Gen Psych Final Exam
The humanistic psychologist Carl Rogers defined the __________ as the center of experience. Select one: a. self b. ego c. id d. ego identity
a. self
Which of the following is a goal of psychology? Select one: a. To establish behavioral and moral standards. b. To explain behavior and mental processes. c. To change social norms. d. To ultimately control human behavior.
b. To explain behavior and mental processes.
According to the general adaptation syndrome, the __________ is first triggered by perception of a stressor. Select one: a. exhaustion stage b. alarm reaction c. resistance stage d. flight reaction
b. alarm reaction
In Gestalt psychology, __________ is a sudden perception of relationships among elements of the mentally represented elements of a problem that permits its solution. Select one: a. an algorithm b. insight c. catharsis d. an anagram
b. insight
In psycholinguistic theory, the __________ is a neural "prewiring" that facilitates a child's learning of grammar. Select one: a. language lexicon b. language acquisition device c. cross-linguistic typology d. extralinguistic cue
b. language acquisition device
A neuron sends _______ to relay its message to another neuron. Select one: a. nuclei b. hormones c. neurotransmitters d. electricity
c. neurotransmitters
During his experiments, Dan Ariely discovered that most people cheated _______. Select one: a. A little bit b. A lot c. Not once
a. A little bit
The Rorschach inkblot test is an example of an objective test. Select one: True False
False
_________ is the process by which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved. Select one: a. Perception b. Memory c. Cognition d. Semantics
b. Memory
According to the video, a case study is the in-depth study of a single individual and it ________ be replicated. Select one: a. Cannot b. Can c. Might d. Should
Cannot
According to Bandura's Bobo doll experiment, the children who watched the video were significantly less violent in their play with other children. Select one: True False
False
Which of the following substances is classified as a barbiturate? Select one: a. Marijuana b. Nembutal c. Nicotine d. Demerol
b. Nembutal
When Kendall picked up her puppy, she did not realize that he'd gained a pound since the last time she picked him up. This small increase in weight is not big enough to be a Select one: a. difference threshold. b. just noticeable difference. c. signal-detection theory. d. correct rejection.
just noticeable difference
According to the video, our memories are like books in a library as we can easily pluck out any information. Select one: True False
False
Altruism is a form of discrimination. Select one: True False
False
People with somatoform disorders experience episodes of feeling detached from themselves or feeling that the world around them is unreal. Select one: True False
False
According to the video, every major stressful life experience increases the risk of dying by 30%. Select one: True False
True
As opposed to a dependent variable, an independent variable is manipulated by the experimenters so that its effects may be determined. Select one: True False
True
Compared to the unconscious, Freud believed that the conscious is a smaller part of our mind. Select one: True False
True
According to psychology, _______ are groups of individuals who share similar tastes and interests. Select one: a. Cliques b. Bands c. Clubs d. Companies
a. Cliques
______ is a hostile behavior directed against groups toward whom one is prejudiced and _________ is an attitude toward a group that leads people to evaluate members of that group negatively. Select one: a. Discrimination; prejudice b. Prejudice; discrimination c. Selective avoidance; fear appeal d. Fear appeal; selective avoidance
a. Discrimination; prejudice
If you experience Source Misattribution, you will______ the source of a memory. Select one: a. Forget b. Recall c. Examine d. Encode
a. Forget
In the Chinese Room experiment, the two men are instructed to ________ Select one: a. Have a conversation. b. Build a computer. c. Get out of the room. d. Administer electrical shocks.
a. Have a conversation.
The psychologist responsible for our understanding of cognitive psychology is _________. Select one: a. Jean Piaget b. Sigmund Freud c. John Watson d. Alfred Binet
a. Jean Piaget
_____ is the top-down way our brains organize and interpret information and put it into context. Select one: a. Perception b. Sensation c. Stimulus d. Absolute threshold
a. Perception
Every time you replay a memory, it changes due to _________ and ___________. Select one: a. Proactive Interference, Retroactive Interference b. Dementia, Alzheimer's Disease c. Dendrites, Synapses d. Short-term Memory, Long-term Memory
a. Proactive Interference, Retroactive Interference
Which of the following is true of drives? Select one: a. Psychological needs for approval, achievement, and belonging give rise to drives. b. Psychological drives do not differ from person to person. c. Drives tend to be weaker when we have been deprived longer. d. The drives of hunger and thirst are examples of physiological drives.
a. Psychological needs for approval, achievement, and belonging give rise to drives.
