Future of your tv
Pierre Bourdieu's field theory
The social world is structured into fields or arenas of life, such as education, art, the economy, sports etc. All fields are autonomous, but influenced by the operations of the field of power.
Grammar
The ways in which different material and media products are put together, the type of sequence they follow, and the relationships between them
Traditional product placement
In a scene or story line of a movie. ❖ In entertainment programming, ❖ In sports-themed content ❖ In books, music
Global advertising
Traget is the world and multinational firms like Sony and Disney
Product placement
a marketing promotion strategy. Appears often in the sports industry. Common in TV and video games.
Boyd's four analytical categories of audience
o Intended audience o Addressed audience o Empirical audience o Potential audience
Producer-driven chain
❖ power is held by final-product manufacturers and is characteristic of capital-, technology- or skill-intensive industries. ❖ They source their products from a global network of suppliers in cost-effective locations to make their goods.
Buyer-driven chain
❖ retailers and marketers of final products exert the most power through their ability to shape mass consumption via dominant market shares and strong brand names.
Tv Duopolies
A licensee of one station in a market could acquire another station in the same market so long as, at the time of acquisition, at least one of the stations was not ranked among the top four stations in the market common ownership of more than one TV station in a given market). 175 TV station duopolies in the 210 TV markets in the US (FCC, 2014) 15% increase in commercial TV and 33% decrease in number of owners (1996-2010)
History of Reality TV (Late 1990s and early 2000s)
A new hybrid format created gameshows mixed news, documentary, soap opera, gameshows and sports to create a successful format that could be sold around the world.
Reality TV
A phenomenon in the sense that it is part of a social (political and cultural) and media matrix. Reality TV is a nodal point at which different discourses within and outside television culture have temporarily come together in an unstable conjunction (Bignell, 2005) A container for a range of diverse programs, series, formats and events in which elements of documentary, talent shows, gameshows, talkshows, soap operas, melodramas and sports mix together to produce sub-genres. Contain participants who are performing as themselves in recognizable social roles (or real world place), such as parent or airline worker (A very British Airlines, Duck Dynasty, Cops).
Superiority Theory (Thomas Hobbes)
A tactic employed by those with little power, who mock others in order to assert and demonstrate their dominance o Those who have some quite obvious defect (e.g., being lame, blind in one eye, or hunch-backed) or who have received some public insult, are observed to be inclined to derision o Use humor to point out that everyone else is as flawed as them.
online advertisement
Accounts for 25% of overall media consumption (2011) Double-digit yearly growth Search and display are two major formats of online advertising (83%) Oligopoly Pay-per-view (PPV) & cost-per-impression (CPM)
Consequence of the lift
Allows communications firms to replace the net neutrality with a tiered system that would prioritize certain types of traffic for those able to pay. Consumers either pay for premium services or accept a degraded service. Large, well-established content providers will be favored over the new entrant to the market Internet providers can manage their network as they see fit Block or reduce access speed to certain web pages, online services, and all kinds of applications.
Integration
Also known as concentration More media are owned by the same owners Vertical integration o Same group of producers across different phases of the production system Horizontal integration o Multiple producers of similar products for part of an integrated media corporation
Tv audience rating
An indicator of the popularity of programs A factor influencing the revenue of broadcast station via advertisement. Nielsen TV rating
The relief theory
Argues that comedy and laughter fulfil a vital role within with individual's psyche in allowing repressed thoughts and ideas to be expressed in a manner less problematic than might otherwise occur. Jokes on matters such as sex, death, disability, and violence resulting from the fact that civilized societies place significant barriers on discussion of these topics, even though they are ones central to the daily life. Humor is a tool for serving the purpose of exposure, allowing people to say rude, offensive, and violent things, which shows no threaten while simultaneously allowing their expression.
Network neutrality
Based on the principle that internet service providers (ISPs) are to treat all web traffic equally, regardless of content type or origin, for whatever data is passing from content providers to end users. No lawful content should be blocked Infrastructure should not be controlled to preferentially deal with any kind of data. Boost the plurality of the internet Assure that everyone has a right to free and open access. Telecommunication companies should not be the "gate-keepers" of the internet and force users to pay for premium service.
Commodification
o The transformation of use value (what we use a thing or product for) into exchange value (what we get by selling or exchanging this product) o Profit is prioritized over quality, ethics, and fairness. o Results of liberal regulations over media practices, leaving free market and competition to guide the industry
Media formats/ genres
the rules for defining, selecting, organizing and recognizing information
American tv market
The broadcasting & cable TV market consists of all terrestrial, cable, and satellite broadcaster of digital and analog television programming. Revenues generated by broadcasters through advertising, subscriptions, or public funds (TV licenses, general taxation, or donations).
