bacteria, parasites, viruses microbial growth and survival: growth-increase in numbers/survival-no increase or decrease in numbers/death-decrease in numbers

Botulism

caused by botulinum, neurotoxin, heat liable-protein, toxin is resistant to proteolytic enzymes in GI tract, botulism fatalities are presently 20% if diagnosed in time, otherwise deadly (same toxin as botox)

New USDA food pyramid 2015

change (no more bread, grains at bottom) now veggies, fruit, and exercise were at the bottom and then more whole grains, limit red meat (and foods w/high glycemic index)

Obesity Facts

children who are overweight or obese are more likely to be obese as adults (higher risk for health problems such as heart disease, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, stroke, cancer, asthma, and osteoarthritis-during childhood and as they age)/obesity is associated with higher healthcare needs, costs among children/children who grow up in low-income families and neighborhoods are at higher risk for obesity and related health problems (70% of black, 66% Native Americans, 64% latino, 34% white children under the age of 3 live in low-income families) (trends in children worldwide have gone up)

Coke Vid

coke can increase chances of cancer, obesity, insulin resistance, etc.

E. Coli video

coma (uncooked cookie dough) organ failure and trouble walking

Center for science statistics

companies spend $1.79 billion annually to market food to children with only $280 million for healthy foods/70% of food ads on the most popular children's TV channel are for junk foods/ 2/3 of children's websites display food ads; of these 84% are for junk foods/research indicates that children don't understand the persuasive nature of ads until age 8

Seinfeld/jane and dick

cook didn't wash his hands after going to the bathroom/don't be a dick, be a jane, wash your hands after using the bathroom, before eating

E. Coli and Chipotle Outbreak Video and other outbreaks

dec 2015: norovirus in boston sickened 120 students/Aug 2015: salmonella outbreak in MN sickened 64 people (tomatoes)/goal: serve fresh healthful foods with integrity/company has vowed to implement new food safety measures to establish itself as a leader in food safety

More change: 1800s

development of american cultural, political, and domestic traditions/american food began to distinguish itself from european and british origins bc of incorporation of native ingredients such as corn, squash, and cranberries into menus (1847 recipe book contains advice on everything from how to revive meat, how to rid the house of rats, how to jump out of a wagon, etc.)

Norovirus

disease (now, most common FB illness) self limiting, mild gastroenteritis: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, headache, fever/transmission-infectious dose 18 virus particles, fecal oral route/foods->water, raw or under-steamed shellfish, foods handled by infected individuals but...a recent virus was caused by a sealed cookie bag kept in a hotel bathroom via airborne deposition, how is it spread? aerosols (air solutions): solid or liquid particles suspended in air or other gaseous environment/how to make them at home->flush a toilet, run water into a sink, wash a chicken in the kitchen sink, aerosols can contain viruses, chemicals...the aerosols settle on surfaces then...norovirus and other foodborne viruses spread (fecal oral route/food handled by infected individuals)

Hepatitis A

disease->mild illness: sudden fever, malaise, nausea, anorexia, abdominal discomfort, followed in several days by jaundice/transmission: infectious dose presumably 10-100 virus particles, person-to-person contact through fecal contamination/foods->water, shellfish, cold cuts, salads, anything handled by infected individuals

Rotavirus

disease->self limiting, mild to severe gastroenteritis, vomiting, watery diarrhea, and fever/transmission: infectious dose 10-100 virus particles, person with rotavirus diarrhea often excretes large numbers of virus (108-1010 infectious particles per ml of feces), asymptomatic rotavirus excretion exists/foods->water, shellfish, cold cuts, salads, fruits, hors d'oeuvres handled by infected individuals

Ichtyotoxicology: Paralytic Shellfish Poisining

disease: PSP/1600 cases a year, 300 deaths a year/(CA, Alaska, Maine, Oregon) toxin: saxitoxins-> 20 structurally related toxins, produced by dinoflagellates (unicellular algae)/algae blooms->dinoflagellates reproduce like crazy-> shellfish (filter feeders) muscles, clams, oysters-> humans eat the shellfish from the red-tide produces amount of saxitoxin, filter feeder shelfish bio-concentrate to saxitoxin to toxic levels for humans

