Gen Psych Exam 3
Fraum defines love as:
1.) Care 2.) Knowledge 3.) Responsibility 4.) Respect
7 Teachable Skills
1.) Emotional Awareness: Ability to understand what we feel 2.) Impulse Control: Learn how to not do the 1st impulse that comes to mind (1st thought is often the worst thought) 3.) Realistic Optimism: Making sure you see a future 4.) Causal Analysis: Being able to look at past behaviors and predict future behaviors. 5.) Empathy: People with this have social support because they are caring and compassionate 6.) Efficacy: The way people perceive and how they control 7.) Trying new things: Often you fail and that failure helps you to move on
5 Existential Needs
1.) Relatedness: The need to partner or be in a relationship 2.) Transcendence: Leaving our mark on the world (by having babies) 3.) Rootendness: Moving toward independence 4.) Frame of Orientation: Consistent way to make decisions 5.) Sense of Identity: Known often by family name
Gifted people have an IQ of _____ or higher.
130
If an adult is 20 years old and her mental age is 30, what is her IQ?
150
Scientists have found the region of the brain that inhibits risky behavior isn't fully formed until
25
How many steps, according to your text, are in the problem-solving process?
4
During what ages does the concrete operational stage occur?
7 to 11 years of age
Most people can keep _____ items in their short-term memory.
7 ± 2
Working memory
A combination of components, including short term memory and attention, that allow individuals to hold info temporarily as they perform cognitive tasks; a kind of mental workbench on which the brain manipulates and assembles info to guide understanding, decision making, and problem solving.
Intellectual disability or intellectual developmental disorder
A condition of limited mental ability that affects an individual's functioning in everyday life.
Levels of processing
A continuum of memory processing from shallow to intermediate to deep, with deeper processing producing better memory.
While trying to learn what a "dog" is, Arash mentally compares every animal to his family's new puppy. If the animal is similar enough, he decides that it is also a dog. Arash's puppy serves as a _____ for the concept of "dog."
prototype
The _______ suggests that people use characteristic properties to create a representation of the average or ideal member of each concept.
prototype mode
Trees have leaves, a trunk, are generally green, and have branches. You are aware of the concept of trees and can identify that a pine and oak are both trees even though they don't look identical. The reason for this is best explained through the:
prototype model of concepts.
Multiple choice questions are to ________ as essay tests are to ______.
recognize; recall
You may have had the experience of a newborn infant grasping your finger when you touch his or her hand. The newborn infant's grasping is an example of
reflex
Throughout childhood many positive and negative experiences occur. The reason most children recover successfully from these negative experiences is due to
resilience
A 16 year old inherently is going to have more difficulty
resisting the distractions that might interfere with good driving.
Memory associated with recall of events from the past is
retrospective memory.
Betsy went to a restaurant last night with friends. Though Betsy had never been to this particular restaurant, she knew how to be seated, order, eat, and pay the bill. Betsy has a _____for going to restaurants.
schema
You learned the names of the 50 states and the capitol of each one when you were 10 years old. This is an example of
semantic memory.
In Erikson's developmental stage, trust vs. mistrust, a child's basic needs are met by
sensitive, nurturing caregivers.
The Atkinson-Shiffrin theory of memory includes
sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
Proactive interference
situation in which material that was learned earlier disrupts the recall of material that was learned later.
Every time Dr. Garza assesses a client using an intelligence test, she follows the same procedures and protocols for administration. This means her test is:
standardized.
Mitch needs to get his taxes sent out by April 15th. He decides that he will have all of his material ready to bring to the accountant by February 1st. He will set up an initial meeting with the accountant on March 1st and follow-up meeting to finalize his return on April 1st. He can then send his return to the IRS by the deadline. Mitch is most clearly using _____ to help him meet the tax deadline.
subgoaling
A fetus can be exposed to a variety of harmful agents that may cause birth defects. These agents are referred to as
teratogens
Your sorority sister argues that AI machines will become intent on domination of the human race as soon as they realize that they are intellectually superior to humans. As a psychology major, you scoff at this position and argue that AI machines will never come to the realization that they are smarter than humans because
they don't have the self awareness necessary to come to this conclusion
Working memory allows us to continue with cognitive tasks while we process or hold information.
true
If you were to give a depression inventory to an 8-year-old child, then write a report on the child's intellectual functioning based on the findings from the inventory, psychologist's would say that your inventory is not a _____ measurement of intellectual functioning.
valid
Decision making is
weighing information and coming to some conclusion that maximizes our outcome.