History of tv (1940s and 1950s)
The end of 1940s and the mid of 1950s, the television program was live drama shows NBC first TV show: Double Door Fast development during 1950s, still as the live drama show In 1956, video cassette tape was introduced so live show can be recorded (CBS)
Diversification
The expansion of media corporations across other industries, through mergers and acquisitions. (e.g., Vivendi)
History of Reality TV (2010s)
The formation of the factual entertainment mix Attract a double demographic Appear in other countries as a format The idea of reality star (Rob Kardashian)
Internationalization
The increasing expansion of media corporation in other countries through export and investment Globalization vs. Glocalization
Superiority theory (plato)
The oldest of the three Humor Theories, dating back to Plato. Proposes that people laugh when they feel a kind of superiority, particularly over other people. Laughter is one person's pleasure at the misfortunes for those around him and humor is a 'sort of abuse" Laugh 'at' a subject rather than 'with' one
Theory of mediation
The process of media production plays a crucial, albeit non-determining, role in mediating diversity in real life. Media production process is influenced by social, political, and economic context.
History of Reality TV (1990s)
The term was in reference to police and emergence services series or MTV's The Real World in the late 1980s and 1990s Camcorder generation (1st half of 1990s in USA) Docusoaps (2nd half of 1990s in the UK) 1990s witnessed the global success of reality entertainment formats such as Big Brother and Survivor
Content
Transform the private space of the home o Extreme Makeover, Home Edition, Trading Spaces, While You Were Out. Transform the body o Extreme Makeovers, The Swan, I Want a Famous Face Transform the dynamics of the intimate familial relations o Supernanny, Wife Swap Transform ordinary persons into celebrities and celebrities into ordinary person. o I want to be a Hilton, The Osbournes, Simple Life Perform a total overhaul of consumer lifestyle o Queer Eye For the Straight Guy, Queer Eye For the Straight Girl, Pimp My Ride
Liberal Model
USA, Ireland, the UK Dominance of commercial media States regulation is relatively absent
Entertainment value of reality tv
Value produced from the content. Economic value as international entertainment (Idols, Voice) Aesthetic value as live entertainment for cross-media content Cultural value (Haunted, X Factor, Survivor) Social value
Elements involved in Reality TV
Voice-over narrative Testimony from people involved Where the camera was stationed Surviving victim looking back Interview with friends and family Accidental eyewitness Police or rescue workers Repetition and slow motion Commercial branding
Regularity
initial shaming of the pre-made-over "ugly" subject moments for surveillance by audiences and experts subjects pledge that they will put themselves fully in the hands of the authorities the actual work of the transformation the mandatory "shock and awe" of reveals, the euphoria of the new- and-improved subject and satisfied experts.
Active theory
suggests that audiences are using media to satisfy their needs with a critical mind (esp. new media) Two step flow (Paul Lazarsfeld et al., 1944) Reception theory (Hans-Robert Jauss, 1960s) Uses and gratification theory Stuart Hall's models of engagement o Dominant/hegemonic: identify and receive the codes in an unquestioning manner o Negotiated: negotiate in the image and receive the dominant meaning o Oppositional: disagree/reject
Common themes of makeover tv
when confronted with the visible evidence of humiliating neglect, makeover subjects side with the values of the shows mandatory "big reveal" that showcases the work of doctors, style gurus, fitness coaches, dog whisperers, nannies, or mechanics.
Altheide and Snow's media logic
*Altheide and Snow's media logic is the specific way in which the media address and intervene in public debates. *The assumption and process that inform the production of media outputs within particular media/influences the way media affect and reproduce the world and interact with socio-economic system to define the media production process
Industrial Advertising
Issued by manufacturers or distributors to buyers of industrial products. Machinery, equipment, industrial intermediates, parts, and components
Advertisement
Marketing operation is guided by its market plan. *4 Ps ( Edmund Jerome McCarthy) *Nature and price of product *Channels of distribution *Promotional activities
Concept of mediatization
Media has ability to bridge here and there, and now and then or linking time and space, providing new configurations and dimensions for diversity. Media engage cultural diversity within codes, formats, and symbols to reproduce the dominant ideas and opinions. Cultural diversity is given air time only when it makes economic sense
Media Production
Media have developed a set of distinct operations, functions, and characteristics which subsequently feed into the social world
Purpose of advertisement
Pre-sell the consumer goods to present and potential customers. Informs unknown prospects of industrial products to salesman in the field and customers. Used in non-commercial social cause(family planning). Used in political campaign
Competitive advertising (persuasive ads)
Product category is established, and there is need for specific product brand
Professional Advertising
Products that consumers are not responsible for. Manufacturers to decision-makers or professional people (pharmacists, architects, civil engineers, contractors)
Retentive advertising (reminder-oriented ads)
Remind about the product to sustain consumer loyalty
Big players in America
Comcast, Time Warner Inc., Viacom, The Walter Disney Company
Production stage
Shooting phase (Four to ten days)
Local advertising
Target is state or regions, business at inception and pre-test for national advertising
National advertising
Target is the entire country, use national media(Established factories)
Consumer Advertising
Consumer products for personal or household's use. Issued to buyers and consumers
Culture
Culture refers to the total way of life of particular groups of people. It includes everything that a group of people thinks, says, and does and makes—its systems of attitudes and feelings (Kohls, 1996).
