FW 411 Exam 1 Review
How did Flykt et al. (2013) measure implicit bias?
(Flykt, Pg 10) Flykt measured implicit bias through the use of an abbreviated version of the implicit association test (IAT) using categorization of animal pictures with positive or negative words. This is based on the belief that we categorize pleasant words with pleasant pictures more quickly than we do with pleasant words and unpleasant pictures. Def of Implicit Bias: Also known as implicit social cognition, implicit bias refers to the attitudes or stereotypes that affect our understanding, actions, and decisions in an unconscious manner. These biases, which encompass both favorable and unfavorable assessments, are activated involuntarily and without an individual's awareness or intentional control. Residing deep in the subconscious, these biases are different from known biases that individuals may choose to conceal for the purposes of social and/or political correctness. Rather, implicit biases are not accessible through introspection.
For the next 5 questions, place the following steps of coding analysis in the correct order: A. Explore and define relationships between themes. B. Develop each theme C. Compare the relationships between themes with all the transcripts you have. D. Search for individual key terms/themes. E. Determine the relative significance of each theme. 1) Search for individual key terms/themes. 2) Develop each theme 3) Determine the relative significance of each theme. 4) Explore and define relationships between themes 5) Compare the relationships between themes with all the transcripts you have.
1) Letter: D Search for individual key terms/themes. 2) Letter: B Develop each theme 3) Letter: E Determine the relative significance of each theme. 4) Letter: A Explore and define relationships between themes 5) Letter: C Compare the relationships between themes with all the transcripts you have. IN ORDER: 1. Search for individual themes or keywords 2. Develop each theme or categories 3. Determine the relative relationship of themes/categories 4. Explore and define relationships between themes 5. Compare themes across different transcripts 6. Apply significance
Describe how you have used at least 2 elements of social exchange theory to motivate someone to change their behavior
1) Point out that the costs of the behavior outweigh the benefits of continuing the behavior 2) Highlight that the benefits of not continuing the behavior will increase
What are the three key constructs that Bruskotter et al (2015) treat as components of tolerance of wolves? Please define and articulate differences between the three.
1) Prior behavior. Study participants were asked whether they had engaged in tolerant/intolerant prior behaviors. Most people have never done anything that directly impacts wolves but it is important to look at past track records. 2) Behavioral Intentions. Participants were asked to estimate their likelihood of engaging in 9 behaviors on a scale from very unlikely to likely. 3) Attitudes towards Wolves. The study employed semantic-differential scales to assess an individual's attitudes towards wolves. I think wolves are... harmful-beneficial, unpleasant-pleasant, bad-good, worthless-valuable. (Bruskotter pg 7-8) Positive or negative evaluations
****59) Describe the 5 types of error that could impact our class survey and describe one way to reduce each type of error.****
1) Sampling error - the difference between sample estimates and population values a) Reduce by increasing sample size 2) Coverage error - occurs when every unit in the population does not have a known, equal, non-zero chance of being in the sample. There is missing data in the sample list. a) Reduce by choosing a diverse, large sample size 3) Non-response error - error that comes when the people who don't respond are systematically different. a) Reduce by comparing demographics of the sample to population data/estimates. Look at demographics of sample frame to adjust sample if it is biased. Or conduct non-response testing by re-sampling the people who didn't respond. 4) Interviewer error effect - Interviewer creates bias by how they act, what they look like, how they respond. They create bias in how respondents answer questions. Social desirability - giving answers the interviewer wants to hear after the interviewer gives hints about what they want to hear. Acquiescence - culturally biased tendency to agree w/ others. Anchoring - assuming the starting point is normal. a) Reduce by interviewer maintaining neutrality - keep facial expressions, clothing, comments, body gestures neutral. Do not give praise for "correct" answers. Will minimize anchoring effect. 5) Measurement error - occurs when questions are misunderstood or incorrectly answered. Reduce by providing clear, concise questions.
When is qualitative research best? Why? (describe at least 3 situations and reasons) (6 parts)
1. Case studies: focusing on an event in a place. Example: How would changing fishing regulations in a town affect the community? 2. Ethnography: focusing on a cultural phenomena. Example: How do hunters assign value to hunting? 3. Grounded theory: develop theory based on observations. Example: How is the relationship between poachers and game wardens developed? - Why use qualitative? You can conduct qualitative studies in natural settings to help get more authentic data. - This method is more flexible (for example, the addition, exclusion, or wording of particular interview questions). Participant responses affect how and which questions researchers ask next. Data collection and research questions are adjusted according to what is learned. - It is an inductive process - the researcher looks for trends or patterns and then generalizes and develops a theory. - Allows interviewees to give their own responses instead of being forced to choose a predetermined response. - Interviewer is this tool so they can influence the direction of the interview and probe for more information.