Language
A form of communication-whether spoken, written, or signed-that is based on a system of symbols
Phonology
A language sound system
Syntax
A language's rules for combining worlds to form acceptable phrases and sentences. `
Morphology
A language's rules for word formation
Anterograde amnesia
A memory disorder that affects the retention of new info and events.
Prototype model
A model emphasizing that when people evaluate whether a given item reflects a certain concept, they compare the item with the most typical items in the category and look for a family resemblance with that item's properties.
Neglectful parenting
A parenting style characterized by a lack of parental involvement in the child's life
Permissive parenting
A parenting style characterized by the placement of few limits on the child's behavior.
Authoritative parenting
A parenting style that encourages the child to be independent but still places limits and controls on behavior
Puberty
A period of rapid skeletal and sexual maturation that occurs mainly in early adolescence
Resilience
A person's ability to recover from or adapt to difficult times
Semantic memory
A person's knowledge about the world, including his or her areas of expertise; general knowledge, such as of things learned in school, and everyday knowledge.
Availability heuristic
A prediction about the probability of an event based on the ease of recalling or imagining similar events
Schema
A preexisting mental concept or framework that helps people to organize and interpret info. Schemas from prior encounters with the environment influence the way individuals encode, make inferences about, and retrieve info.
Long term memory
A relatively permanent type of memory that stored huge amounts of info for a long time.
Preferential looking
A research technique that involves giving an infant a choice of what object to look at
Authoritarian parenting
A restrictive punitive style in which the parent exhorts the child to follow the parent's directions
Script
A schema for an event, often containing info about physical features, people, and typical occurrences.
Artificial Intelligence (AI)
A scientific field that focuses on creating machines capable of performing activities that require intelligence when they are done by people.
How are a schema and a script different?
A script is a specific type of schema that focuses on events, whereas other types of schemas focus on a variety of experiences.
Autobiographical memory
A special form of episodic memory, consisting of a person's recollections of his or her life experiences.
Normal distribution
A symmetrical, bell shaped curve, with a majority of the scored falling in the middle of the possible range and few score appearing toward the extremes of the range.
Tip of the tongue (TOT) phenomenon
A type of effortful retrieval associated with a person's feeling that he or she knows something (say, a work or a name) but cannot quite pull it out of memory
Analytical
Ability to analyze, jude, evaluate, compare, and contrast
Creative
Ability to create, design, invent, originate, and imagine
Practical intelligence
Ability to use, apply, implement, and put ideas into practice
Erikson's stage of autonomy versus shame occurs during which ages?
Ages one and a half through three
In the late 1970s, attachment was studied by
Ainsworth.
Intelligence
All purpose ability to do well on cognitive tasks, to solve problems, and to learn from experience.
Accommodation
An individual's adjustment of his or her schemas to new info
Temperament
An individual's behavioral style and characteristic ways of responding
Nature
An individual's biological inheritance, especially his or her genes.
Nurture
An individual's environmental and social experiences
Assimilation
An individual's incorporation of new info into existing knowledge.
Mental age (MA)
An individual's level of mental development relative to that of others
Intelligence quotient (IQ)
An individual's mental age divided by chronological age multiplied by 100
According to Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence, what type of intelligence would be needed to calculate a mathematical problem?
Analytical
Which of the following scenarios is the best example of working memory?
As her teacher lectures, Lucy tries to connect the new information she is hearing to information she has already stored in her memory.
Which of the following statements is FALSE? As people grow older, intelligence declines are of little significance for competent behavior. incorrect As people grow older, their intelligence holds steady in healthy individuals. As people grow older, their intelligence declines significantly. As people grow older, their intelligence declines very little.
As people grow older, their intelligence declines significantly.
Parenting is especially important during adolescence and is helpful is guiding them to their full potential. _______ parenting is the preferred parenting style for adolescents with the most positive outcomes
Authoritative
Which parenting style is associated with the best child outcomes?