Pre-prodction stage
Decision on script, cast, sets, etc. (Generally takes from one to three weeks)
Post-production stage
Editing, dubbing, special effects, and superimpositions.
Converged ownership between internet and conventional tv
Example: Time-Warner AOL merger in 2001 approved by FCC
Trade Advertising
From manufacturers to distribution channel members(wholesalers, retailers). Motivate the distribution channels to stock more or attack new retail outlets.
Product life cycle
From research by Ted Levitt in early 1960s. Used to plan the introduction of new products and develop customer relationship management. Every product has a life period, it is developed, it is launched or introduced, it grows, it reaches maturity or saturation, and at some point begins to decline in sales, and eventually may die
TV Commercials
The advertising message that is carried in a time span of 10-, 30-, or 60-seconds. Audio parts and video parts. One-way communication. Entertainment value. TV sells advertising time in terms of 10-second spots or its multiples. Free Commercial Time (FCT) comes along with sponsored programs (infomercials, product placement).
Media
The cultural industries and the channels of communication that produce and distribute songs, novels, newspapers, movies, Internet services, and other cultural products to large numbers of people.
Communication
The process of creating symbol systems that convey information and meaning (language, Morse code, computer code, pictures)
Pioneering advertising (informative ads)
The product category is introduced for the first time
Consequences of the lift (2)
Big-name ISP like AT&T, Verizon, Charter Communications and Comcast will not ask their users for permission to collect, share or sell their data ISP can collect information on what its users watch on cable TV and what they stream. Hacking incidents no longer need to be reported to consumers Bypassing consumer consent will enable more unconstitutional mass government surveillance. Discriminatory advertising practices
Socio- economic system
Capitalism is the dominant form across globe Different countries follow different path in adjusting to capitalism In turn influences the regulation system in different country
Values
Carrying complex cultural origins such as American expansion, evangelicalism, and immigration. Reinvention Makeover TV also carries the gendered (femininity and masculinity), racialized, and sexualized notions of self-realization, consumption, power, and pleasure. o Femininity refers to a set of attitudes, characteristics, and behaviors that are considered typical of or appropriate to the female sex in a given culture. o the meanings of femininity and masculinity vary greatly from one society to another, within any society over time, within each individual over time, and among different individuals in one group at one point in time.
Sitcom characteristics
Cottage industry made by small group of people and without the investment and return seen in other area of TV Events and stories are mainly domestic and stock social situations Small budget Entertainment as an alternative to work, education, and other serious topics. Lack of artistry in the genre Pursues a repetitive set of aesthetics and ideologies for decades Lack of pomposity (short-term and disposable) Social value Millions of audiences High complexity carried by the appearance of simplicity Deals with serious subjects with 'frivolity' (M*A*S*H, The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin) differ in different countries in response to local cultural contexts
Media Literacy
Critical process: knowledgeable interpretation and judgement attaining media literacy Tolerant approach: appreciating the distinctive variety of cultural products and processes Cynical approach
Makeover tv
Distinctive subgenre of reality TV Featuring individual and national transformation and advancement Promises to make subjects more truly themselves by making them look, dress, decorate, and desire as others.
Consequences
Distorts advertising rates, forcing small, independent outlets to quit or change their formats—resulting in less diversity in music, news, and minority affairs programming • The interest of self-promotion means less critical coverage of the media industry News content shifts to infotainment formats o entertainment focus of owners o economic efficiencies of soft news o realityprogramming o human interest features o news is regarded less as a public service commitment or a prestige builder o Innovation in packaging and branding disguises declining information diversity and content distinctiveness.
audience segmentation
Ever-increasing number of media outlets fragmented audiences into smaller groups. Users have more control over when media are delivered through 'nonlinear' system, such as video on demand (VOD) Smartphone gives users control over where they use media The media consumption pattern changed from group activities to individual activities.
Threats to the traditional tv industry
Film, PCs, and video games are considered as potential substitutes, especially among younger segments of society. Increase on the alternative entertainment forms will impact on viewing figures and advertising revenue. Trend of downloading and streaming content through the internet TV advertisement is more expensive than those in the internet, radio, and game advertising. Strong rise in the sales of Smart TV An expected increase of substitutes like Netflix.