Why study food toxicology?

food and drink are the primary vehicles for exposure to chemical and bacterial toxins/on average you will eat 3 meals and 1L of fluid a day, 1,095 meals and 365L of fluid a year, 76,650 and 25,550L of fluid in an average lifetime (70 years)/enormous opportunity for direct exposure to toxins, contaminants, pesticides, or microbial infections

forces for dietary change: industrialization (Late 1800s)

food began to be mass produced, marketed, and standardized/factories processed, preserved, canned, and packaged a whole variety of foods/processed cereals->were originally promoted as one of the first health foods

Foodborne infections

food is the vector that carries (usually high) levels of the pathogen to the body/illness caused by infection-pathogen colonizes or invades the body

Outbreak and Recall Examples (Salmonella)

foods and feeds of animal origin (usually fecal contamination of some type)-poultry, meat, eggs, etc. (in aug 2011 cargill issues a recall of turkey bc may have has salmonella)

Sister Ellen White (1827-1915)

founding member of the Seventh Day Advents church/has visions and preached spiritual and body health including food related items: no meat, alcohol, tobacco, spices/devine directive to establish health reform institutions/1866 opened the Western Health Reform Institute in Battle Creek/1876 expanded the institute and placed Dr. John Harvey Kellogg in charge/1877 Kellogg changed the name to battle creek sanitarium, kellogg's many innovations included the use of radiation therapy for cancer patients and the invention of flaked cereal

Nicholas Appert

french candy maker and brewer/noticed that foods cooked in sealed containers did not spoil...didn't know why but he invented caning in 1806/the first modern food processing/we has to wait for louis pasteur (1850) to learn why canning worked/credited with being the father of canning

home preservation

fridge, canning, making jam

Portion distortion and serving size

fries 190% increase in cals, bagel 150% increase, cheeseburger 77% increase, spaghetti and meatball 105% increase, soda 194% increase, coffee 678% increase, pizza 70%, choc. chip cookies 300%, popcorn 174 calc (1950) vs. 1,700 (2004), Hershey's (1900) 297 cals vs. (2011) 900 cals, chicken 905g vs. 4202g, fruit has gotten bigger, supersize me

frontier/backcountry traditions

frontier areas and backcountry diets included ingredients used as an animal feed in england like potatoes, corn, various greens/backcountry diet stressed griddle cakes, grits, greens, pork, wild game, fish (whatever was available)

Salmonella Manifestations

gastroenteritis, fever, septicemia

forces for dietary change: german influence

german immigrants-distinctive emphasis on beer, marinade meats, sour flavors, wursts, and pastries was gradually assimilated into the mainstream american diet in the form of: barbecue, coleslaw, hot dogs, donuts, hamburger/the germans association of food with celebrations also encourages other americans to make meals the centerpiece of holiday festivities

Salmonella

gram negative facultative anaerobic bacteria/can survive several weeks in a dry environment and several months in water/over 2,500 species S. Enteritidis, S. Typhi, S. Typhimurium, S. infantis/named after vet Dr. DE Salmon/causes salmonellosis

E. Coli

gram negative facultative anaerobic bacteria/enteropathogenic E. Coli (EPEC), enterotoxigen E. Coli (ETEC), enteroinvasive e.coli (EEIC), enterohaemorrhage e.coli (EHEC)/intestinal or commensal, found in feces, detection of E. coli in drinking water/food is an indication of fecal contamination

Viruses Cont.

hard to treat->can't treat with antibiotics because antibiotics interfere with microbial cell wall synthesis, protein synthesis, etc. (viruses don't have these), specific inhibitors, induce antibody production/hard to diagnose (bacteria are cultured)->antibody binding viruses in feces or test whether patient has antibodies agains the pathogen