List one way human dimensions of wildlife management help managers address 4 of the following 5 objectives: professional imperative, moral imperative, learning from constituents, using social capital, contributing to long term conservation solutions.
1. Professional Imperative: must know what the public wants to manage wildlife for public's benefit (Public Trust Doctrine). Must know what the public considers beneficial if they hope to manage wildlife for the benefit of the public. 2. Moral Imperative: Understand impacts on human well being: Culture, Identity, Jobs, Food supplies, "Wildlife Refuges", psychological well being. Understand how to address impacts: CAMPFIRE. Changing wildlife management can change the quality of life for diverse stakeholder groups. 3. Learning from Constituents: Experiential knowledge (native americans, hunters, researchers, etc.) Scientists have come to accept that indigenous people have an accumulated ecological wisdom which can contribute to wildlife management. This indigenous technical knowledge can help scientists estimate population trends, habitat use, and how wildlife respond to management or disturbance. 4. Using Social Capital: Resources linked to possession of a durable network of relationships (co-management). Makes command and control systems less necessary to fund. Elements of HDW associated with participatory governance (e.g., co-management, community based conservation) hold promise for cash strapped wildlife management agencies because they promise to reduce administrative overhead by paying for management with social capital. 5. Contributing to Longer Term Conservation Solutions: Managers study social concerns, tailor marketing/informational campaigns for conservation so that they will remain relevant and in the future. Any significant changes will require cooperation from the populace.
Describe the steps for coding qualitative data. Be sure to identify key elements of each step.
1. Search for individual themes or key words 2. Develop each theme or categories 3. Determine relative relationship of themes/categories 4. Explore and define relationships between themes 5. Compare themes across different transcripts 6. Apply significance
Based on chapter the reading, what percentage of the US population hunts?
4% HDW Pg 11
Name 2 of the 3 common reasons for interviewer effect error we discussed in class, and explain one technique (or interviewing rule) you would use to address of those biases.
= Social desirability: giving answers the interviewer wants to hear after the interviewer gives hints about what they want to hear. = Acquiescence: culturally biased tendency to agree w/ others. = Anchoring: assuming the starting point is normal. Rule 1: Explain reason for survey, i.e. don't strike up conversation about the topic so there isn't any bias from participants. Stick to the survey scripts as best as possible. Will minimize both social desirability and acquiescence effects. Rule 2: Maintain neutrality - keep facial expressions, clothing, comments, body gestures neutral. Do not give praise for "correct" answers. Will minimize anchoring effect. Rule 3: Conduct interview the same way with everyone. Maintain politeness and kindness, but keep it at the same level of formality for everyone. Will minimize social desirability and acquiescence effects.
Give an example of a socially constructed social fact related to wildlife conservation, and explain how it might differ in different social contexts.
?
Which of the following research projects would likely be exempt from full IRB review? Indicate a) for exempt and b) for review required: Conducting a survey of your classmates for a class project.
A for exempt because Federal regulations include student course projects in the "not research" list
Which of the following research projects would likely be exempt from full IRB review? Indicate a) for exempt and b) for review required: Downloading public data from the National Center for Education Statistics to study the number of Title I schools in North Carolina.
A for exempt because its existing information
Which of the following research projects would likely be exempt from full IRB review? Indicate a) for exempt and b) for review required: Using testing data from public schools stripped of all identifying information.
A for exempt because you are not using any identifying information about the subjects
Which of the following research projects would likely be exempt from full IRB review? Indicate a) for exempt and b) for review required: Surveying elementary school students about their views of wildlife.
A, for exempt because if it is for educational purposes and not research Education exemption - if it is just for education and not for research, it is exempt. Evaluation exemption - if you are just trying to pre/post test kids during a wildlife education program, you are exempt. You are not trying to do science.
Choose one of the principles of questionnaire-writing (from Dillman 2007 - chapter 2) that is violated by each of the following questions. A. Avoid double-barreled questions B. Avoid potentially objectionable questions C. State both sides of the attitude in question stems. D. Avoid asking respondents to say yes in order to mean no. "Should the city build a new swimming pool that includes lanes for swimming laps and a heater for winter use?"