The role of laughter
Functions as an aural sign of assent The noise of laughter is to support the content of a joke Represents social agreement on appropriate comic targets. Making the content obviously, unarguably funny.
American TV geography
Global market consists of North America, South America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Middle East, South Africa, and Nigeria. North America consists of Canada, Mexico, and the United States. The U.S. is the largest global market for broadcasting and cable TV due to the investment in content and popularity of this content abroad. The U.S. accounts for 95% of the revenue generated by the North American market
Reality Tv audience
In 1990s, audiences as dumb or as voyeurs. 2000s and onward, studies on discourses of audience, voting revenues, ratings data, and representation of people within the media. Audience as interpretations of reality TV based on gender, class, nations, and mediation of reality. Audiences as consumers, participants, and performers The low cultural value attributed to reality television brings about guilty engagement.
The Incongruity theory
Incongruity between a concept and the real object Laughter comes from the surprise of confounded expectations and is the oral expression of such surprise. Assumption is that viewers understand how things are meant to be. Incongruity is employed in comedy, horror movies, and any narrative with a 'twist in the tale' to create 'surprise' among audience.
History of Reality TV (2000s)
Interactive formats that recruit public votes for each media event (The X Factor ), and pre-recorded formats that mobilize audience attention and public debate through the scheduling of the series (MasterChef) o Utilize all kinds of cross-media content. o link to votes via telephones, mobiles and second screens, audience interaction via live events and social media, and public debate on radio, and in newspapers and magazines (I am a celebrity, The X Factor, The Apprentice)
Internet privacy law
Introduced in 2016 Protecting the privacy of customers of broadband and other telecommunication services ISP must obtain permission from users before harvesting personal data and selling it to advertisers or other third-party entities Requires ISPs to adopt security practices to help prevent large-scale data breaches, and to notify users, FCC, and FBI in cases of a major hack.
Radio (Pioneering figures)
James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) Heinrich Rudolf Hertz (1857-1894) Guglielmo Marconi Alexander Popov Lee de Forest
History of tv (1960s)
Live show was gradually out of the practice
Shared Service Agreement
Local News Sharing agreements (LNS) o multiple stations that pool and share journalists, editors, equipment, and content. Joint Sales Agreements (JSA) o a licensed station sells some or all of its advertising time to another station in return for a fee or a percentage of the revenues. Local Marketing Agreement (LMA) o the owners of one station take over the operation of another station, including programming and advertising
Culture and media
Media is part of culture, along with other elements, such as fashion, sports, architecture, education, religion, and science. Culture is represented/communicated in media. Media has an impact on cultural evolvement and vice versa.
Media under capitalism society
Media operates in conditions of globalized capitalism Media production is primarily profit-driven More power and control of the media are in the hands of few large corporations across borders
Audience and market
Media organization's viability depends on the sales of audiences to advertisers Revenue = Sales of audience to advertisers + sales of content to audiences Rating company Advertisers identify specific characteristics in the audiences (age, gender, income, etc.)
History of tv (1930s)
NBC and CBS broadcast many experimental programs, mainly based on Broadway shows. By the end of 1930s, TV system was getting mature, NBC and CBS established their own TV stations. Practice was interrupted by the WWII
NTSC
National Television System Committee format the color encoding system used by DVD players and broadcast television in North America, Japan, and most of South America. Frame rate 29.97fps (or frame per second) frequency (rate) at which consecutive images called frames appear on a display. Each frame contains 525 lines and 262 threads Definition: 720x480 Color distortion occurs
Democratic Corporatist model
North/Central European Countries Coexistence of commercial media Media is tied to the interests of organized social and political groups State regulation is discreetly present at all times.
PBS in the U.S
PBS companies gain their revenues through state enforced licensing fees, government funding, advertising, and individual donations. Funding from the Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB) Private donations and other government agencies. Cater for less lucrative target audiences.
Television (Pioneering figures)
Paul Julius Gottlieb Nipkow (1860 -1940) Constantin Perskyi Guglielmo Marconi John Logie Baird Vladimir Zworykin Philo Farnsworth
PAL
Phase-Alternative Line the color encoding system used by DVD players and broadcast television in Europe, most of Asia and Oceania, most of Africa, and parts of South America. 25fps 625lines 312 threads 720x576 Less color distortion but more stroboflash
Independent broadcasters
Private non-state-funded broadcasting companies Gain revenue through the sale of advertising time and subscription fees Aim content at more lucrative target audiences to maximize profits Considered as holding exclusive broadcasting rights for sport and leading dramas
new trend in audience study
Rise of social media Psychological segmentation is a valid and valuable way of narrowing down the audience into segments for an advertiser (behaviors, attitudes, interests, values, opinions, feelings, etc.)