Video Homer Simpson/Dolphin Video

he ate fugu and you feel no pain until heart stops, no cure/the dolphins had some of the puffer fish's tetrodotoxin and got high

Prevention of botulism

heat processing according to national food processors association (NFPA)/great care if food is pH>4.6/refrigeration at <40 degrees F/hygienic food handling/heat food to boiling temperature for 10 mins (toxin is a heat labile protein)

common threats to food safety

hepatitis A (HAV) (has a single molecule of RN surrounded by small protein capsid)/norwalk virus group/rotavirus

Cyanogenic Glycosides and Cassava

human poisoning is observed most frequently in population consuming lima beans and cassava (manioc esculenta)/africa is the largest consumer and produces/cassava has to be properly soaked and dried/fatal dose of cyanide in humans 50-50mg (0.5 to 3.5 mg/kg)/cyanogenic glycosides have to be removed before cassava can be eaten/the roots of the cassava are scrapped or grates, then properly soaked in water and finally fermented for a few days (29 children killed in phillippines because of eating this) stomach pain, diarrhea, vomiting, 5-10 mins feel sick

Salmonellosis Prevention

hygienic food handling, high temp for cooked food, rigid temp control and hygienic practices for processed foods

How do we know what foods we can eat?

in olden times people ate foods that looked yummy and if they got sick and died, other people knew not to eat those foods

cassava

in tapioca pudding, cyanic glycoside

Trichinella: A declining threat

incidence of trichinosis is declining in the US but cook to 140 degrees F and let it rest 15 mins

Odwalla Juice Outbreak (1996)

increase in e. coli 0157:H7 cases noted in Washington, case control studies revealed 10 og 13 consumed odwalla beverages containing apple juice/recall of 13 of 30 juices sold by company in BC, Texas, CA, NV, OR, NM, Washington

Mid Atlantic (Quaker) Tradition

influenced by Quakers (religious society of friends)/practiced plainness/diet was plain and simple, emphasized boiling, including puddings and dumplings

Microbial food poisoning (two types)

intoxications and infections/events of foodborne diseases->reservoir of pathogen->contamination of food->viral or parasitic infection//contamination of food->growth of pathogenic bacteria->(food+live cells->infection->toxic infection or invasive infection) or (food+toxin (mycotoxin)->intoxication)

forces for dietary change: Inventions (late 1800s)

invention of refrigerated railroad car, expanding railways: 1878 Swift engineer Andrew Chase to design a refrigerated railroad car/meat packing industry born in Chicago/allowed fruit to be shipped long distances

Fugu

is made from fish in the scientific family tetraodontidae (puffer fish, blow fish, box fish) the fish makes deadly toxin called tetrodotoxin (can inflate with water or in air/when frightened or angry) (LD=0.1)

If food is not safe...

it doesn't matter how much there is, how much it costs, how good it tastes, how long it lasts...it is toxic

The New Health Food Movements

it is against the backdrop of the industrialization of food that is new HFM develop/likely due to growing "social anxiety" from our separation from the direct production of foods ex. organic foods/slow foods movement (plants, seeds, local meats), functional foods, veganism, atkins diet, paleo diet, keto diet, banting, cleansing and clean eating

Why are we getting fat?

it is all genetics? genes have always played a role in obesity but it is unlikely that genes have changed quickly/theres no reason obesity should increase, can not explain the current explosion in obesity

Our bodies can detoxify chemicals, however...

it takes time to detoxify substances like alcohol/if we consume them faster than we can detoxify then we can suffer toxic effects/effects can range from mild to severe

Bluebell Ice Cream

listeria

the road to wellville: book and movie

movie starring anthony hopkins/boyle did a lot of research so this movie is fairly accurate. sir anthony hopkins does a superb job of his portrayal of kellogg and his biological living regimen/the present-day battle creek historical society is very large and has a good library of events of the times/kellogg was really fixated on cleaning the bowels-in present-day times we would call him 'anal' or maybe a bowel-obsessed quack/kellogg was also 'antisex' event kept husbands and wives separated while at the san, claimed he personally lived like a monk

