Fundamentals of Nursing P&P Chapter 11

What is Freud's Psychoanalytical model of personality development?

states that individuals go through five stages of psychosexual development and that each stage is characterized by sexual pleasure in parts of the body: the mouth, the anus, and the genitals

Havinghurst's theory incorporates three primary sources for developmental tasks:

tasks that surface because of physical maturation, tasks that evolve from personal values, and tasks that are a result of pressures from society

How is Autonomy vs. Sense of Shame and Doubt (1 to 3 Years) best described?

A toddler develops his or her autonomy by making choices. Choices typical for the toddler age-group include activities related to relationships, desires, and playthings. Limiting choices and/or enacting harsh punishment leads to feelings of shame and doubt.

Define Stage 3: Phallic or Oedipal (3 to 6 Years) of Freud's model

The genital organs are the focus of pleasure during this stage. By the end of this stage the child attempts to reduce this conflict by identifying with the parent of the same sex as a way to win recognition and acceptance.

According to Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development, how does a person in the postconventional stage think?

The person starts to look at what an ideal society would be like.

William Perry determined that adolescents exhibit cognitive flexibility. Which finding led to this conclusion?

Adolescents who accepted only one explanation recognized that alternative explanations are possible.

Where is the focus of pleasure in stage 2 of Freud's development model?

Anal (12 to 18 Months to 3 Years).

Which of the following are examples of the conventional reasoning form of cognitive development?

- A young father is considering whether or not to return to school for a graduate degree. He considers the impact the time commitment may have on the needs of his wife and infant son. - A 35-year-old woman is speaking with you about her recent diagnosis of a chronic illness. She is concerned about her treatment options in relation to her ability to continue to care for her family. As she considers the options and alternatives, she incorporates information, her values, and emotions to decide which plan will be the best fit for her.

A 17-year-old juvenile offender has sustained a fracture of the arm while fighting with his colleagues. The adolescent misbehaved with the nurse who was dressing the postsurgical wound. How is the adolescent's behavior explained, according to Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

- Adolescents exhibit risk-taking behaviors. - Adolescents are egocentric. - Adolescents feel that they are invulnerable.

A mother approaches a primary health care provider with a 5-year-old child of a short stature suffering from pneumonia. How will the nurse make use of Gesell's theory of development in understanding the reasons why the girl may have a short stature?

- Genes affect the growth rate. - Poor nutrition can hamper the growth rate. - Chronic diseases can hamper the growth rate.

Which of the following activities are examples of the use of activity theory in older adults?

- Introducing golf as a new hobby - Engaging an older adult in a community project with a short-term goal - Teaching an older adult how to use e-mail to communicate with a grandchild who lives in another state

The nurse is caring for a young adult patient. The nurse understands that the patient is in Erikson's intimacy versus isolation stage. What characteristics of this stage is the nurse likely to find in the patient?

- The capacity to love others - The capacity to care for others - The search for meaningful friendships

The nurse is assessing an 8-year-old patient. According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, what would be the characteristics of this patient?

- The child learns to work and play with peers. - The child thrives on accomplishments and praise.

The nurse finds that a patient is in the integrity-versus-despair stage of Erikson's eight stages. Which patient response indicates the patient has not mastered this stage?

- The patient states she is a failure in her life. - The patient states she regrets her life because she did not achieve her goals.

What is the proper order by age progression for the stages of Freud's psychosexual development? 1. Phallic 2. Latent 3. Oral 4. Genital 5. Anal

3, 5, 1, 2, 4

According to theories related to temperament, which example would be considered a difficult child?

A child who is irregular in habits

The nurse is aware that preschoolers often display a developmental characteristic that makes them treat dolls or stuffed animals as if they have thoughts and feelings. This is an example of:

Animism

Define Initiative and Guilt in Eriksons model? What age group is this?

Children like to pretend and try out new roles. Fantasy and imagination allow them to further explore their environment. Conflicts often occur between a child's desire to explore and the limits placed on his or her behavior. These conflicts sometimes lead to feelings of frustration and guilt. Guilt also occurs if a caregiver's responses are too harsh. - Preschoolers

A wealthy patient living in a city informs an attending nurse that he lost his wife and children due to an accident. He feels emptiness in his life. According to Havighurst's theory, what should the nurse advise this patient to do?

Encourage the patient to become actively involved in society and lead an active life.

You are caring for a recently retired man who appears withdrawn and says he is "bored with life." Applying the work of Havinghurst, you would help this individual find meaning in life by:

Encouraging him to explore new roles.

