Fundamentals of Sleep Technology (Exam 1 Study Guide)
Sawtooth waves define which Stage of sleep:
can be seen in stage R but not a requirement
Maximal region of the brain for Vertex Sharp Waves:
central
Sawtooth waves are Maximal over which region of the brain?
central
Sleep Spindles are Maximal over which Region of the Brain?
central
Theta waves are Maximal over which region of the brain:
central
Define a Capacitor
component capable of storing energy.
EEG waveforms expressed in time could be referred to in what terms:
duration, frequency, hertz, and cycles per second
Alpha waves are Maximal over which region of the brain?
frontal
Delta waves are Maximal over what region of the brain?
frontal
K-Complexes are Maximal over which Region of the Brain?
frontal
Amplitude refers to:
height of the signal (or wave)/index of voltage
Sensitivity effects:
height/amplitude
Define a Baseline
horizontal "center" of the channel.
Define Cycles per second
how many times the waves cycle per second.
Convert pounds to Kg and/or Kg to lbs:
lbs / 2.205 = kg | kg x 2.205 = lbs
43. What is often the result of stray inductance?
leakage current
Define a Conductor
material that easily "gives up" electrons.
Vertex Sharp Waves define which stage of sleep?
may be seen at the end of N1 but not a requirement
How to figure mean:
mean is an average, so add all items together and divide by the number of items
Amplitude Criteria for Vertex Sharp Waves
n/a
Amplitude Criteria of Sawtooth waves:
n/a
Amplitude criteria for Alpha Waves:
n/a
Amplitude criteria for Beta Waves:
n/a
Amplitude criteria of K-Complexes
n/a
Amplitude criteria of Sleep Spindles
n/a
Amplitude criteria of Theta Waves
n/a
Theta Waves Define what Stage of sleep?
n/a
Alpha waves Define which stage of sleep?
n/a; however, but can be seen during sleep as the result of: some medications (ex: benzodiazepines and barbiturates)
Define Obstructive Apnea:
no oral or nasal airflow despite respiratory effort continuing
Define Central Apnea:
no oral or nasal airflow; no respiratory effort; brain doesn't send signal
Alpha waves are Maximal over which region of the brain?
occipital
Morphology of a Sawtooth wave:
often serrated, sharply contoured or triangular
Define a Resistor
opposes (resists) the flow of electrons.
Amplifier gain effects:
output amplitude (like using a magnifying glass)
Define Sensitivity
represents the microvolts (μV) of input signal required to produce a 1mm deflection, i.e. movement of the pin.
Morphology of Vertex Sharp Waves:
sharply contoured with a duration <0.5 seconds
What is the best conductor for recording biopotentials?
silver
45. Why should an extension cord never be used for a PSG acquisition?
takes the safety of the ground away --can cause leakage current
Define a Montage
the arrangements of a set of derivations; a listing of recording channels in series, i.e. what is being recorded on each channel.
Define a Circuit
the conducting pathway of flow.
Define Voltage
the electrical "push" within a circuit.
Define Hertz (Hz)
the number of cycles completed in 1 second. Unit for frequency.
Define Morphology
the shape of a wave.
44. What can excessive leakage current do to the equipment ground?
they can cause the ground to fail in preventing a fatal accident
Define apnea:
total cessation of airflow for at least 10 seconds
Morphology of Sleep Spindles:
trains greater than 0.5 seconds in duration
If the sensitivity settings used during recording is known, and the amplitude of a particular waveform is measured, which of the following can be determined about the input signal?
voltage
The electrical "push" within a circuit defines what?
voltage
Frequency of K-Complexes
≥ 0.5 seconds
Frequency of Beta Waves:
+13 Hz or 15-30 Hz
Frequency of Sleep Spindles:
-- 11-16 Hz (by definition) -- most commonly in trains of 12-14 Hz
Frequency of Theta waves:
-- 3-7 Hz (by definition) -- 4-7 Hz (usually)
In standard wiring, what do the following color of wire represent? Black: White: Green:
-- Black: "hot" wire (black for death) -- White: neutral (returns to the transformer) -- Green: carries return current to the building (earth) ground
Define Deflection
-- an index of voltage; height of a signal. -- Movement of the pin as a result of the voltage divided by the sensitivity.