Prions

not alive at all, just a protein, scrapie in sheep, kuru in cannibals, bovine sponge form encephalopathy, creutz feldt-jacob disease in humans, protein "misfolds", recruits other proteins to misfold, makes insoluble "B-amyloid" deposits in the brain, doesn't reproduce itself-reproduces ints fold, untreatable and fatal

3. Portions: Are we just plain eating too much-Portion Distortion

portion sizes began to grow in the 1970s rose sharply in the 1980s, and continue in parallel with increasing body weight/today's burgers are, fries, and sodas are 2-5x larger than their original sizes/typical portions of pasta exceeded the USDA standard by 480%/cookies are more than 7x the size of one standard portion/size selection has increased-beer and chocolate come onto the market in just one size/restaurants have swapped 10 inch plates for 12-inch sizes/manufacturing is geared towards larger portions-auto manufacturers used to install smaller drink holders in cars, car seat and cockpits are larger, muffin pans used to bake smaller muffins

Probable lethal oral dose for humans

practically nontoxic >15,000 dosage mg/kg, slightly toxic 5,000-15,000, very toxic 50-500, moderately toxic 500-5,000, supertoxic <5

looking ahead to present day

preagricultural times (3 million years), agricultural times (10,000 years), agro-industrial times (19th century)

Rev. Sylvester Graham: 1794-1851

presbyterian minister who preached the virtues of vegetarian lifestyle as a way to salvation->NYC (1830s), had a following of "Grahamites'/health reform likely took hold in response to growing "social anxiety"/credited with being the first to preach you are what you eat

Obesity, Disease, and Economics

preventable chronic diseases->drives up healthcare costs in US, currently estimates for these costs range from $147 billion to nearly $210 billion per year (symptoms->diabetes, depression, hypertension, etc)

3. Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH)

preventing microbial problems/cook food to high temps to kill microorganisms, however cooking can produce some toxic compounds

Preventing foodborne illness

proper preservation (canning, freezing)/proper cooking (esp. poultry, ground meat)/avoid cross-contamination (from dirt, barnyard, feces, or body cavity)/block infection via fecal oral route (especially viruses (norwalk, hep A, polio))/proper storage temp (prevent growth, prevent toxin production)

A food company's goal (financial)

provide a product that consumers like enough to buy repeatedly at a price consumers are willing to pay and provides a reasonable, profit margin/improve profits by cutting costs, raising the price, selling more

Its not fat, by itself

recent work suggests that the cals from fat should be raised back to 40% (satiety, so you eat less, different metabolism)/HFCS other fat replacement?/portion size (concept of size and proportion has changed)/sedentary or intense lifestyle

history of food: table manners

regional manner develop/roman and greeks ate while lying on their sides on the couch with their heads pointed toward the table

CHANGE: The Renaissance and the Fork

renaissance-a tradition of haute cuisine and elaborate table manners developed to distinguish the social elite during the renaissance/fork was introduced: italy and venice/diners had their own cup/shared plates/bones were no longer thrown to the floor/manners were moving towards cleanliness and manners

Food plant sanatarium and FSMA and HACCP

requires by law/HACCP (hazard analysis and critical control points) a systematic approach to food safety, identifies factors where lack of control could potentially result in an unacceptable health risk/FSMA (food safety and modernization act) PCQ1: a preventable approach to food safety

Botulism in Commercial Foods

salmon and garlic oil, very few food borne cases

Video Modern Day Manners

say grace, no clanking of glass, nice clothes, no singing or dancing, don't talk while chewing, no phones, different cultures observe different table manners even in present day

Restaurant food sanitation

smaller restaurants are not subject to the same laws as large commercial producers