Superiority theory in sitcom
Sees the genre as repeatedly mocking minorities and social groups Sitcome is used to normalize the demonization of certain social groups. Broadcasting regulation places limits on the kinds of topics which can be joked about within sitcom. stereotype particular social groups via assumption about their 'inherent' characteristics (Greene, 2007) Modern sitcom is critiqued for its mocking of the vulnerable.
SCECAM
Sequential Coleur Avec Memoire A French acronym that translates as Sequential Color with Memory. Developed in the late 1950s to deal with certain shortcomings of the NTSC system as it became more widely used.
Sitcom
Situation comedy is built around a humorous "situation" in which tension develops and is resolved during the half hour. Defined by its humorous content and audiences come to it with the expectation of laughter.
Polarized plural model
South Europe, such as Italy, Greece, Portugal, Spain State regulations tend to be tighter ad more controlling Media is closely involved in party politics Commercial media has a relative shorter history
Passive theory
States that audience is manipulated by media's messages (old school) Hypodermic needle effect Cultivation theory
Measuring strategy
Survey Telephone interview Personal interview Diaries Meters System to make a simultaneous, permanent, and continuous record of audience behavior
Media Culture
Symbols of expression that individuals, groups, and societies use to make sense of daily life and to articulate their values. A process that delivers the values of a society through media products or other meaning- making forms. Links individuals to their society, providing shared and contested values.
Media Convergence
Technological merging of content in different media Also called cross platform, consolidating various media holdings, such as cable connections, phone services, TV transmissions, and Internet access under one corporate umbrella.
FCC
The Federal Communications Commission regulates interstate and international communications by radio, television, wire, satellite, and cable in all 50 states, the District of Columbia and U.S. territories. An independent U.S. government agency overseen by Congress, the Commission is the federal agency responsible for implementing and enforcing America's communications law and regulations.
History of tv (1920s)
The Queen's Messenger, a one-act play broadcast on September 11, 1928, was the world's first televised drama (live drama). Radio giant RCA began daily experimental television broadcasts in NYC in March 1929 over station W2XBS, the predecessor of WNBC.
Lavidge and Steiner model
*Cognitive- •Awareness (merely aware of the existence of the product) •Knowledge (know what the product has to offer) *Affective- •Liking (has favorable attitudes towards the product) •Preference (favorable attitude developed to preference over all possibilities) •Conviction (desire to buy and conviction that the purchase is wise) *Behavioral - • Purchase (attitude turn into action of purchase)
Other classification of advertisement
*Product ads. *Service ads(laundry, hair-grooming, beauty salon, car repairs) *Institutional ads *Public relations ads and service *Financial ads *International ads
AIDA model
Attention-Interest-Desire-Action
TV content value chain
• Broadcasters were fully integrated operation until the late 1980s. ❖ Broadcasters aired what they produced ❖ Cultural sovereignty was the priority in regulator's minds ❖ Foreign broadcasters were not allowed to transmit on national territory. ❖ Public broadcasters enjoyed monopoly and aimed to entertain the masses and make contribution to national culture. • The old TV production model was disassembled due to factors including economic growth, rising industrial complexity, deregulation measures, trade liberalization and new technology, consumer demand and preferences. • Production segments formed a chain through which TV content travel from inception to consumption. ❖ The chain acquired international scope when broadcasters foreign outsourced for the best programs and formats ❖ Content suppliers expanded across boarders by themselves
Budget breakdown for tv commercial production
• Casting: professional actors/actresses, models, children, animals etc. • Music: composition, use of copyright music, background music, singing a jingle etc. • Studio/location shooting charges: hire charges, travelling charges, etc. • Art director: set design, hire of properties, special effects, costumes and wigs, special packs. • Shooting ratio: average number of takes for each shot. • Number of scenes: each new shot requires special production set. • Production technique: specialized equipment for aerial view, underwater view, moving car's interior view etc. • Special effects: double role, blast effect, morphing etc. • Animation: animation is a costly proposition.
Hybrid broadcasting
• Combination of OTT and Internet paths to send coordinated content to Internet-connected TVs and STBs.
New product placement
• Computer-generated advertising • Video games (e.g., EA) • Virtual signage, which is seen only by viewers on television and not spectators in the venue, can be inserted into the field of play, fan section, bench section, or other areas without distorting the actual sports event.
