GDHistory

Goal of Walter Gropius at the Bauhaus?

Gropius sought a new unity of art and technology while enlisting a generation of artists in a struggle to solve problems of visual design. he wanted the designer to change the machine. Henri Van Velde and Peter Behrens were two people who affected Gropius' thought process.

graphic design rallying cry of the 50's

"good design is good business"

world geographic atlas by cca

368 page atlas filled with 120 full page maps of the world. it had 1200 diagrams, graphs, charts, symbols and other graphic communications about the planet.

Describe the style of Analytical Cubism and Synthetic Cubism.

Analytical cubism: analyzed the planes of the subject matter from several points of views. Used perceptions to construct a painting composed of geometric planes. Shapes, colors, and textures and values were used in spatial relationships. Synthetic cubism: essence and basic characteristics of the object was depicted instead of what the object actually was. The art synthesizes the object out of abstract parts that are mixed.

Constructivism versus Suprematism

Constructivism was work that served as a practical purpose. Three principles of constructivism was tectonics, texture and construction.

Cubo futurist publications

Experimentations in typography and design. Reacting against the values of czarist Russia.

How did Theo van Doesburg see the relationship of DaDa and destijl?

He saw Dada and destijl as opposite but complementary movements. Dada could destory the old order and destijl could build a new order on prewar culture.

What elements in Lissizky's the Islms of Art make it an important step forward on organizing information?

He used a three column horizontal grid structure for the title page and three column vertical grid structure

Photos of Man Ray

He would manipulate photos. He explored solarization, reversing the tonal sequence in the denser areas of a photographic negative or print, which added strong black contours to the edges of major shapes.made exposures with moving beams of light and combines experimental tech

What ideas were combined to problems of what at the Bauhaus?

It gathered ideas from all the advanced art and design movements. They were explored, combined and applied to problems of function design and machine production at the Bauhaus.

goals of Johanness Itten at the Bauhaus

Itten's goals were to release each student creative ability, to develop and understand the physical nature of materials and to teach the fundamental principles in design underlying all visual arts.

Imagery in Kurt Schwitters Merz movement. How did he define poetry?

Merz used collage compositions using printed ephemera, rubbish and found mterials to compose color against color, form against form, and texture against texture. Schwitters defined poetry as the interaction of elements: letters, syllables, words, and sentences.

Who evolved Cubism?

Pablo Picasso, Georges Braque and Guillaume Apollinaire devolped cubism.

Pattern poetry in Guillaume Appolinaire's Calligrammes.

Poems contained letterforms that were arranged to form a visual design, figure, or pictograph. He explored the fusion of poetry and painting.

How were the WWII posters of the Central powers different from those of the Allies?

The Central powers war posters continued traditions of the Vienna Succession and displayed Plakitstile. They integrated words and images by simplifying it and using powerful shapes and patterns. The Allies were more illustrative and used literal images.

What technological and industrial changes altered the early 20th century?

Social, political, and economic changes. Socialism and communism replaced Europe's monarchy. Motorcar and airplane were built. Movies and the radio were a new way of communicating information and news.

What realms of Freud are explored by the Surrealist?

Surrealists explored Freud's world of intuition, dreams and unconscious realms.

Stylistic tendencies of Expressionists.

They did not portray the actual subject or element but they would distort it or exaggerate it. Color, drawing and proportion were exaggerated. Symbolic content was very important. Line and color were often pronounced, color and value were intensified. Tactile properties were achieved by thick paint, loose brushwork, and bold contour drawings.

Dada

Used chance placement and absurd titles.

how was new advertising like new journalism?

a new way evolved using verbs and visual syntax.

What are the aims of F.T. Marinetti's Futurist Manifesto?

a revolutionary movement where all the arts were to test their ideas and forms against the scientific and industrial society. The manifesto was in favor of war, machine age, speed, and modern life. They proclaimed that they wanted to destory museums, libraries, and fight against moralism, feminism and all utilitarian cowardice.

what was the programming language for a page layout and electronic typography?

adobe invented the PostScript language

ideas by emile ruder

advocated systematic overal design and grid structure to bring typography, photography, illustration, diagrams, and charts into harmony with each other allowing for design variety

Cipe Pineles

art director at glamour, then at seventeen, charma and mademoiselle. she commissioned illustrations from painters, resulting in editorial pages that broke with conventional imagery.

what make up psychadelic posters?

art noveau aspects were combined with accessible images and softer colors. they used comic books and pop art.