Viruses

smallest pathogens (not counting prions), grow in the body (host), not food, catch these from food handlers)/genetic material (DNA or RNA covered by a protein coat (capsid))/not really alive/have no metabolism, no energy source, no metabolic waste, hijack the host's genetic and protein synthesis apparatus, force it to make more virus particles (virion) (only viral infections NO toxin)

Obesity in America

social issue (obesity related healthcare costs for preventable diseases)->tied to nutrition related chronic disease mortality and morality, economic burden to families, communities, and healthcare systems/sensitive issue->complex issue, fat shaming, bullying, etc./national issue->top 10 fattest nations in the world/global issue->outbreak, endemic, epidemic, pandemic

Why? Various Possibilities

some fat replacements are carbs, not necessarily low in cals/mouthfeel/thickening/control aw/trends toward larger servings/increased consumption of energy rich nutrient poor (ENRP) foods) (about 25% of cal intake in 1994)/increased sweetened drink consumption?/increased use of HFCS as a sweetener

Dr. John Harvey Kellogg (1852-1943)

staff physician of the Battle Creek Sanitarium or the San at age 24/considered a skilled surgeon, bowel obsessed quack/devoted to creating healthy food items for his patients/ardent advocate of vegetarianism and exercise/advocated low calorie diets and developed peanut butter, granola, and toasted flakes/exploited the Seventh Day Adventists as cheap labor/1894 after a patient broke her teeth on zwieback (hardtack) his brother william invented flaked cereal/william would eventually steal the kellogg company

James Caleb Jackson (1811-1895)

suffered with ill health until taking the "water cure" (hydropathy) based on the conduction of heat to or from the body by means of a water/trained to become a doctor and opened a hydropathic institute in cortland country, NY in 1847/our home on the hillsides (NY)/repeated graham's claims for whole wheat vegetarian diet->regulate GI system/credited with being the first to market "health foods"/sold "somo" as a coffee substitute/advocate of hydropathy "the water cure"-the healing properties of water/1863 the first to make breakfast cereals balked graham flour and water sold the product as "granula"

PSP

symptoms and treatments-> mild cases include tingling and numbness, paralysis, respiratory depression, circulatory failure/no antidote/treatment includes promotion of emesis, charcoal artificial respiration/cooking does NOT destroy the toxin (nausea ,vomiting, bloating, tingling around face and hands and respiratory arrest)

America's first health craze (1820-1830)

the american revolution-> lead to the disrupted trade with europe and ended the dominance of english patent medicine brands/cultural nationalism->american physicians sought to discover american herbs that could receive the sick/quack medicines and doctors sprung up/urbanization, industrialization, and commercialization->unprecedented array of foods to choose from, new methods of procurement and preparation/Food adulteration rampant->no federal laws for drug food protection

Dioxin

the bottom line is that it is a super toxin/can act as an acute toxin/can act as a long term chronic toxin

Radical Changes in the American Diet

the composition of the American diet has changed radically in a relatively short period of time (more calories, refined grains, added sugars, added fats, additives and colorants)/the reasons behind these trends are largely economic->foods rich in starches and sugars are the cheapest option for consumers/the highest rates of obesity and type 2 diabetes are found among groups with the highest poverty rates and the least education

detoxification mechanisms

the liver is the most important detoxification organ/can you build immunities? perhaps as homeopathic practices suggest/many references to ancient ways/when the liver is working well...the blood is kept clean->toxins in the bloodstream are purified by the liver (princess bride iocane powder is fictional)/iocane powder is notes as being one of the deadliest poisons to man, no one can build up immunity to it

the hamburger paradox: from pathogens to carcinogens

the longer you fry it we see production of carcinogenic compounds (after 2 mins)/high temps kill microorganisms/excessive heating if meat produces polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) aromatic refers to the way the double bonds are re-arranged, the most famous is benzo[a]pyrene/many of these are mutagens (many are possible in carcinogenic agents (group 2b or 3 carcinogens)/benzo[a]pyrene is a group 1 carcinogen (1ARC)/also present in cigarette smoke and coal tar