Web-tv
• Content is served up to a TV by means of a STB or specially-equipped TV. • Web-like pages, browsing and apps are directly available to TV viewers • Services rely on an improved user interface with which to navigate content • Integrate cross-resource search engine that can locate content from both broadcast and Internet sources. (Internet, OTA, cable or satellite content)
Distribution sector
• Coordinate content production and content aggregation • Independent distribution developed with prevalence of commercial TV ❖ Fremantle Corporation in the U.S. pioneered franchising in home market and the sale of U.S. TV series abroad.
TV ads globalization
• Debate on globalization begun in the 1960s. • Initially focused on advocated standardizing advertising in Europe (Dichter, 1962) • In 1970s, cultural and psychological differences between countries are taken into consideration (Britt, 1974) • During the production of TV ads, media practitioners must check indigenous cultures while adopting standardization.
Trends in globalized TV regulation
• Every nation has devised a TV regime that balances self-regulating markets with administrative control to determine who gets to broadcast what to whom and under what condition • A political logic, rather than an economic one, has traditionally governed the evolution of media industries. (old model) • Twin forces of technological changes and globalization over the state-controlled TV regime (new model) • National differences in media and telecom regimes give way to common rules based on free-market principles or "regulatory convergence process" ❖ Innovations in customer terminal, transmissions, and switching equipment enabled competition in telecom services (and in turn questioned protected monopoly) ❖ Distributed intelligence and interactive applications challenged conventional TV service and facilitated individual tailoring of programming and cost-effective microtransaction systems. ❖ Internationalization (globalization) competition compel industry deregulation (closed domestic market vs. global market)
Content production sector
• First developed in the UK and the U.S. (financial interest and syndication rules) ❖ TV studios, outside broadcasters (OB), postproduction covers, media asset management (MAM) and archive systems, software companies, equipment manufacturers (camera systems, monitors, projectors, and other accessories are made by global firms)
Macro-level
• Improve national economy, create more jobs
Regulation over tv format
• In 1997 the Commission assigned digital channels to all existing full-power television stations. ❖ Stations would surrender their analog channels in 2009 and transmit only digital signal. ❖ Broadcasters would transmit one HDTV signal, or up to four lower-resolution ATV signals on a single channel.
Politics and media
• In the mid-1990s, 62 percent of a nationally representative sample described the news media as having either a liberal or a conservative slant when covering politics (Smith, Lichter, & Harris, 1997). • Members of both political parties in America largely agreed that media coverage of politics is swayed by the views of journalists • First major encounter between politics and media is the 1952 presidential election when one third of the households had a set. ❖ Televised party conventions and political commercials for large audiences ❖ Political events are open to public scrutiny ❖ Political parties noticed the need to make a favorable impression on the American public ❖ TV accounts for more than 75% of campaign expenditures in major races due to high correlation between the expenditure on political commercials and vote totals ❖ TV overcomes the literacy deficits of voters ❖ TV reached the portion of the public eager for news and vulnerable to political advertising • In the U.S., the media have functioned as a political institution since colonial times (Cook, 1998) ❖ Started with newspapers carrying all points of view ❖ Government provides financial and regulatory supports for the press. ❖ Government paid newspapers to publish newly enacted laws for public instruction, print forms and documents, as a reward to politically supportive presses•
Infomercials
• Infomercials are TV commercials in program length. • Used to sell products successfully over the phone, refer consumers to retailers or send customers coupons or product information (direct mail, catalogues). • Able to pass on much information to provoke consumers to actions. • Most infomercials are of half-hour duration. • Regarded as the first step towards interactive TV format.
Four Dimensions
• Input-output structure ❖ raw material, research, design, manufacturing, distribution etc. • Territoriality ❖ Spatial dispersion of the production process • Governance structure ❖ Control and power among economic giants • Institutional framework ❖ Impact of social context, institutions, and regulatory system
Future of internet tv
• Interactive media will replace basic cable, home video, and recorded music as the fastest- growing industry in the last half of this decade. • Broadcasters in digital universe are expected to serve the needs of women and minorities, children, localism, and diversity of programming. • Niche programs will flourish on the Internet; Internet TV will not have the cultural impact Hollywood enjoys (David Waterman) • Revenue is more important than the users' feedback
Agenda-setting theory
• Max McCombs & Donald Shaw (1972) • Mass media have a large influence on audiences by their choice of the stories they consider newsworthy and the prominence and space they allocate to them. • Media tell us what to think about instead of what to think.
