FTCE Computer Science

Merge Sort

A list is split into individual lists, these are then combined (2 lists at a time).

assembly language

A low-level programming language that uses letters and numbers to represent machine language instructions

DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)

A network service that provides automatic assignment of IP addresses and other TCP /IP configuration information.

Polymorphism

Able to interpret message so it is understandable in different contexts

Developments in computing - System of Logic (1800s)

Ada Lovelace and George Boole

Binary Search Algorithm

An algorithm that searches for a target value in a SORTED list by checking at the midpoint and then repeatedly cutting the search section in half.

Two major categories of primitive data

Boolean and numeric

Features of K-12 Comp Sci Curriculum

Computer recognition, basic problem solving, and basic algorithm development

interpreter

Converts a program written in a higher level language into a lower level language ONE LINE AT A TIME

First mini-computer (1965)

DEC PDP-8

Hubs

DUMB, takes packets of data from one port and repeats it out to every other port (replaced by switches)

3rd Layer - Network Layer

Decides which physical path the data will take

2nd Layer - Data Link Layer

Defines the format of data on the network

Z3 computer

Developed by Nazis at the same time as the ABC

Well known first generation computer(s)

ENIAC

OLAP (Online analytical processing)

Enables rapid retrieval and analysis of data

6th Layer - Presentation Layer

Ensures that data is in a usable format and is where data encryption occurs

Advantages of Divide and Conquer

Excellent for complex issues, ideal for multiprocessor machines, more accurate results, not reliant on cache size

HFS+

Hierarchical File System developed for Mac OS

7th Layer - Application Layer

Human-computer interaction layer where applications can access the network services

Last mini-computer

IBM AS/400

Incremental Software Process Model

Lots of trial and error; simple trial before advancing

5th Layer - Session Layer

Maintains connections and is responsible for controlling ports and sessions

Earliest personal computers

Mark-8, MITS Altair 8800, Apple I

Switches

SMART, memorizes the MAC addresses of each connected device; controls the flow from one device to the correct device

Imperative Programming

Sequence of commands

Qualities of Bus Network

Simple; inexpensive; ideal for small, temporary networks; one malfunction brings it all down

Variable

Single location in memory; capable of storing one value

Recursion

Solving a larger problem by breaking it into smaller versions of the same problem(Fibonacci)

Casting (in Java)

When you assign a value of one primitive data type to another type

ADT (Abstract Data Type)

converts and presents information so users can understand it (stack, queue, string, etc.)

UNIVAC I (1951)

data stored on magnetic tape; extremely expensive, huge, lots of electricity

Flowchart - diamond

decision/condition

Bubble Sort

repeatedly compares pairs of adjacent elements and swaps positions if they are in the wrong order

Backtracking

retrieve instructions in reverse order from how they were entered (recursive tasks like undo)

Qualities of Star Network

increased speed; greater security, one malfunction doesn't affect all, install and repair are easy

Flowchart - parallelogram

input/output

ARCnet

older network cabling for LAN; obsolete, replaced with Ethernet cable

Fixed-Format Language

one in which all tokens must occur in predetermined locations on the page

Arpanet

packet switching to allow multiple computers to communicate on a single network (1960s)

Routine

procedure in programming

Flowchart - rectangle

process

Reports

process the data while forms don't

Object

program unit

Declarative Programming

programmer provides a description of a problem; solved by general problem solving algorithm

Imperative statements

programming steps

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)

provides reliable, ordered, and error-checked delivery of a stream of packets on the internet.

First generation computers

vacuum tubes; created for specific purposes with very little flexibility

Hollerith's Tabulating Machine

punched cards into a card reader

*

wild for one or more characters in a search

?

wild for only ONE character in a search

WWAN and WLAN

wireless

Insertion Sort Algorithm

- look at the second item in a list - compare it to all items before it and insert the item into the right place - repeat the second step for the rest of the items until the last item in the list has been inserted into the correct place

Iterative Software Process Model

Like incremental, but each version is rebuilt

Encapsulation

Limits access outside of program (private)

ISP (Internet Service Provider)

A company that provides customers access to the Internet.

compiler

A computer program created to read AN ENTIRE PROGRAM and convert it into a lower-level language and ultimately to assembly language used by the processor.

CSS (Cascading Style Sheets)

A feature added to HTML used for formatting, layout, and other design elements of a web page

Divide and Conquer

A program design strategy in which tasks are broken down into subtasks, which are broken down into sub-subtasks, and so on, until each piece is small enough to code comfortably. These pieces work together to accomplish the total job.