Compositions of Sweeteners

the most common sweeteners contain about the same amount of fructose (CS isn't very sweet), so most nutritive sweeteners are about the same, it's not HFCS itself that is the problem

Ebers Papyrus (1500 BC)

the oldest well preserved medical document from ancient Egyptian record dated from 1500 BC/contains 110 pages on anatomy and physiology, toxicology, spells, and treatment recorded on papyrus (800 formulas and explanations of production of toxins such as belladonna and opium alkaloids)

What is food toxicology?

the study of the adverse effects of poisons associated with foods in living organisms/deeply rooted int he history of human civilization

HACCP in the home: personal sanitation

the two most important sanitation protocols turn out to be wash your hands, and avoid cross contamination catties on cutting boards, knives, sponges, and hands (once a sponge or cloth is contaminated, it becomes an inoculation tool)

Food Exposure

there are about 300 million people in US/average yearly consumption/person >126lbs of potatoes, 95lbs veggies, 92lbs fresh fruit, 112lbs red meat, 233 lbs milk and cream (all this food must be produced, shipped, processed, packaged, stored, and prepared and kept safe)

toxicity vs. hazards

toxicity: the capacity of a substance to produce injury/hazard: probability injury will result from use of a substance on a prescribed quantity and manner ie. hazard includes levels or 'how much'/safety vs. hazard-a toxicologist often has to asses the question is this foos safe?->safety is the freedom from danger, injury or damage (very difficult to prove safety)/toxicologist make estimates of risk based upon exposure and the toxicity of a compound/hazard=exposure x toxicity

Measuring Hazards

toxicologists quantify toxic responses/indication of lethality or ability of a substance to produce death/LD50-a statistically determined value that represents the best estimation of the dose required to produce death in 50% of the organisms (animals) tested

Glycoalkaloids: Green Potato Poisoning

toxin: solanine/found in green potatoes/always present in the surface of the skin but at very low levels/higher levels present in new sprouts and eyes of potatoes/green=chlorophyll which indicates the potato was exposed to sunlight, sunlight increases he rate of formation of solanine (movie=vomiting/the international)

1. Glycoalkaloids

toxins from the plant genus solanacea->potatoes, tomatoes, eggplant, nightshade family/bottom line->solanine and chaconine are 2 toxins produced in potatoes can be toxic

E. Coli: The Chipotle Story

two outbreaks-> first outbreak: 55 people in 11 states got sick, with 21 hospitalizations (Washington state had highest number of cases)/second outbreak: 5 people in OK, KS, ND and one hospitalization/identified Australian beef as the source of contamination/CDC investigators were unable to determine source of infections

Charles W. Post

unsuccessfully treated the at the san (stayed for 9 months)/opened competing "mental health" clinic in battle creek, La Vita Inn/sold powdered molasses and bran as a coffee substitute "postum"/crumbled balked wheat and sold the crumbs as grape nuts/grape nuts-neither grapes nor nuts have ever been in cereal, the original formula called for malted barley and wheat/post claimed grape sugar (which is composed mostly of glucose unlike most other sugar and food sweeteners which are principally sucrose) was formed during the baking process/this combined with "nutty" flavor of the cereal inspired its name/grape-nuts was marketed as a national cereal that could enhance health and vitality, and also as a "brain food"/capitalized on religious imasery/postum->monks brew/original flaked cereal was sold as "elija's manna" changed the name to "post toasties" after various religious groups objected to the name

USDA 2010 changes

was to be in conjunction with new food pyramid (gave serving sizes) (consumers had no advice on portion sizes)

COVID 19 Preventative Care

wash hands for 20 seconds, avoid touching eyes, nose and mouth, clean objects, cover nose when sneezing, don't come to work if you are sick, 6 feet apart

Plants Produce Secondary Metabolites...

waste products, intermediate in metabolism, protective mechanism (capsaicin in peppers, cyanide toxic to humans)