Authoritative
Prosocial behavior
Behavior that is intended to benefit other people
Which theory of aging states that our cells can only divide about 100 times, which is why humans can only live to about 120?
Cellular-clock theory
Noam Chomsky's assertion that humans are designed for language acquisition is supported by which of the following?
Children from different cultures develop language at about the same age and in the same order.
Rosa is trying to memorize her school ID number. She is having trouble, because the number is 12 digits long. What would BEST help Rosa learn the number
Chunk the digits together
Divided Attention
Concentrating on more that one activity at the same time.
Focusing on information that supports your beliefs and discounting information that contradicts your beliefs is called the _____
Confirmation bias
A student's class always met in room 100. However, when that student took the final exam, the class met in room 317. The student experienced memory problems at the final exam. What could account for the student's memory problems?
Context-dependent memory
Memory is better when encoding happens at which level of processing?
Deepest level
If you were problem solving using hypothetical-deductive reasoning, what would you be doing?
Developing an hypothesis and systematically deducing a best solution
_______ refers to a pattern of change in human capabilities throughout the course of life and does include growth and decline at many levels
Development
An important feature of the Stanford-Binet intelligence test is its _______, or the frequency of various scores on a scale.
Distribution
What are you engaged in when you are driving and texting on the cell phone at the same time?
Divided attention
Which is not a cognitive function? Remembering Reflecting Knowing Doing jumping jacks
Doing jumping jacks
A student is studying for a philosophy exam. She is trying to remember a list of philosophy concepts and associates each one with a personal event in her life. Which of the following is she employing?
Elaboration
_____ is like a spider web; the more connections and detailed the encoding is, the more deeply you will process the information and remember it.
Elaboration
_____ refers to a person's memories about himself or herself, whereas _____ refers to a person's memories about the world.
Episodic memory; semantic memory
Wisdom
Expert knowledge about the practical aspects of life.
Functional fixedness
Failing to solve a problem as a result of fixation on a thing's usual functions
Which is not an process in memory? Encoding Retrieval Storage Forgetting
Forgetting
Motivated forgetting
Forgetting that occurs when something is so painful or anxiety laden that remembering it is intolerable
During the ages of 3 to 6 years, which area of the brain undergoes the most rapid growth?
Frontal
_____ are fast and often lead to possibilities of answers without a definite solution, while _____ are slower strategies that often lead to a clear outcome or solution to a problem
Heuristics; algorithms
Cailean has always wished she had a "photographic memory." She sits on the steps of one of the academic buildings and watches the people. Sometimes she closes her eyes and tries to recall everything about what she was seeing. Each time, though, the memory quickly seems to dissolve. In what kind of memory is the visual information stored while it lasts?
Iconic
According to Erikson, which is NOT a stage of socioemotional development a child must resolve? Industry versus inferiority Identity versus identity confusion Trust versus mistrust Initiative versus guilt
Identity versus identity confusion
Which of the following stages applies to the teenage years (ages 12 to 20)?
Identity vs. role confusion
Which type of memory is retrieved unconsciously?
Implicit memory
Which of the following is characteristic of creative thinkers? Inner motivation Functional fixedness Fixation Availability heuristic
Inner motivation
A general ability to perform on cognitive tasks, solve problems and learn from experience is
Intelligence
Culture fair tests
Intelligence tests that are intended to be culturally unbiased.
Subgoals
Intermediate goals or intermediate problems devised to put the individual in a better position for reaching the final goal or solution
Cognitive appraisal
Interpreting the events and experiences in one's life as harmful and threatening, or as challenging, and determining whether one has the resources to cope effectively
Which of the following is a form of communication based on a system of symbols?
Language
Short term memory
Limited capacity emory system in which info is usually retained for only as long as 30 sec. unless the individual uses strategies to retain it longer
Which of the following scenarios is most likely to result in a sensory memory being sent to short term memory?
Malia is eating Indonesian food for the first time. She loves the way it tastes and slowly savors each bite
Coping
Managing taxing circumstances expending effort to solve life's problems, and seeking to master or reduce stress.