Selection Sort

A sort algorithm that repeatedly scans for the smallest item in the list and swaps it with the element at the current index.

procedural programming

Also called "imperative programming" and "structured programming"; uses a list of instructions to tell the computer what to do step-by-step; relies on procedures. Examples: Fortran, COBOL, C, etc.

Greedy Algorithm Design Paradigm

Always selects the locally (current problem only) optimal solution

Developments in computing - Early 1800s

Babbage's Difference Engine

BIOS

Basic Input/Output System; tells computer how to start up

FAT

File Allocation Table - one of the older types, but is supported by most operating systems

IBM 5100

First Portable computer (1975)

Hollerith's Tabulating Machine was the

First calculating machine to require electricity (used in the 1890 Census)

IDE

Integrated Development Environment

Fourth Generation Computer Examples

Intel, Motorola, Texas Instruments

NTFS

New Technology File System for Windows

Lean Software Development Model

No room for multi-tasking, focusing on what has to be done at the time

Features of College Comp Sci Curriculum

Numerous choices, advanced computer content, relevant themes, complete coverage

Waterfall Software Development Model

One direction; don't go back; One phase completed before starting the next

Qualities of Ring Network

One failure doesn't bring it all down; no server needed; slower; more expensive

Southbridge

Part of a motherboard chipset; handles all the inputs and outputs to the many devices in the PC.

MAC (Media Access Control)

Physical addresses that pertain to addresses of the network card

Agile Software Development Model

Product implementation is more important than design; better for changing requirements

Well known third generation computer(s)

RCA Spectra 70, IBM 360, DEC PDP-8, IBM AS/400

shell sort

Starts by sorting pairs of elements far apart from each other, then progressively reducing the gap between elements to be compared.

DNS (Domain Name System)

The Internet's system for converting alphabetic names into numeric IP addresses.

kernal

The part of the operating system that controls memory and file access

Northbridge

This chip forms an interface between the CPU, main memory, and other components

4th Layer - Transport Layer

Transmits data using transmission protocols including TCP and UDP

1st Layer - Physical Layer

Transmits raw bit stream over the physical medium

DevOps Model

Uses both agile and lean; developers and operations work together; updates are small but frequent

Routers

allow multiple networks to be linked across the internet; most have firewalls

Logic Error

an error in source code resulting in unexpected behavior

static variable

available to all instances of a class once it is declared

data

basic facts or values

Linked List

best technique for storing a dynamic list of names; pointers used to link location for storing

Contiguous list

best technique for storing a static list of names

Decomposition

breaking down complex problems into smaller, more manageable chunks

recursive function

calls itself repeatedly to solve a computing problem

Modifications

changes to the actual curriculum

Java string is an object and a(n)

class

link

combining libraries

RAM (Random Access Memory)

computer's main memory; stored data accessed in any order

Declarative statements

define terms in the program to be used later

Scope

defines sections of a program in which variables exist

Fault tolerance

describes a system that can continue to function even in the event of individual component failures

Visual Basic

designed to teach programming

==

does not assign a value

Syntax error

error in source code

Runtime error

error that occurs while program is running

tree, lists, arrays, queues

examples of a composite data type (more than one primitive data type)

UNIVAC was the

first commercially successful computer

ABC (Atanasoff-Berry Computer)

first to use binary and vacuum tubes instead of switches

Spiral Model

flexible; typically used for large projects; broken into four phases

Real Data Type

float, double (decimals)

Third generation computers

integrated circuit; smaller chip, greater efficiency

Grace Hopper

invented the first compiler in 1952 Lead team that invented COBOL in 1961

Logarithmic computational complexity

items in the data set are processed once, but some are processed twice

Control Statement

manages the sequence of program execution

Napier's Bones

manual calculator created after the abacus

Overloaded (methods in Java)

methods that perform different actions but have the same name; same methods with different arguments

Fourth generation computers

microprocessor; smaller, more powerful, less expensive

Requirements Specifications

most important part of system development

Sequential (Linear Search)

search the starts from the first item in order until either the item is found or it reaches the end (search is very slow)

Structured Programming

seeks to make the most efficient, accurate, and readable use of control statements

Instance

single object in a class

RAM determines location by

size of the record

Flowchart - oval

start and end points

HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)

the predominant language used to create/build web pages

Overridden (methods in Java)

the same method with the same parameters but in different classes

Second Generation Computers

transistors replaced vacuum tubes as switches; contained compilers for English style commands

Class

type of object

RJ-45

used by 8 wire systems

IBM's Harvard Mark I

used decimals instead of binary