46. What can be done that will minimize the likelihood of a leakage current fault or ground loop?
-- use outlets in the same cluster to ensure they are on the same circuit -- use only 1 ground electrode on the patient -- have equipment and outlet ground tested on a regular basis
Alpha waves define what Stage of sleep?
-- wake—eyes closed -- person is relaxed
1 μV = ____ V
0.000001 V
31. Convert 1 μV to V:
0.000001 V
32. Convert 1 Ω to K Ω:
0.001 KΩ
1 mV = ___ V
0.001 V
Convert 1 mV to V:
0.001 V
Frequency of Delta Waves:
0.5-2 Hz
Convert inches to centimeters: 1 inch = ___ cm
1 inch = 2.54 cm (inches x 2.54 = cm | cm / 2.54 = inches)
Convert L to ml: 1 L = ___ ml
1000 ml
Frequency of Sawtooth Waves:
2-6 Hz
If a patient has 210 apneas during a sleep study and the patient slept 510 minutes (8.5 hours), what is the apnea index?
24.71 TE / TIME IN MINUTES x 60 = APNEA INDEX OR TE / TIME IN HOURS = APNEA INDEX
If input voltage at G1 is 50 μV and the input at G2 is -20 μV, what is the output voltage?
70 (G1-G2) (EQUATION: 50 - -20 = 70 OR (50 + 20 = 70)
Frequency of Alpha Waves:
8-13Hz
Frequency of Vertex Sharp Waves:
<0.5
Amplitude criteria of Delta Waves:
>75μV
What is Common Mode Rejection?
A component in the differential amplifier that attenuates identical signals recorded at both electrodes in a derivation.
What is the High Frequency Filter?
A filter that attenuates High Frequency waves above a set cut-off frequency.
41. What is the Low Frequency Filter?
A filter that attenuates Low Frequency waves below a set cut-off frequency.
What is the function on an impedance meter?
A machine that safely assess the election conduction between an electrode and the skin
What is a differential amplifier?
An amplifier designed to amplify signals that are different in voltage and polarity
What effect will amplifier filters have on signals with a frequency that approaches, reaches, and surpasses its set limits?
At set cut-off frequencies, progressively attenuates the signal.
How is a DC current generated? How many directions does it flow?
By placing 2 dissimilar metals in a conductive solution. DC currents flow in one direction only. (Note: electron current flows from - to +)
What relationship does it have with the LFF?
Decay time constant and LFF have a nonlinear, inverse relationship.
What is the formula for Ohm's law?
E = voltage | I = Current | R = Resistance E = I x R I = E/R R = E/I
What is an AC current? How many directions does it flow?
Electrical energy that flows in one direction and then the other. Flows in two directions.
Frequency
Hertz or the numbers of cycles per second. (how time is expressed in EEGs.)
Define Duration
How long does the signal last (usually in seconds for PSG).
What is the symbol for the following: Millionth: Thousandth: Hundredth: Tenth: Hundreds: Thousands: Millions:
Millionth: μ Thousandth: m Hundredth: c Tenth: d or da Hundreds: h Thousands: K Millions: M
K-Complexes Define which stage of sleep?
N2
Sleep Spindles Define which stage of sleep?
N2
Delta Waves Define what Stage of sleep?
N3
What kind of relationship does the Rise Time Constant have with the HFF?
Rise Time Constants have a direct relationship with HFF.
What term does the following represent? S = V = D =
S = sensitivity V = voltage D = deflection
What is the formula to figure S?
S=V/D
What is the formula to figure V?
SD = V
What does the unit Voltage (V) reflect the measure of?
The basic unit of force (EMF)
What is Rise Time Constant?
The time it takes for a square wave to reach 63% of its full deflection
What is Fall (Decay) Time Constant?
The time it takes for a square wave to return to 37% of its original amplitude.
What is the formula to figure D?
V/S = D
Background EEG frequency pattern for the following: Wake eyes open: Wake; eyes closed: N1: N2: N3: Stage R:
Wake eyes open: LVMF Wake; eyes closed: alpha N1: LVMF N2: LVMF N3: delta waves Stage R: LVMF
Defined Mixed Apnea:
a combination of OSA and Central Apnea
Morphology of K-complexes:
a sharp negative deflection followed by a slower positive component
Define an Insulator
an extremely good resister.