Procedural memory
Memory for skills
Implicit memory or Non-declarative memory
Memory in which behavior is affected by prior experience without a conscious recollection of that experience. (Cannot put into words)
Retrogade amnesia
Memory loss for a segment of the past but not for new events.
Sensory memory
Memory system that involves holding info from the world in its original sensory form for only an instant, not much longer than the brief time it is exposed to the visual, auditory, and other senses
Concepts
Mental categories that are used to group objects, events, and characteristics.
Which of these statements about long-term memory is FALSE? Short-term memories that are particularly important to us move into long-term memory. Long-term memory can last for decades. Most long-term memories are stored as a single entity. Our minds present long-term memories to us as a single entity, but the memory is actually stored in many pieces.
Most long-term memories are stored as a single entity.
Based on the research of parenting and well-being (happiness), what major conclusion could be drawn?
Parenting and parenthood are associated with greater happiness
Context dependent memory
People remember better when they attempt to recall info in the same context i which they learned it
Sensorimotor stage
Piaget's first stage of cognitive development, lasting from birth to about 2 years of age, during which infants construct an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences with motor (physical) actions
Formal operational stage
Piaget's fourth stage of cognitive development, which begins at 11 to 15 year of age ad continues through the adult years; it features thinking about things that are not concrete, making predictions, and using logic to come up with hypotheses about the future
Pre-operational stage
Piaget's second stage of cognitive development, lasting from about 2 to 7 years of age, during which thought is more symbolic than sensorimotor thought
Object permanence
Piaget's term for the crucial accomplishment of understanding that objects and events continuer to exist even when they cannot directly be seen, heard, or touched.
Concrete operational stage
Piaget's third stage of cognitive development, lasting from about 7 to 11 years of age, during which the individual uses operations and replaces intuitive reasoning with logical reasoning in concrete situations
Gifted
Possessing high intelligence (an IQ of 130 or higher) and/or superior talent in a particular area.
Making decisions about right and wrong based on punishments or rewards is consistent with which level of moral reasoning?
Preconventional
A middle-school teacher places words such as "calm" and "success" on the walls of his classroom to impact the behavior and achievement of his students. What memory process is he using?
Priming
In high school, a student took German; however, she decided to take Russian in college. She finds that she is having trouble learning to speak Russian because she keeps using German words instead of Russian words. What type of problem is she experiencing?
Proactive interference
Your ability to use the mouse on a computer is an example of what type of memory?
Procedural memory
The Eisenbergs want to raise their children to be highly moral. Which positive parenting strategies might they use to accomplish this?
Providing their children with information on expected behaviors
Deductive reasoning
Reasoning from a general case that is known to be true to a specific instance
Inductive reasoning
Reasoning from specific observations to make generalizations
Cognitive reappraisal
Regulating one's feelings abut an experience by reinterpreting that experience or thing about it in a different way or from a different able.
Prospective memory
Remembering info about doing something in the future; includes memory for intentions.
Retrospective memory
Remembering info form the past
_____ refers to a defense mechanism by which a person is so traumatized by an event that he or she forgets it and then forgets the act of forgetting, while ______ occurs when a person forgets something because it is so mentally painful.
Repression; motivated forgetting
You are trying to remember the lyrics to one of your favorite songs. You have heard the song often, and sung it a hundred times, but right now you can't remember how the words to the chorus start. With what part of your memory are you having difficulty?
Retrieval
Imagine that you are a server in a fancy restaurant. When taking orders without writing anything down, what type of attention are you engaging in?
Selective attention
Joline was learning to parallel park her car. Even though she shouldn't be on the cell phone while driving, she thought it was important to call her friend. They were in a very engaged conversation but the minute Joline started to parallel park her car, she stopped talking and the conversation went silent. What best explains Joline's change in behavior?
Selective attention
Object permanence happens in which of Piaget's stages?
Sensorimotor
Heuristics
Shortcut strategies or guidelines that suggest a solution to a problem but do not guarantee and answer.
Retroactive interference
Situation in which material that was learned later disrupts the retrieval of info that was learned earlier.
What type of intelligence would likely be strongest for an architect who designs skyscrapers?
Spatial
What type of information is stored in the phonological loop?