A. Avoid double-barreled questions
Below are several statements; please indicate which view of wildlife they fit better with a. Naturalistic b. Humanistic c. Aesthetic d. Utilitarian e. Moralistic Wild animals are better than domestic animals
A. Naturalistic
What is an "assurance"?
An agreement between an institution conducting research and the federal government outlining the institution's responsibilities regarding protecting human subjects
Telling research participants you are trying to find out why they love pandas so much before a survey is best described as leading to which type of bias?
Anchoring
Three psychological biases that we discussed as drivers of interviewer effect error are:
Anchoring, social desirability bias, acquiescence
Which of the following research projects would likely be exempt from full IRB review? Indicate a) for exempt and b) for review required: Surveying a random selection of NC elementary school teachers about their views of wildlife.
B, review required because you are dealing with human subjects
Choose one of the principles of questionnaire-writing (from Dillman 2007 - chapter 2) that is violated by each of the following questions. A. Avoid double-barreled questions B. Avoid potentially objectionable questions C. State both sides of the attitude in question stems. D. Avoid asking respondents to say yes in order to mean no. "How many toilets are there in your place of residence?"
B. Avoid potentially objectionable questions
Choose one of the principles of questionnaire-writing (from Dillman 2007 - chapter 2) that is violated by each of the following questions. A. Avoid double-barreled questions B. Avoid potentially objectionable questions C. State both sides of the attitude in question stems. D. Avoid asking respondents to say yes in order to mean no. "What was your total income from all sources in the last year? ___________"
B. Avoid potentially objectionable questions
Below are several statements; please indicate which view of wildlife they fit better with a. Naturalistic b. Humanistic c. Aesthetic d. Utilitarian e. Moralistic Animals should be treated as your own children
B. Humanistic
Which of the following basic principles requires that research risks are balanced by expected benefits either to the subject directly or society in general?
Beneficence
The first question in a questionnaire should be:
Broad, interesting and easy
Below are several statements; please indicate which view of wildlife they fit better with a. Naturalistic b. Humanistic c. Aesthetic d. Utilitarian e. Moralistic Animals are beautiful, I enjoy having animal figurines in my home
C. Aesthetic
Choose one of the principles of questionnaire-writing (from Dillman 2007 - chapter 2) that is violated by each of the following questions. A. Avoid double-barreled questions B. Avoid potentially objectionable questions C. State both sides of the attitude in question stems. D. Avoid asking respondents to say yes in order to mean no. "How much would you like your child to develop an interest in sports as he/she grows up?"
C. State both sides of the attitude in question stems.
Choose one of the principles of questionnaire-writing (from Dillman 2007 - chapter 2) that is violated by each of the following questions. A. Avoid double-barreled questions B. Avoid potentially objectionable questions C. State both sides of the attitude in question stems. D. Avoid asking respondents to say yes in order to mean no. "To what extent do you agree with this statement: It's easier for people to find work in this community than it was about one year ago."
C. State both sides of the attitude in question stems.
Choose one of the principles of questionnaire-writing (from Dillman 2007 - chapter 2) that is violated by each of the following questions. A. Avoid double-barreled questions B. Avoid potentially objectionable questions C. State both sides of the attitude in question stems. D. Avoid asking respondents to say yes in order to mean no. "Do you favor or oppose not allowing the state to raise taxes without approval of 60% of the voters?"
D. Avoid asking respondents to say yes in order to mean no.
Choose one of the principles of questionnaire-writing (from Dillman 2007 - chapter 2) that is violated by each of the following questions. A. Avoid double-barreled questions B. Avoid potentially objectionable questions C. State both sides of the attitude in question stems. D. Avoid asking respondents to say yes in order to mean no. "Should the city manager not be directly responsible to the mayor?"
D. Avoid asking respondents to say yes in order to mean no.
Below are several statements; please indicate which view of wildlife they fit better with a. Naturalistic b. Humanistic c. Aesthetic d. Utilitarian e. Moralistic Animals have a role at helping us perform certain duties, such as rounding up cattle
D. Utilitarian
Below are several statements; please indicate which view of wildlife they fit better with a. Naturalistic b. Humanistic c. Aesthetic d. Utilitarian e. Moralistic Animals should be consumed as food
D. Utilitarian
Below are several statements; please indicate which view of wildlife they fit better with a. Naturalistic b. Humanistic c. Aesthetic d. Utilitarian e. Moralistic Animals should have the same rights as humans
E. Moralistic
Define simple random sample
Everyone in the population has a known, non-zero, and equal chance of getting sampled.