3 visual characteristics of swiss international style of graphic design

assymetrical organization of design elements on a math grid, objective photography, and copy that present visual and verbal information in a clear manner.

how did wild plakken accept and reject clients?

based on the client's ideological viewpoint. they believed a designer should match the content of his or her graphic designs.

Pentagrams design philosophy

based on the concept of mutual interdisciplinary design practice and intuitive exchange among partners

solidarity logo

became a symbol of struggle against oppression. became a universal statement about censorship and oppression of ideas.

advertising style of doyle dane bernbach

used white space effectively to focuse on the readers attention toward headline and image on crowded newspaper pages

mtv logo

bold M with grafitti type TV on its face. they changed the color, decoration, material, dimensionality, viewing angle, and motion of the logo.

Futurist Architecure

called for construction based on technology and science for design that addressed the unique demands of modern life. Decoration should be absurd, used dynamic diagonals, and elliptic lines becasue the emotional power was greter than horizontals and verticals.

stefan sagmesters design characterization

characterized by uncompromising and harsh directness

interactive media

combination of audio, visual, and cinematic communications connected to a coherent body of information.

2 factors incorporated in Japanese graphic design and how they work in the graphic design of yusaka kamekura

constructivist geometry and international style inspired typography are two factors in japanese graphic design. with technical discipline, knowledge of printing, and careful construction of visual elements made up kamekura's work.

according to kyle cooper of imaginary forces, what is the beginning point for each project?

cooper said that everything starts with words.

henryk tomaszewiski

created designs from torn and cut pieces of colored paper and printed by the silkscreen process.

hyperlinks

data that a reader can directly follow by clicking on it which will take them to a different location.

poetry

defined as bringing together unlike things to create a new experience or evoke an unexpected emotional response. graphic poets stretched time and typography, merged and floated objects and fractured and fragmented images in a engaging manner.

retro design

disregarded the rules for proper typographer and there was a fascination with eccentric and mannered typeface designs. may be considered post odern because of its use of historical revivals, but it paraphrases modern designs from decades between the wars.

how do you swiss designers define their role in design?

objective conduits for spreading important information betwen components of society. thier ideal is achieving order and clarity.

which european manifesto caused americans to look at european graphic design?

elementaire typographie

immigrants who did fashion magazines

erte - harpaars bazzar dr. agha - vanity fair

Lazlo Maholy Nagy explored what? what did he contribute to typography?

explored painting, photography, film, sculpture and graphic design. he used plastic, acrylic resin, new techniques such as photomontage and the photogram. He explored kinetic motion, light and transparency. Described typography was a tool of communication and to emphasize it so you could read it and feel it.

Otto Neurath and elements of society

social and economic changes after wwi needed a clear communication to assist public understanding of important social issues. he developed a system of elementary pictographs to present complex data.

1972 munich olympic games by Otl Aicher

for each sport, a pictograph was designed on a modular square grid divided by horizontal, vertical and diagonal lines. it emphasized the motion of the athletes and their equipment.

constructor

forges a unity between art and technology by constructing a new world of objects to provide mankind with a richer society and environment. increase emphasis on graphic design.

in 1988, what did April Greiman feel her obligation was using computer aided graphics?

she wanted to take on the challenge of moving forward in a new landscape of communications. she wanted to apply new ideas by using new technology for decisions on page layouts and typography.

list all the processes that were done by specialists but now are done by a person on a desktop computer.

graphic designers who created page layouts, typesetters, production artists, camera operators, art and photograph strippers ,and platemakers.

herb lubalin innovate typography? visual concerns?

he made a typogram, a brief and visual typographic poem.

what does gert dunbar reject and advocate for in graphic design?

he rejected dehumanized forms and advocated graphic design with stylistic durabilty that could survive beyond its time.

contrasts armin hoffman look for between elements when trying to make absolute harmony

he saw relationships of contrasting elements as the means of invigorating visual design. contrasts include light to dark, curved lines to straight, form to counterfom, soft to hard...brings the total to absolute harmony.

what european and american element did lester beall incorporate in his designs?

he used new typography and dada's random organization and incorparted into his designs.

ikko tanaka

he used plane and shape. he used a grid structure and color contrasts with warm and cool, close valued color and analagous color rangers.

techniques of roman cieslewicz

he would enlarge collage, montage, and halftone images to a scale that turns the dots into texture.

mike salisbury's editorial publications

helped express california culture in editorial spreads using artifacts. used surprise as a design tool.

dutch citizen posters

they prize individuality and free expression and extend the freedom to others, creating a social climate for innovation.

