GE ELEC 1 (PUBLIC SPEAKING)

Pauses

Learning how and when to _____ is a major challenge for most beginning speakers. Even a moment of silence can seem like an eternity.

There are four basic methods of delivering a speech: (1) reading verbatim from a manuscript; (2) reciting a memorized text; (3) speaking impromptu; and (4) speaking extemporaneously.

Methods of Delivery

Concrete words

Since fire ants came here from South America sometime before World War II, they have spread like a biblical plague across 11 states from Florida to Texas.

Eye Contact

The eyeball itself expresses no emotion. Yet by manipulating the eyeball and the areas of the face around it—especially the upper eyelids and the eyebrows—we convey an intricate array of nonverbal messages.

Pronunciation

We all mispronounce words now and again.

Direct Answers to the Entire Audience

When you are being asked a question, look at the questioner.

State the specific purpose of your speech

should be a separate unit that comes before the subpoints, connectives, outline itself.

Attach Bibliography

shows all the books, magazines, newspapers, and Internet sources you consulted, as well as any interviews or field research you conducted.

Prepare your speaking outline.

so, be sure to follow the guidelines discussed. Use the same visual framework as in the preparation outline.

Pitch

the highness or lowness of the speaker's voice. The faster sound waves vibrate, the higher their ___

Antithesis

the juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, usually in parallel structure.

Parallelism

the similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences

Eliminate Clutter

why can't weather forecasters say, "It's raining, " instead of saying, "It appears as if we are currently experiencing precipitation activity"? And why can't politicians say, "We have a crisis," instead of saying, "We are facing a difficult crisis situation that will be trouble- some to successfully resolve"?

Concrete words

will almost always be clearer, more interesting and easier to recall than one dominated by abstract words.

Approach Questions with a Positive Attitude

will help you answer questions graciously and respectfully.

1. Avoid the Generic "He" 2. Avoid the Use of "Man" When Referring to Both Men and Women 3. Avoid Stereotyping Jobs and Social Roles by Gender 4. Use Names That Groups Use to Identify Themselves

A Note on Inclusive Language

Give Yourself Cues for Delivering the Speech.

A good speaking outline reminds you not only of what you want to say but also of how you want to say it.

Reciting from memory

Among the feats of the legendary orators, none leaves us more in awe than their practice of presenting even the longest and most complex speeches entirely from memory.

Volume

At one time a powerful voice was essential for an orator. Today, electronic amplification allows even a soft-spoken person to be heard in any setting.

Practice the speech aloud several times using only the speaking outline.

Be sure to "talk through" all examples and to recite in full all quotations and statistics

Reading from a Manuscript

Certain speeches must be delivered word for word, according to a meticulously prepared manuscript. Examples include a Pope's religious proclamation

Eliminate clutter

Cluttered speech has become a national epidemic.

Gestures

Few aspects of delivery cause students more anguish than deciding what to do with their hands.

abstract words

Fire ants have been a problem ever since they arrived in the United States.

1. Follow the Visual Framework Used in the Preparation Outline 2. Make Sure the Outline ls Legible 3. Keep the Outline as Brief as Possible 4. Give Yourself Cues for Delivering the Speech

Guidelines for Speaking Outline

1. State the specific purpose of your speech 2. Identify the Central Idea 3. Label the Introduction, Body, and Conclusion 4. Use a Consistent Pattern of Symbolization and Indentation 5. State Main Points and Subpoints in Full Sentences 6. Label Transitions, Internal Summaries, and Internal Previews 7. Attach Bibliography 8. Give Your Speech a Title, If One is Desired

Guidelines for the preparation outline

Repetition

If not now, when? If not us, who? If not together, how? (

Managing the Question-and-Answer Session

If you have ever watched a skillful speaker field questions from the audience, you know there is an art to _____________________.

Appropriateness to Audience

If you keep this in mind, it will help you greatly when dealing with technical topics.

Label the Introduction, Body, and Conclusion

If you label the parts of your speech, you will be sure that you indeed have an introduction and conclusion and have accomplished the essential objectives of each.

Keep the Outline as Brief as Possible.

If your notes are too detailed, you will have difficulty maintaining eye contact with your audience.