Speech-based information
A popular intelligence test, _____ illustrates normal distribution or a bell-shaped curve of scores over time.
Stanford-Binet
Encoding specificity principle
States that info present at the time of encoding or learning tends to be effective as a retrieval cue
Triarchic theory of intelligence
Sternberg's theory that intelligence comes in three forms: analytical, creative, and practical
Algorithms
Strategies-including formulas, instructions, and the testing of all possible solutions-that guarantee a solution to a problem.
Encoding
The 1st step in memory; the process by which info gets into memory storage.
Sustained Attention of Vigilance
The ability to maintain attention to a selected stimulus for a prolonged period of time.
Creativity
The ability to thing about something in novel and unusual way and to devise unconventional solutions to problems
Priming
The activation of info that people already have in storage to help them remember new info better and faster
During adolescence there are changes in the structure of the brain. Changes in which of the following brain structures are thought to be partially responsible for adolescent behavior?
The amygdala and the prefrontal cortex.
Estrogens
The class of sex hormones that predominate in females, produced mainly by the ovaries.
Androgens
The class of sex hormones that predominate in males, produced by the testes in males and by the adrenal glands in both males and females
Infant attachment
The close emotional bond between an infant and its caregiver
Explicit Memory or Declarative Memory
The conscious recollection of info, such as specific facts or events and, at least in human, info that can be verbally communicated. (Can put into words)
Standardization
The development of uniform procedures fro administering and scorning a test, and the creation of norms (performing standards) for the test
Validity
The extent to which a test measures what it is intended to measure.
Reliability
The extent to which a test yields a consistent, reproducible measure of performance.
Elaboration
The formation of a number of different connections around a stimulus at any given level of memory encoding.
Amnesia
The loss of memory
Semantics
The meaning of words and sentences in a particular language
Flashbulb memory
The memory of emotionally significant events that people often recall with more accuracy and vivid imagery than everyday events.
Retrieval
The memory process that occurs when info that was retained in memory comes out of storage.
Decision making
The mental activity of evaluating alternatives and choosing among them.
Reasoning
The mental activity of transforming info to reach conclusions
Problem solving
The mental process of finding an appropriate way to attain a goal when the goal is not readily available
Which of the following statements is supported by the theories of Benjamin Whorf?
The more words an individual has to describe an object or event, the easier it will be for him or her to think about it.
Development
The pattern of continuity and change in human capabilities that occurs throughout life, involving both growth and decline.
Thinking
The process of manipulating info men ally by forming concepts, solving problems, making decisions, and reflecting critically or creatively.
Heritability
The proportion of observable differences in a group that can be explained by differences in the genes of the group's members.
Episodic memory
The retention of info about the where, when, and what of life's happenings-that is, how individuals remember life's episodes
Memory
The retention of info or experience over time as the result of three key processes: encoding, storage, and retrieval.
Storage
The retention of info over time and how this info is represented in memory.
Mindfulness
The state of being alert and mentally present for one's everyday activities.
Open-mindness
The state of being receptive to other ways of looking at things
Base rate neglect
The tendency to ignore info about general principles in favor of very specific but vivid info
Representativeness heuristic
The tendency to make judgments about group membership based on physical appearances or the match between a person and one's stereotype of a group rather than on available base rate info.
Serial position effect
The tendency to recall the items at the beginning and end of a list more readily than those in the middle.
Hindsight bias
The tendency to report falsely, after the fact, that one has accurately predicted an outcome
Confirmation bias
The tendency to search for and use info that supports one's ideas rather than refutes them.
Connectionism or parallel distributed processing (PDP)
The theory that memory is stored throughout the brain in connections among neurons, several of which may work together to process a single memory.
Interference theory
The theory that people forget not because memories are lost from storage but because other info gets in the way of what they want to remember.
Emerging adulthood
The transitional period from adolescence to adulthood, spanning approximately 18 to 25 years of age.
Pragmatics
The useful character of language ands the ability of language to communicate even more meaning that is verbalized
Cognition
The way in which info is processed and manipulated in remembering, thinking, and knowing
Secure attachment
The ways that infants use their caregiver, usually their mother, as a secure base from which to explore the environment
Decay theory
Theory stating that hen an individual learns something new, a neurochemical memory trace forms, but overtime this trace disintegrates; suggests that the passage of time always increases forgetting.