An 18-month-old child is noted by the parents to be "angry" about any change in routine. This child's temperament is most likely to be described as:

Difficult

Nine-year-old Brian has a difficult time making friends at school and being chosen to play on the team. He also has trouble completing his homework and, as a result, receives little positive feedback from his parents or teacher. According to Erikson's theory, failure at this stage of development results in:

Feelings of inferiority

A 13-year-old female patient is preoccupied with her appearance and image in her school. According to Erikson's theory, in which stage is this patient?

Identity versus role confusion

In this stage, adolescents are preoccupied with their appearance and body image...

Identity versus role confusion

Allison, age 15 years, calls her best friend Laura and is crying. She has a date with John, someone she has been hoping to date for months, but now she has a pimple on her forehead. Laura firmly believes that John and everyone else will notice the blemish right away. This is an example of the:

Imaginary audience

The nurse teaches parents how to have their children learn impulse control and cooperative behaviors. This would be during which of Erikson's stages of development?

Initiative versus guilt

According to Sigmund Freud, what is the role of ego in a person's development?

It helps a person to regulate one's impulses.

Dave reports being happy and satisfied with his life. What do we know about him?

It is difficult to determine Dave's developmental stage since most people report overall satisfaction with their lives in all stages.

What is stage 4 of Freud's developmental model?

Latency (6 to 12 Years).

What are Lawrence Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development.

Level I: Preconventional Reasoning - Stage 1: Punishment and Obedience Orientation. - Stage 2: Instrumental Relativist Orientation. Level II: Conventional Reasoning. - Stage 3: Good Boy-Nice Girl Orientation - Stage 4: Society-Maintaining Orientation. Level III: Postconventional Reasoning. - Stage 5: Social Contract Orientation. - Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principle Orientation.

While communicating with a child, the nurse finds that the child attempts to gain approval by being good. In which developmental stage does the child belong, according to Kohlberg's developmental theory?

Middle childhood

When Ryan was 3 months old, he had a toy train; when his view of the train was blocked, he did not search for it. Now that he is 9 months old, he looks for it, reflecting the presence of:

Object permanence.

A girl fantasizes about her father as her love interest. According to Freud's psychoanalytical model of personality development, what is this stage of development?

Oedipal

When preparing a 4-year-old child for a procedure, which method is developmentally most appropriate for the nurse to use?

Preparing the child through play with a doll and toy medical equipment

Which age group is referred to as the phallic stage according to Freud's developmental theory?

Preschooler

The nurse works in a pediatric unit. What is true of children between 6 and 12 years of age, according to Freud's psychoanalytical model of personality?

Repressed sexual urges are channeled into productive activities.

Elizabeth, who is having unprotected sex with her boyfriend, comments to her friends, "Did you hear about Kathy? You know, she fools around so much; I heard she was pregnant. That would never happen to me!" This is an example of adolescent:

Sense of Invulnerability

When a 7-year-old child is asked to choose between two different sizes of cups of ice cream, the child takes the large cup with four small scoops of ice cream rather than the small cup with a single large scoop of ice cream. The small cup is totally filled with ice cream, and the large cup is half filled. According to Piaget's theory, what ability has influenced the child's decision?

Seriation

"Sucking and oral satisfaction are not only vital to life but also extremely pleasurable in their own rights" defines what stage of Freud's development method?

Stage 1: Oral (Birth to 12 to 18 Months).

What is the first stage in Erikson's model?

Stage 1: Trust v. Mistrust (Birth to 1 year)

According to Sigmund Freud's theory of development, at which stage does a child start identifying with the parent of the same sex?

Stage 3 (phallic stage)

What is the last stage of Freud's developmental model?

Stage 5: Genital (Puberty Through Adulthood).

According to Piaget's cognitive theory, a 12-year-old child is most likely to engage in which of the following activities?

Writing a story about a clown who wants to leave the circus

Who is Erik Erikson

constructed a theory of development that emphasize a person's relationship to family and culture

Middle-aged people feel that they are unable to play a role in the development of the next generation...

generatively versus self absorption and stagnation

Define Biophysical development

how our physical bodies grow and change

Life Span Approach View

individual's personal circumstances (health and family support), how a person views and adjusts to changes, and the current social and historical context in which an individual is living

In this stage, the child usually learns to play and work with his or her peers. The child is encouraged by accomplishments and praise

industry-versus-inferiority stage

A time when many older adults review their lives with a sense of either satisfaction or failure...

integrity versus despair

The need for an intimate relationship with another person is seen in the stage of...

intimacy versus isolation

According to Kohlberg, a person finds a balance between basic human rights and societal rules in the level of...

post conventional reasoning stage