Ulm School

included a study of semiotics (study of signs and symbols). three branches: semantics, syntatics, and pragmatics.

Milton glaser's early illustrations

influenced by comic books and renaissance paintings. he used flat shapes formed by thin black contour lines, adding color by applying adhesive color films.

Lyonel Feininger at Bauhaus

introduced Destijl

Plakitstil and Lucien Bernhard

it is a reductive, flat color design. Color became the means of showing a message with minimal information because of Lucien Bernhard's Priester poster.

Destijl

it seeked scientfic theory, mechanical production and the rhythyms of the modern city. they govern visible reality but are hidden by the outward appearance of things.

Who was the director of design at yale after 1950?

josef albers

Paul Klee and Kandinsky contributions at the Bauhaus

they shared advanced ideas about form, color, and space and integrated it into design vocabulary.

seven elements that make up new wave typography

letterspaced sans serif, blod stair step rules, ruled lines punctuating and energizing space, diagonal type, italic type and weight changes within words, and type reversed from a series of bars.

art director for cbs radio in 1946? design philosophy?

lou dorfsman became art director of cbs radio. combined a pragmatic sense of effective communciations with problem solving.

alexy brodovitch's portfolio

portfolio used a visual flow through pacing, cropping of images, and use of color and texture. they used large images, dynamic space and inserts on colored and rough textured papers that constrasted with smooth, coated white paper.

london underground map

showed complex interchanges between routes , were larger in proportion to outlying areas. graphic lines were drawn on a grid of horizontals, verticals and forty five degree angles. they used bright color coding to identify and seperate the routes.

shigeo fukada

simple and straightforward. playful humor.

supergraphics

name for bold geometric shapes of bright color, giant helvetica, and huge pictographs that contained bending corners, warping walls, expanding and contrasting space in scale changes that are relative to architecture.

international style after WWII

need for communicative clarity, multilingual formats, and elementary pictorgraphs and glyphs to enable people from around the world to comprehend signs and information. the new graphic design in switzerland fulfilled these needs and fundamental concepts.

walter papcke and cca

paepcke founded the cca, he pioneered the manufacture of paperboard and corrugated fiber containers. the cca hired the first corporate design director in america. they put their trademark on stationary, checks, invoices, vehicles, and signage.

El Lissizky's PROUNS

painting style that was developed by El Lissizky. introduced 3-D illusions that receded behind the picture plane and projected forward the picture plane. synthesized architectural concepts with painting and pointed the way for modern painting concepts of form and space to applied designs.

3 classical attribute typefaces were designed by herman zapf

palantino, meloir, and optima

what process did lissizky predict would replace metal/wood typesetting?

photomechanical processes

what was emerging as people disputed the central tenents of modernism?

pluralism

Saul Bass

reduced his designs to a single dominant image. for his film titles, he pioneered an organic process of forms that appear, disintegrate, reform and transform in time and space.

what did hard werken reject? and develop in their collective?

rejected all styles and theories and its members sought solutions from their subjective interpretation of the problem. they emphasized the message and methods and materials used to convey it.

Suprematism

rejected utilitarian function and pictorial representation. it is an expression of feeling, seeking no practical values and no ideas.

Futurism

rejects harmony in favor of feeling. To show this they would use three or four colors and twenty type faces to show expression. Italics and boldfaces to show certain emotions.

att logo by saul bass

repositions company as a global communications adn put information bits circling the globe.

david carson

rjected conventional notions of typographic syntax and imagery.

Mathew Carter's typeface Walker

san serif capitals. a series of five add on serifs that carter called "snap on serifs" which can be attached to the vertical strokes of each letter and they were available in a variety of widths.

josef muller brockman

sought an absolute and universal form of graphic expression through objective and impersonal presentation communicating to the audience without the interference of the designers subjective feelings or persuasion.