Atkinson-Shiffrin theory
Theory stating that memory storage involves three separate systems: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long term memory. Boxes represent storage and arrows represent processes.
What makes flashbulb memories so long-lasting?
They are often rehearsed and laden with emotion.
Divergent thinking
Thinking that produces many solutions to the same problem.
Convergent thinking
Thinking that produces the single best solution to a problem
According to the dual-code hypothesis of memory when you are studying for an exam, it is better to:
Use imagery
Fixation
Using a prior strategy and failing to look at a problem from a fresh new perspective.
Brain damage found in people diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease would most likely affect which part of memory?
Working memory
An infant born between 38 and 42 weeks after conception is considered
a full-term infant
The process whereby existing schemas are modified or new structures are developed to help us change so that we can make sense of life's challenging events is
accommodation.
A newly pregnant woman is warned by a doctor about teratogens. She does not know what these are and wants to look them up in a book, but is unsure where to look. You tell her that the teratogens named in your text include
alcohol
Following a recipe or driving directions are strategies used to guarantee a solution to a given problem. These examples are called
algorithms
A person who cannot create new memories has
anterograde amnesia.
Teratogens are
any agents that cause birth defects
An entire science devoted to creating machines capable of performing activities that require intelligence when done by people is called
artificial intelligence.
Ryan's family has a beagle, so when he sees any small four-legged furry creature, he says "doggie." The pattern of thought that provides Ryan with a concept with which to compare his understanding of "doggie" is called
assimilation.
Using old ways to handle new experiences is _____, while using new ways to handle new experiences is _______.
assimilation; accommodation
One purpose of concepts is to ______, or make connections between experiences or objects, such as baseball, tennis, and golf are all sports.
associate experiences
If a parent instructs a child to do something because "I said so," this would be an example of a(n) _____ parenting style.
authoritarian
Jen's dad sends her to the grocery store for a few last-minute dinner items. Jen repeats the list of 10 items as she walks to the store, but can only remember the first and last three items when she gets there—she is unable to remember the four in the middle. This U-shaped pattern of recall is
called the serial position effect.
After reading the section of the textbook on concepts, Mary Jo comes to the conclusion that
concepts are a form of cognitive efficiency and economy.
Seeking out information that supports your ideas is
confirmation bias.
Gut feelings are products of learned associations. The accuracy of these feelings mostly likely depends on
conscious effort put into the initial task.
The work of Harry and Margaret Harlow established that
contact comfort is more important than feeding in the attachment process.
_____ is a type of problem solving aimed at reducing stress.
coping
The sentence, "The tablecloth asked her dog to type the dishes," contains
correct syntax but incorrect semantics.
Ivan is known for his ability to think about things and problems in novel and usual ways which often lead him to identify some unconventional ways to solving problems. We are speaking about Ivan's
creativity
If an intelligence test asks questions that would more likely be familiar to a person living in a city than to a person living in the country, the test is
culturally biased
Whenever Leslie's father gets home before 6 p.m., she knows he finished work early and will probably be in a good mood. The last two times he came home early, he took Leslie to dinner. Leslie hears her father's car pull into the garage at 5:30 p.m. and thinks, "We're going out to dinner!" Leslie is using
deductive reasoning.
Now that Linda has figured out what the problem is, the next step in problem solving would mean that she should
develop a good problem-solving strategy.
When older people in Western societies are reminded of the advantages of age, such as superior wisdom, they tend to
do better on tests of memory.
Erikson's intimacy versus isolation stage of socioemotional development occurs during which period of life?
early adulthood
Encoding sensory memory through hearing is called
echoic memory.
Casey says he'll never forget the look on her face the day he told his mother he got accepted into graduate school. This memory is an example of
episodic memory.