Skills called for in Cutler's, "What kind of Wildlifers will be needed in the 1980's," include all but which below?
Extensive knowledge on a single species so we have a range of experts within the field of wildlife.
Sending a paid return stamp with a mail survey can be used as a way to establish trust. (t/f)
F: This would reduce social costs.
In the Chapter, authors assert that qualitative research is well respected within the field of wildlife management and used almost exclusively. (T/F)
FALSE "in modern HDW research where qualitative research is rarely used for anything but improving quantitative research, and few wildlife managers would dare make assertions about social relations (e.g., potential responses to regulation changes or opinions) unless the assertions were supported by a p-value or best model." (Human Dimensions of Wildlife Management. Pg.55)
A research team can finalize their consent forms and contact potential subjects before their study is reviewed by an IRB. True or False?
False
To keep the number of words down it is important to ask about several issues in the same question, e.g., "Would you like to see more signage about wildlife and park rules around the greenway?" (T/F)
False
Any study containing risk to human subjects cannot be approved by an IRB. True or False?
False IRB provides an independent assessment of risk
Compensation for subjects' time may be considered a benefit of the research. True or False?
False Compensation to research subjects is not a benefit of research. Meant to offset the time and inconvenience of participation and serve as incentive to participate.
Which of these is NOT a mechanism by which a researcher can reduce risk to his/her subjects?
Having subjects sign a waiver of liability for the institution
Which of the following statements is true:
It's important to present information about the study to subjects in a manner that they can understand easily
**Based on our lecture, what wildlife attitude would make one a happier and healthier human being if you adopted it? Please explain why that would be the case using an important hypothesis about human relationships to nature.** (Clue: only one attitude states that something can make one "happier". It is also talked about in reading from Kellert)
Kellert's Biophilia Theory states that people are calmer/happier when they spend time in nature. People in hospitals with pictures of trees or windows looking out on to nature heal faster.
Gaining experiential knowledge from native Alaskans is an example of which motivation for human dimensions of wildlife?
Learning from Constituents
What national bill was proposed to increase environmental literacy in the US?
No Child Left Inside
Based on the chapter reading, PAR stands for:
Participatory Action Research
If you are studying fishing behaviors among three relatively rare demographic groups (e.g., Hmong, Latino, Native American) which kind of non-probability sampling is probably best?
Quota: bc it is hard to get into those groups and you can use one person per group
According to the social exchange theory, respondent behavior depends on:
Return respondents expect and get from others
According to Bruskotter et al. (2015), single item measures of tolerance are problematic because they:
Risk assuming tolerance that is not there by missing other intolerant behaviors (Type 2 error) (CF) From Bruskotter reading: (Pg 268) If we think of each behavioral measure as a "test" the lesson becomes clearer: use of single item measures increases the risk of a "false negative" (or Type II error). This increased risk occurs because there are a variety of relevant behaviors through which one may express their intolerance for a species. Researchers who intend to estimate tolerant or intolerant behavior in a population can generate more accurate estimates by employing multiple behavioral measures. Without multiple measures, the risk of falsely classifying someone as tolerant or intolerant increases substantially. Conversely, while our study finds that attitudinal measures of tolerance are strongly associated with political
Informed consent must include a statement about the expected____________ of the subject's participation and a description of the __________to be followed.
Risks and benefits; procedures
If you were designing a study on poaching and knew it would be very hard to find informants, which sampling technique would you use?
Snowball sampling
What is the correct chronological progression (from oldest to most recent) of the following approaches to wildlife management?
The Client Model, The Stakeholder Model, The Citizen Model
What is the primary error in this question?: "Why did you use the hunting area today? (a) finding a trophy, b) procuring meat, c) having fun
There are too many response categories so they should be divided into individual questions in order to not miss data. Use mutually exclusive response categories. Break it up and focus on each activity. Overlapping categories.
Define "human dimensions of wildlife management." Human dimensions of wildlife management (HDW) are the portions of wildlife management that focus on the interactions between people and wildlife or between people regarding wildlife.
There has been a shift in the focus for wildlife management. Promoting "no change" is not a viable or helpful solution. Managers must be able to navigate. political and societal arenas to make decisions that BEST benefit wildlife under current conditions. Managers must be able to interact with stakeholders and politicians, be good decisions, understand trade-offs, and be able to approach challenges in a cross-disciplinary way. Biologists with extensive expert knowledge are still important but they must have these others skills so that the "expert knowledge" can be applied in an increasingly political setting.
When might you want to use a qualitative over quantitative approach?