Paul Rand

studied the modern movement (klee, kandinsky, and cubists). he understood the free invented shapes could have a contained life both symbolic and expressive as a visual communications tool. he could manipulate form as shape, color, space, line and value.

max bill

studied with gropius, meyer, moholy nagy, albers and kandinsky. abstract results. He constructed layouts of geometric elements organized with order. he used mathematical proportion, geometric spatial division, and use of Grotesk type in medium weight.

ladslav sutnar and information graphics

sutnar developed a system for structuring information in a logical and consistant manner. Felt the basic unit was the visual unit also known as the double page spread. used bleeds.

At Dessau, what two movements were the formal principles to solve design problems?

the destijl and constructivist movements

what makes a conceptual image in graphic design? what movements influence the conceptual image?

the developmental of the conceptual image of graphic design. images that conveyed narrative information but ideas and concepts. inspiration was gained from the advancement of the 20th century art movements: cubism, juxtapositions, dislocation of surrealism, pure color loosened from natural references from expressionism and fauvism and the recycling of mass media pop art.

what four major directions does modernism move?

the early extensions of the typographic style by swiss designers, contributions from the memphis groups in milan, italy, retro and the electronic revolution that was spawned by macintosh in the 80s.

what was the described roles of the mccoys as the design chair at cranbrook?

the mccoys emphasized experimentation while rejected a uniform philosophy or methodology.programed contained a rational, systematic approach to solving design and it evolved into using an approach that questioned the expressive limits of this style.

list serveral ways that the computer has allowed designers to further push the concept of FT.T. Marinetti's "words in freedom"

the personal computer has let designers freely stretch the limits of typographic form to create unbounded words or letters on a page.

what three ideas are found in memphis and sf school styles?

their work was pluralistic, eclectic and hedonistic. texture, pattern,surface, color, and playful geometry.

what was the main purpose of emigre magazine?

to show unpublished works alongside other creative work.

list two publications that spread modern typography by herbert spencer

typographic and pioneers of modern typography

cranbrook and postcranbrook work of ed fella

typography challenged the reader. exploring entropy, repeated copy, and different techniques. invented letterforms, irregular spatial intervals, eccentric characters personal glyphs and vernacular imagery.

what three typefaces make up the new swiss sans serif typefaces?

univers 55, 39, and 83

Jan Tschichold and New Typography

used assymetrical new typography to express the spirit, life and visual sensibility fo the day. wanted functional design. In new typography, a dynamic force should be present in each design. contrasting elements expressed the new age of machine. he used san serif types and declared it to be modern. he used rules, bars and boxes to use it for structure, balance and emphasis.

unigrid design elments for the system of the us park service

used black title bands with park names serving as logotypes, horizontal organization of illustrations, maps and text, standardized typographic specifications and a master grid coordinating design. typography is helvetica and times roman in a limited number of sizes and weights.

A.M. Cassandre

used bold simple designs that are composed of simplified planes of color. He reduced his subjects to symbols and moved very close to synthetic cubism. He integrated words and images into total composition. He made the lines flow with a rhythm and injected the picture with a sensual intensity.

Herbert Matter's Swiss tourist posters

used montage, dynamic scale changes, and an effective integration of type and illustration. unexpecedly linked photographic images to become pictorial symbols that were removed from their naturalistic environment

IBM LOGO of paul rand

used typeface city medium, designed by georg trump. they were geometric slab serif typefaces that were designed along lines similar to futura. it had negative spaces that lent the trademark unity and distinction. he later updated it by introducing stripes to unify the three letterforms and to show scan lines.

vernacular design versus retro design

vernacular design is referring to artistic and technical expression that characterizes a period.

Lester beal's logo for international paper

wanted a strong mark that could be adapted in many applications such as trees or carton designs and labels. he wanted to integrate divisional and corporate identiy with positive psychological effects on human relations.

important campaign by papcke and cca afte rht ewar

wanted show his idea of western culture. it ran over three decades with 157 visual artists creating artwork for almost 200 great ideas.

Berlin DaDa

wanted to raise public consciousness and promote social change.

art director of cbs? what is the philosophy of their logo?

william golden was the cbs art director. when people are bored of the logo, its when people remember it.

George Lois

worked for doyle dane bernback. designed simple and direct with no backgrounds. he used unexpected combinations of images and montage techniques to intensify an event.

takenobu igarashi

worked on a grid system. uses the dot as the smallest component of perception, grids, and x and y axes that bring math order to his work. uses color, texture and abiguity.