Trying the same technique repeatedly to solve a problem is called
fixation
The day my sister got married was a very happy moment for us as a family. We remember the smell of the flowers, the sound of the music and all of the happy smiles on people's faces. Because this moment was so emotionally significant, psychologists may call these ______ memories.
flashbulb
Karina is in high school. Of all the classes she takes, the one she likes the most in science. In this class, she has the opportunity to explore possibilities and think about potential causes and solutions to given science experiments. According to Piaget, Karina is in the ________ stage of cognitive development.
formal operational
This theory states that people age because unstable oxygen molecules known as_______ are produced inside their cells. These molecules damage DNA and other cellular structures thought to explain aging.
free radicals
The research on successful marriages has identified four basic principles, which are: praising each other, seeing each other as friends, resolving conflicts, and
giving up power.
When using the computer as an analogy to explain the relationship between cognition and the brain, the brain is described as the computer's _____; cognition as its _____.
hardware; software
Fifteen-year-old Matt and his father are in an electronics store looking at video game systems. Matt gives his father a complete breakdown of the pros and cons of each of the different video game systems on display. According to the theory of encoding processes, Matt is able to accurately recall all this information because he?
has deeply processed this information.
A mental shortcut that guides us in solving a problem but only narrows down the possible solutions without guaranteeing it will work is called
heuristic
Smells can evoke vivid memories because the olfactory cortex links to the _____, which is associated with memory consolidation.
hippocampus
What is the difference between Kohlberg's preconventional level of moral development and his postconventional level of moral development?
in the preconventional level, a person develops a moral code, while in the postconventional level, a person responds to only rewards and punishments.
As opposed to forming trust and attachment in infancy, children need ______ to grow emotionally in early childhood (18 months to 3 years).
independence
Erikson said that individuals look back on their lives and this retrospective glance can either be positive or negative. This stage is known as
integrity vs. despair.
Steve is studying for a vocabulary test. When he studies the word, "sail," he notices that it rhymes with "jail." Steve is processing this word at a(n)
intermediate level.
Cognitive psychology was considered a "revolutionary" development in psychology because
it was a radical departure from behaviorism.
The primacy effect is thought to occur because
items stay in working memory longer.
Procedural memory involves
learning a skill.
Interested in learning how intelligence quotient affects a woman's marital prospects, researchers gave intelligence tests to a sample of 11-year-old girls, then retested them and asked about relationship status several times over the next 40 years. This type of study has a _____ design.
longitudinal
At seven months Xiang can sit up by herself, at nine months she can stand with an adult's support, at 13 months she can stand alone, and at 15 months she can walk alone. The process that allows Xiang's motor skills to develop at the same rate as other children's is called
maturation
When Christina tells her teenager that he is thinking like a 2-year-old, she is really talking about his
mental age.
According to Piaget, operations are
mental representations that are reversible.
Short-term memory has a _____ capacity than sensory memory and a_____ duration.
more limited; longer
In order to develop _____ for a test, the test should be given to a large, representative group of people of various ages, races, sexes, and geographic locations.
norms
An IQ score below 70, difficulty adapting to everyday life and exhibiting these characteristics before the age of 18 is classified as
ntellectual disability.
Eliska is 9 months old. One of her favorite games is peek-a-boo, and recently she has begun to pry at her mother's fingers when Mother covers her face. Eliska has developed _____, the understanding that Mother is still behind her hands even when Eliska can't see her.
object permanence
Because Christel's father didn't like how strict his parents were when he was growing up, he gives his daughter everything she wants. He is proud of how well he and his daughter get along, even if other people tell him sometimes that she seems spoiled. Christel's father has a/an _____ parenting style.
permissive
Consider the word driving. The d sound is known as a _____, while the suffix -ing is known as a _____.
phoneme; morpheme
The three levels of development most psychologists examine are: _____ processes related to an individual's biological nature, _____ processes related to an individual's thoughts, intelligence and language and _____ processes related to an individual's relationships with others, emotions and personality.
physical, cognitive, socioemotional
When Carl talks to his girlfriend on the phone he says things like, "Wuz up baby!" and, "Love ya lots, hottie." When he meets her parents for the first time he says, "How are you Mr. and Mrs. Jones?" and, "It is a great pleasure to finally meet you." Carl's change in language choices is an example of
pragmatics
An infant is repeatedly shown a picture of his mother's face and a picture of geometric shapes. Each time the infant tends to gaze at the picture of his mother's face. This finding is an example of
preferential looking.