You have a general idea of how people think about wildlife, but you want a deeper understanding.
Explain how human dimensions of wildlife management helps wildlife management agencies fulfill a core professional imperative.
You must know what the public wants to manage wildlife for public benefit. Wildlife management is people management Stems from the North American Model of Wildlife Conservation that wildlife is a public resource, managed by state agencies to benefit the public. Working with the public and understanding their needs and wants, help management goals and helps direct future management decisions.
If your qualitative study is using interviews with stakeholders in New Bern to determine how they perceive impacts of a new fishing regulation what kind of qualitative research is it best described as?
a) Case study
Which of the following is not a key element of the stakeholder model of wildlife management based on our readings? a) Holding public meetings in accessible locations b) Resisting special interests c) Identifying stakeholders d) Integrating stakeholder input into decision making e) Communication
a) Holding public meetings in accessible locations
Explain a situation where you might prefer a stratified random sample over a simple random sample.
a) If you need information about people who live next to a national wildlife refuge or wildlife management area, it is best to use a stratified random sample. You create strata to ensure that you get people within each strata you want to sample. b) If you want to divide a sample up by age, gender, religion, or race you would use a stratified random sample. Wanting to perform a study on the different gender thoughts/feelings about wildlife
Based on the Chapter reading, which of the following is the best definition of an Attitude? a) positive or negative evaluations of an object b) relate to the meaning, goodness or worth people place on an object c) basic beliefs of a cultural group d) conscious or involuntary action or reaction to an object or environment
a) positive or negative evaluations of an object (HDW Pg 26)
For the following statements, please indicate what part of the social exchange theory they refer to: a. Establishing trust b. Reducing social cost/Increasindefg rewards c. Promoting design validity (red herring - not included in social exchange theory) "Hello, I am an NCSU student and I am performing a survey..."
a. Establishing trust
Below are several aspects of research. Indicate whether each describes quantitative or qualitative research. a. Quantitative b. Qualitative It is important that the results are valid externally and internally, reliable, and objective.
a. Quantitative
Below are several aspects of research. Indicate whether each describes quantitative or qualitative research. a. Quantitative b. Qualitative Study design emphasizes the importance of random sampling, large sample sizes, and the objectivity of the researcher.
a. Quantitative
Below are several aspects of research. Indicate whether each describes quantitative or qualitative research. a. Quantitative b. Qualitative The purpose of the research is to identify a causal explanation of an event.
a. Quantitative
Explain the difference between affective and cognitive dimensions of attitudes.
affective dimensions of attitudes deals with feelings and emotions whereas cognitive dimensions are rational and deal with facts.
Define sample
all units of the population that are included in the survey. The people you actually get information from.
Below are several aspects of research. Indicate whether each describes quantitative or qualitative research. a. Quantitative b. Qualitative Researchers are primarily interested in credibility, dependability, and confirmability of results.
b. Qualitative
Below are several aspects of research. Indicate whether each describes quantitative or qualitative research. a. Quantitative b. Qualitative The approach focuses on inductive reasoning.
b. Qualitative
Below are several aspects of research. Indicate whether each describes quantitative or qualitative research. a. Quantitative b. Qualitative The researcher assumes that social facts are socially constructed.
b. Qualitative
Below are several aspects of research. Indicate whether each describes quantitative or qualitative research. a. Quantitative b. Qualitative The researcher's role is to provide high involvement, partiality, and empathy.
b. Qualitative
For the following statements, please indicate what part of the social exchange theory they refer to: a. Establishing trust b. Reducing social cost/Increasindefg rewards c. Promoting design validity (red herring - not included in social exchange theory) "This questionnaire is being given to respondents from across the state ..."
b. Reducing social cost/Increasing rewards
For the following statements, please indicate what part of the social exchange theory they refer to: a. Establishing trust b. Reducing social cost/Increasindefg rewards c. Promoting design validity (red herring - not included in social exchange theory) "This survey will help us learn more about hunters and their views..."
b. Reducing social cost/Increasing rewards
Human subjects research provides guidelines under general three areas of application. Which of the following is not included in those three? a. Informed consent b. Selection of appropriate research questions c. Assessment of risk and benefits d. Selection of subjects
b. Selection of appropriate research questions Belmont Report applications are: Informed consent, Assessment of risk & benefits, and Selection of subjects.