Speaker's Body

Imagine you are at a party. During the evening you form impressions about the people around you.

State Main Points and Subpoints in Full Sentences

In sum, a skimpy preparation outline is of little value.

Give Your Speech a Title, If One is Desired

In the classroom you probably do not need a title for your speech unless your teacher requires one.

Use a Consistent Pattern of Symbolization and Indentation

In the most common system of outlining, main points are identified by Roman numerals and are indented equally to be aligned down the page.

Simile

It always contains the words "like" or "as."

listen carefully

It is hard to answer a question well if you do not ___________ to it. Give the questioner your full attention.

Using Language Vividly

Just as you can be accurate without being clear, so you can be both accurate and clear without being interesting.

rhythm

Language has a ______ created by the choice and arrangement of words.

Appropriateness to the occasion

Language that is appropriate for some occasions may not be appropriate for others.

Dialects

Most languages have _______, each with a distinctive accent, grammar, and vocabulary. These are usually based on regional or ethnic speech patterns.

Appropriateness to the speaker

No matter what the occasion, audience, or topic, language should also be ______

Movement

Novice speakers are often unsure about what to do with their body while giving a speech.

Formulate Answers to Possible Questions

Once you know your presentation will include questions from the audience, you should be thinking about possible questions even as you are writing your speech.

Use familiar words

One of the biggest barriers to clear speech is using big, bloated words where short, sharp ones will do the job better.

Imagery

One sign of a good novelist is the ability to create word pictures that let you "see" the haunted house, or "hear" the birds chirping on a warm spring morning, or "taste" the hot enchiladas at a Mexican restaurant.

Label Transitions, Internal Summaries, and Internal Previews

One way to make sure you have strong transitions, internal summaries, and internal previews is to include them in the preparation outline

Alliteration

Peace is essential for progress, but progress is no less essential for peace. (Liaquat Ali Khan) Our colleges, our communities, our country should challenge hatred wherever we find it. (Hillary Clinton)

Using Language Clearly

People are different. What makes perfect sense to some may be gobbledygook to others. You cannot assume that what is clear to you is clear to your audience.

Now begin to polish and refine your delivery.

Practice the speech in front of a mirror to check for eye contact and distracting mannerisms

1. Go through your preparation outline aloud to check how what you have written translates into spoken discourse 2. Prepare your speaking outline. 3. Practice the speech aloud several times using only the speaking outline. 4. Now begin to polish and refine your delivery. 5. Finally, give your speech a dress rehearsal under conditions as close as possible to those you will face in class.

Practicing Delivery

articulation

Sloppy _______ is the failure to form particular speech sounds crisply and distinctly.

Finally, give your speech a dress rehearsal under conditions as close as possible to those you will face in class.

Some students like to try the speech a couple of times in an empty classroom the day before the speech is due.

Identify the Central Idea

Some teachers prefer that the central idea be given immediately after the purpose statement.

Use a Consistent Pattern of Symbolization and Indentation

Subpoints (components of the main points) are identified by capital letters and are also indented equally to be aligned with each other.

Preparing for the Question-and-Answer Session

The first step to doing well in a question-and-answer session is to take it as seriously as the speech itself.

Modern Language Association (MLA) and the American Psychological Association (APA)

The two major bibliographic formats are those developed by

True

True or False Speakers can use imagery in much the same way to make their ideas come alive. Three ways to generate imagery are by using concrete words, simile, and metaphor.

True

True or False Such clichés are fine in everyday conversation, but you should avoid them in speechmaking.

False

True or False When you make a speech, keep your language lean and unlively.

False

True or False You can become a skilled speaker just by following a set of rules in a textbook. In the long run, there is substitute for experience.

False

True or False choosing concrete words over abstract words is one way to not enhance the clarity of your speeches.

True

True or False repetition usually results in parallelism.

True

True or False. Stating your main points and subpoints in full sentences will ensure that you develop your ideas fully.

False

True or false A speech, however, is a poem. You should emphasize sound and rhythm at the expense of meaning.

True

True or false Concrete words are also the key to effective imagery

True

True or false Speech delivery is an art, not a science. What works for one speaker may fail for another.