Transnational TV Channels
• News and business news (Bloomberg, CNBC, Euronews, etc.) • factual entertainment (the Discovery and National Geographic suite of channels) • entertainment (AXN, HBO, and Fox-branded channels) • children's television (Cartoon Network, the Disney brands, and Nickelodeon) • sports (Eurosport, ESPN) • music television (MTV, Viva, etc.) • films (Studio Universal, Turner Classic Movies) • Turn themselves into transnational networks of local channels ❖ Globalization of the business model of TV ❖ combined efforts of international and domestic companies to deal with the resilience of national cultures ❖ Share a concept, brand, resource and infrastructures and adapt to their cultural and commercial environment. ❖ Degree of localization varies from genre to genre
Regulatory framework is based on distinct industry and regulatory structures
• Old rules reflect scarcity of spectrum of media products caused by unnatural monopoly and regulated oligopoly ❖ Regulations are pressed on the over-the-air broadcasters in the area of children's programming, violence, and political programming (less free and public-interest- oriented content) • New rules under digital age is based on competition and less entry costs. ❖ Internet access providers can not influence the content that users can access via the internet. ❖ New combinations of technologies challenge the way the electronic media are regulated. ❖ distinctions between broadcasting and cyberspace blurred ❖ The Communications Decency Act (CDA) regulated indecent material on the Internet in the same manner as it is regulated on broadcast television
Direct to consumer space
• Over the top (OTT) practice • CBS, Viacom, NBC, Fox, HBO announced the launch stand-alone Internet TV service (CBS's Showtime, premium pay TV network) • One factor is the loss of viewers and ratings in traditional TV business.
Telecommunication Act
• Passed by Congress in 1996 on how American access their video and audio media • Supplement to 1934 Communication Act. • the first major overhaul of telecommunications law in America.
Characteristics
• Personalized content is expensive • Ads revenue has not reached its full capacity • Customers are accustomed to receiving Internet content for free. • Audience expects similar quality program like in conventional broadcasters
Politics in digital TV
• Policymakers are more enthusiastic about digital TV than market actors. ❖ Provide generous incentives for research in advanced transmissions and display technologies. ❖ Grant broadcasters additional space on the crowded airwaves to transmit both analog and digital signals. ❖ Impose a mandatory transition schedule on broadcasters. ❖ Introduce regulation on digital TV (same way to conventional TV)
Role of internet in the process of TV internationalization
• Provide content platforms across borders ❖ Video-sharing sites are accessible worldwide since they own the world rights of the content they offer (user-generated) ❖ Exclusive contents are universally available but geo-blocking to prevent users in certain location from accessing certain content (MCN, BBC, music downloading sites) ❖ TVoD and SVoD platforms with high-end programming such as drama need to acquire the global rights to broadcast in new territory (NETFLIX) ❖ Deconstruct chains in TV industry with its ability to create market on a scale ❖ Delivers products to end consumers
Internet Tv
• Quintessential digital convergence medium (Noam et al., 2004) ❖ Links TV, telecommunications, the Internet, computer apps, games, etc. • A narrowband two-way Internet-style individualized (asynchronous) channel that accompanies regular one-way synchronous broadband broadcast TV or cable. • Provide information along with broadcast programs ❖ Details on news and sports ❖ Enable e-commerce in response to TV ads (enhanced TV) ❖ Users receive individualized TV programs, and interact with the program plot line. • Was first used to access video servers that store existing programs, making them available for viewing at any time. • Later on enabled and encouraged new types of entertainment, education, and games that take advantage of the interactive capabilities.
TV genre in globalization
• Reality and factual entertainment shows apply standards that make the genre easily identified, described, and reproduced across the globe. ❖ Four super-formats (Who wants to be millionaire?, Survivor, Big Brother, and Idols) ❖ Turned a cottage industry into a multibillion dollar business, multiplying the number of formats, the number of countries they traveled to, and the number of companies that distributed and produced them.
Scripts
• Script layout • Vision of the left-hand side, and sound (audio) on the right-hand side. • Layout breaks up the script into shots, the movement of camera, and the inter-connection amongst the shots.
Framing theory
• Second level of agenda-setting • Used in a whole range of academic disciplines • Media focuses attention on certain events and then places them within a field of meaning. • Frames may be understood as conceptual tools that media and individuals rely on to convey, interpret, and evaluate information (Neuman, Just, & Crigler, 1992).
Online Video
• Simplest mechanism • Alternative delivery mechanism • Content providers (e.g., Hulu& Netflix) serve up streaming or downloaded video on demand for Internet websites. • Video content is prestored on servers and delivered to consumers as streamed files • Adobe Flash, Windows Media Video, Playback
Widget tv
• Small apps such as Intel widgets could run on TV and bring content, information, and community features. • Widgets could be pre-installed or downloaded, and offer users a way to customize their TV viewing and information access experience. • Widgets are provided by third party, instead of broadcasters.