The sample that will be most representative of the population for a given sample size is a: a) Stratified random sample b) Systematic sample c) Simple random sample d) Purposeful sample e) Convenience sample
c) Simple random sample
Why should you avoid check all that apply questions? a) Primacy b) Satisficing c) Binning d) A & B e) None of the Above
d) A & B Primacy & Satisficing
****55) Non-response error occurs when: **** a) The response rate in a study is fairly low. b) The non-respondents are different in some way from those who do respond. c) No one responds to a request to participate. d) Both A and B happen at once e) None of the above.
d) Both A and B happen at once The response rate in a study is fairly low. The non-respondents are different in some
Which parts of wildlife management do not have a human element: a) Those that are not noticed b) Those that are not important c) Those that are not science based d) None
d) None
Based on the chapter reading, the credibility of qualitative research is improved by: a) prolonged time in the field b) larger numbers of informants c) documenting informants' stories in their own words d) all of the above
d) all of the above
Based on the chapter reading, which of the following are sources of funding for wildlife conservation: a) lottery proceeds b) multiple taxes c) license plates d) all of the above e) none of the above
d) all of the above HDW Pg 12
Based on the chapter reading, which of the following could pose problems for wildlife conservation in the future: a) zoonotic disease b) urban sprawl c) water scarcity d) all of the above e) None of the above
d) all of the above HDW Pg 58
Based on the Kellert reading, the following geographic variables were discussed: a) childhood residence b) section of the country c) future residence d) both a and b
d) both a and b (childhood residence && section of the country)
Which of the groups identified in the Kellert reading were the most moralistically oriented groups? a) zoo enthusiasts b) vegetarians c) backpackers d) both a and b
d) both a and b (Kellert pg 7) zoo enthusiasts & vegetarians
Ethical principles identified in the Belmont Report include all of the following except: a. Respect for persons b. Beneficence c. Justice d. Confidentiality
d. Confidentiality Human Subjects Research Lecture: Ethical principles from Belmont Report: Respect for Persons, Beneficence, Justice
According to Teachman et al. (2001) what response latency outcome would you predict for snake fearful respondents in following IAT combinations?
danger + spider = slower and danger + snake = faster (Teachman Pg 3,4) The measure of interest is the difference between latency of responding when matching categories (e.g., snake-danger) are paired versus response latency when mismatching categories (e.g., snake-safety) are paired. The hypothetical trial shown in Figure 1 should match the automatic associations for snake-fearful participants because, for these participants, the association of snakes with danger and spiders with safety is a better match than the association of snakes with safety and spiders with danger. In contrast, the trial should be a mismatched association for spider-fearful participants because the opposite pattern of associations reflects their automatic negative associations with spiders. Thus, snake-fearful participants would be expected to complete the hypothetical classification trial in Figure 1 faster than spider-fearful participants because the category pairings more closely match the negative snake associations.
Based on the chapter reading, the DAD model of natural resource management stands for which of the following actions:
decide, announce, defend HDW Pg 9
Is the following more (a) inductive or (b) deductive: Theory, hypothesis, observation, confirmation....
deductive
Name two factors from the lecture that may contribute to views of wildlife shifting away from utilitarian and towards mutualistic.
deruralization, technology, urban sprawl
46) In general females: a) Have loving feelings towards pets b) Support use of wild animals for fur c) Are less interested in training animals to do tasks d) All of the above e) Only a and c are correct
e) Only a and c are correct (Kellert pg 4)
If you are studying an illegal activity (e.g., poaching), which kind of sampling is probably best?
e) Snowball
In the Cutler reading, the author argues that with increasing multi-use management, wildlife managers will have an increasingly easier time advocating preservation, or "no action" alternatives to proposed interdisciplinary land and resource planning. (T/F)
false
Questionnaires should have as few words as possible, even if that means that they will have incomplete sentences. (T/F)
false
Questionnaires should have the sensitive questions (e.g., ethnicity) at the beginning to get them out of the way as quickly as possible. (T/F)
false
Define internal validity
refers to your study. Did you follow the rules that you need to determine if A causes B in your study. If you have internal validity, you might have external validity. It depends on whether what you found in your study can be extrapolated to the population.
Define population
the group that you want to draw inference to. All the units you care about in your research.
Define sample frame
the list from which the sample is drawn. Hope it is the same as the population.
In the book chapter, the authors stress the importance of finding new and better ways to fund wildlife management, while the proportion of hunters and anglers in the population declines. (T/F)
true
It is important to have questions that have simple words but are technically accurate in our questionnaires. (T/F)
true
Define external validity
truth of conclusions. Whether what you find accurately explains what's going on in the population whether it's descriptive or causal in terms in things you can figure out from experiments, etc.