Metaphor

Unlike simile, _______ does not contain the words "like" or "as." For example: America's cities are the windows through which the world looks at American society. (Henry Cisneros) With globalization, the same sea washes all of humankind. We are all in the same boat. There are no safe islands. (Kofi Annan)

The Speaker's Voice

What kind of voice do you have? Is it rich and resonant like James Earl Jones's? Thin and nasal like Willie Nelson's?

First, state the point you are answering. Second, state the point you wish to make. Third, support your point with appropriate statistics, examples, or testimony. Fourth, summarize your point.

Whenever you are responding to a previous speaker, try to present your speech in four simple steps:

Personal Appearance

While the members of your audience would certainly comment on your attire, your reputation would not be harmed.

denotative and connotative.

Words have two kinds of meanings—

using language clearly

You can ensure this by using familiar words, by choosing concrete words over abstract words, and by eliminating verbal clutter.

Appropriateness to the Topic

You would not metaphor, antithesis, and alliteration when explaining how to change a bicycle tire.

Practice the Delivery of Your Answers

You would not present a speech to a room full of people without rehearsing.

Make Sure the Outline ls Legible.

Your speaking outline is all but worthless unless it is instantly readable at a distance.

Follow the Visual Framework Used in the Preparation Outline.

Your speaking outline should use the same visual framework—the same symbols and the same pattern of indentation—as your preparation outline.

Posture, facial expression, gestures, eye contact

_____, ______ ______, ______, ____ ______. —all affect the way listeners respond to a speaker.

Antithesis

______ has long been a favorite device of accomplished speakers. Because it nearly always produces a neatly turned phrase, it is a fine way to give your speeches a special touch of class.

Answering Audience Questions

a common part of public speaking, whether the occasion is a press conference, business presentation, public hearing, or classroom assignment

volume, pitch, rate, pauses, variety, pronunciation, articulation, and dialect.

aspects of voice you should work to control are:

Using Language Appropriately

being accurate, clear, and vivid, language should be appropriate—to the occasion, to the audience, to the topic, and to the speaker.

speaking impromptu

delivered with little or no immediate preparation.

Good delivery

does not call attention to itself. Conveys the speaker's ideas clearly, engagingly, and without distracting the audience

connotative meaning

gives words their intensity and emotional power. It arouses in listeners feelings of anger, pity, love, fear, friendship, nostalgia, greed, guilt, and the like.

Speech delivery

is a matter of nonverbal communication. It is based on how you use your voice and body to convey the message expressed by your words.

Simile

is an explicit comparison between things that are essentially different yet have something in common.

Metaphor

is an implicit comparison between things that are essentially different yet have something in common

Using Language Accurately

is as Vital to a speaker as using numbers accurately is to an accountant.

connotative meaning

is more variable, figurative, and subjective. The _______ of a word is what the word suggests or implies.

denotative meaning

is precise, literal, and objective. It describes the object, person, place, idea, or event to which the word refers.

Vocal variety

is the spice of life, so is it the spice of public speaking. A flat, listless, unchanging voice is just as deadly to speechmaking as a flat, listless, unchanging routine is to daily life.

Go through your preparation outline aloud to check how what you have written translates into spoken discourse

it too long? Too short? Are the main points clear when you speak them? Are the supporting materials distinct, convincing, interesting? Do the introduction and conclusion come across well? As you answer these questions, revise the speech as needed.

Preparation Outline

just what its name implies—an outline that helps you prepare the speech.

Repetition

means reiterating the same word or set of words at the end of successive clauses or sentences

Conversational Quality

means that no matter how many times a speech has been rehearsed, it still sounds spontaneous.

Speaking Extemporaneously

means the same as "impromptu." Unlike an impromptu speech, which is delivered off-the-cuff, an ___ is carefully prepared and practiced in advance.

Alliteration

most common method of __________ is repeating the consonant sound of close or adjoining words.

Choose concrete words

refer to tangible objects—people, places, and things. They differ from abstract words, which refer to general concepts, qualities, or attributes.

Rate

refers to the speed at which a person speaks. People in the US. Usually speak at a rate between 120 and 150 words per minute, but there is no uniform rate for effective speechmaking.