Politics and TV news
• TV became prominent news medium in the 1950s • TV became the primary news source by the early 1960s ❖ Seek out information about politics and campaigns ❖ Easy access to information like whether to vote and whom to vote for ❖ TV became the most credible information source ❖ The use of authoritative visuals that attest to factuality ❖ The immediate and brief character of the reporting
FCC approved rules for the conversion to digital tv in 1997
• TV broadcasters scheduled the conversion from analogue channels to digital transmission in 2009. • Digital audio broadcasting (DAB) began to play greater role in shaping the way we receive information.
The future role of TV in politics
• TV is likely to retain its preeminence as source for political information for its prominent use and authority. • Currently the Internet is as a substitute for print media and source for visual coverage for TV screen. • The Internet has its new power in enabling direct communication between politicians and voters. ❖ Potentially diminish the roles of the two major parties and propagate independent candidates. • The Internet could mobilize support in financial contributions.
Micro-level
• Telecommuting changes working relations and transportation patterns, reducing traffic congestion in urban centers. • Educational opportunities would multiply through distance learning and ongoing labor training. • Health care would be better and more uniformly provided through the use of telemedicine application • Entertainment and information would be easily available and tailored to specific tastes • Increased cultural exchange would enhance social inclusion and promote tolerance and respect. • The opportunities for political participation would expand exponentially ❖ Citizens organized in virtual interest groups ❖ Free-speech opportunities unavailable within the present organization of media industries.
Contributing factors
• The transition was perceived as opportunity to revitalize domestic electronics industry and promote high-tech sectors • The transition called for government to sponsor the development of new communication and information technologies to secure long-term economic growth. • Growth of mobile phone and wireless telecommunication service ❖ Digital TV helps alleviate the spectrum shortage
Measures to streamline the transmission
• Use control over funding for public broadcasters to promote transition to digital TV • Provide tax incentives for commercial broadcasters to introduce digital services. • Use authority over technical standards to rally support and enforce compliance.
Internet- Protocol TV
• Video content is streamed to a subscriber's customer premise equipment (e.g., STB) by means of a subscribed telephone connection. • Capsulate the video data into IP packets using telephone connection similar to relay data over the Internet. • Access to content is safeguarded; content doesn't occupy the bandwidth; a specific level of quality-of-service is guaranteed.
Content aggregation
• bringing content together under the umbrella of a single brand and marketing it to audiences and/or advertisers. • Digitization has multiplied the delivery modes.
Global economy
• characterized by a twin process of international fragmentation (aka disintegration) of production and integration through trade. ❖ Fragmentation is caused by the growing number of companies that outsource part or the entirety of the production process and that sell branded products they do not manufacture. ❖ world markets have integrated through increasing trade; World merchandise exports have risen.
Future of TV commercial production
• from one-way to interactive • Interactive TV commercials (infomercials, interactive commercials) ❖ Similar format to traditional TV commercial (10- or 30 seconds, audio & video) ❖ More personalized based on consumer need ❖ More popular (over than 5% finishing rate by viewers compared to standard TV commercials) ❖ More potential and opportunities (content, technique, target audience)
Retransmission
• iviTV, FilmOnTV • Content is taken live from broadcast and other sources, re-encoded, sent to a central server, and streamed out as IP multicast. • Service providers do not have explicit licensing arrangements with the content providers
Commodity chain
• whether and to what extent a capitalist world-economy was an organizing force and a structural reality during the sixteenth, seventeenth, and the eighteenth centuries • network of labor and production processes whose end result is a finished commodity
TV content value chain driven by retailers/buyers
❖ Develop successful TV shows ❖ TV programs that are complex to produce, give competence power to TV producers. ❖ Ultimate power in broadcasters
The ban of alcohol in 1950s (failed)
❖ Failed to force beer and wine ads off the air ❖ Hard liquor ads self-prohibited by distiller and broadcasters
TV set value chain driven by producers
❖ Leading companies gain competitive advantage through research and innovation which they use to reach global market. ❖ Expertise and investment are need to compete in this sector. ❖ Global market (worth over $105 billion or 230 million units) is dominated by three global brands (Samsung, Sony, and Panasonic)
Learning Theory
❖ Learning is a relatively permanent change in a behavioral potentiality that occurs as a result of reinforced practice. ❖ Used to explain how knowledge is absorbed, processed, and retained during learning (cognitive, emotional, situational) ❖ Ivan Pavlov's dog experiment
The movement in the 1960s to regulate cigarette marketing
❖ The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) proposed that warning labels be mandated on cigarette packages and advertising ❖ Congress passed a law in 1965 that required labels on packages. ❖ Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act of 1969 banned cigarette advertising from radio and TV beginning 2 January 1971 ❖ Cigarette sales did not plummet in the absence of broadcast advertising • The reawakened campaign in the 1970s and 1980s to curb alcohol marketing. • Near the end of 2001, the National Broadcasting Company announced that the network would air hard liquor commercials during programs shown after 9 p.m.