According to the podcast, Dr. James Fallon studies the brains of _________. Select one: a. Psychopaths b. Bipolar Disorder c. Schizophrenia d. Antisocial Personality Disorder
a. Psychopaths
According to Erik Erikson's ___________, the relationship we have with other people influence the development of our personalities. Select one: a. Psychosocial Development Theory b. Cognitive-Development Theory c. Kübler-Ross model d. Moral Development Theory
a. Psychosocial Development Theory
According to Kelly McGonigal, the most under-appreciated aspects of the stress response is that stress makes you more ______. Select one: a. Social b. Irresponsible c. Antisocial d. Honest
a. Social
According to the Ted Talk, Dan Ariely's interest in irrational behavior began during his_________. Select one: a. Stay in the hospital b. Service in the army c. Career as a nurse d. Career as a neurosurgeon
a. Stay in the hospital
Emily is on a diet. For lunch, she has the choice of a salad with fat-free dressing or a fruit plate. However, she does not like either of them. This situation is an example of a(n) __________. Select one: a. avoidance-avoidance conflict b. approach-approach conflict c. approach-avoidance conflict d. multiple approach-avoidance conflict
a. avoidance-avoidance conflict
Excessive fear of public speaking is a common __________. Select one: a. social anxiety disorder b. hoarding disorder c. panic disorder d. generalized anxiety disorder
a. social anxiety disorder
Yarema is a cyclist. He notices that whenever he trains with someone else, his time improves markedly. In the context of group behavior, this phenomenon occurs due to a process known as _________. Select one: a. social facilitation b. social loafing c. polarization d. groupthink
a. social facilitation
In classical conditioning, the term extinction can be misleading because: Select one: a. spontaneous recovery of extinguished conditioned responses can occur. b. conditioned stimuli cannot lose the ability to elicit conditioned responses. c. extinction does not change the mental representation of one's environment. d. extinction is a continuous and irreversible process.
a. spontaneous recovery of extinguished conditioned responses can occur.
As we enter__________, our brain waves slowdown from the alpha rhythm and enter a pattern of theta waves. Select one: a. stage 1 sleep b. stage 2 sleep c. stage 3 sleep d. stage 4 sleep
a. stage 1 sleep
Erikson labeled the first stage of psychosocial development in his theory of personality development as the stage of __________. Select one: a. trust versus mistrust b. autonomy versus shame and doubt c. initiative versus guilt d. industry versus inferiority
a. trust versus mistrust
The embryo is connected to the placenta by the __________. Select one: a. umbilical cord b. uterine tube c. fallopian tube d. urethra
a. umbilical cord
Jenny was beginning to panic as the store began to become crowed with shoppers. Jenny most likely suffers from ________. Select one: a. claustrophobia b. acrophobia c. agoraphobia d. arachnophobia
c. agoraphobia
Max is a waiter at a coffee shop. He gets paid $100 every day at 9 p.m. regardless of the number of customers he serves during the day. In this scenario, Max's payment is based on the ________. Select one: a. fixed-ratio schedule b. variable-interval schedule c. fixed-interval schedule d. variable-ratio schedule
c. fixed-interval schedule
Mindfulness meditation (MM) provides clients with techniques they can use to: Select one: a. achieve spiritual goals. b. improve hypnotic suggestibility. c. focus on the present. d. ruminate about problems.
c. focus on the present.
On a bright, sunny day, Manny leaves a dimly-lit movie theater and goes out into the street. The _____ in his eyes adjust to the sudden increase in light. Select one: a. ganglion cells b. fovea c. pupils d. optic nerves
c. pupils
Which of the following is not one of Ekman's (1980) universal emotions? Select one: a. anger b. happiness c. surprise d. confusion
d. confusion
In order to form new memories, you must have a fully functioning _________. Select one: a. hypothalamus b. nephron c. pineal gland d. hippocampus
d. hippocampus
Cancer is characterized by the development of abnormal, or mutant, cells that may take root anywhere in the body: in the blood, bones, digestive tract, lungs, and sex organs. If their spread is not controlled early, the cancerous cells may _________, that is, establish colonies elsewhere in the body. Select one: a. become benign b. reach an equilibrium state c. degenerate d. metastasize
d. metastasize
Messages from the brain or spinal cord are transmitted to muscles or glands through _______. Select one: a. Schwann cells b. afferent neurons c. glial cells d. motor neurons
d. motor neurons
A mother is playing with her eight-month-old son. She places a toy in front of her son and then takes it away. She notices that her son starts searching for the toy. Which aspect of Piaget's sensorimotor stage of development is depicted in the scenario? Select one: a. fixation time b. object reference c. target fixation d. object permanence
d. object permanence
A(n) _____ primarily focuses on the relationships between people and work. Select one: a. industrial psychologist b. human factors psychologist c. forensic psychologist d. consumer psychologist
industrial psychologist
When you are training a pet, you are most likely relying on which of the following psychological perspectives? Select one: a. Functionalist b. Cognitive c. Behaviorist d. Biological
Behaviorist
Another term for white blood cells is antigens. Select one: True False
False
Levels of ___________, a stress hormone, in the saliva are elevated during a severe panic attack. Select one: a. calcitonin b. cortisol c. thyroxin d. amylin
b. cortisol
An incentive ________. Select one: a. is purely psychological b. always satisfies goals c. can satisfy a need d. can only satisfy a drive
c. can satisfy a need
Peter and Kirsten share a warm relationship and count on each other for emotional support without sexual feelings for each other. According to Robert Sternberg's triangular model of love, this demonstrates ___________. Select one: a. passion b. empty love c. intimacy d. infatuation
c. intimacy
Eysenck focused on the relationships between two personality traits: __________ and emotional stability-instability. Select one: a. agreeableness-disagreeableness b. openness-shallowness c. introversion-extraversion d. conscientious-careless
c. introversion-extraversion
During Brian's infancy, his mother suffered from alcoholism and abused drugs. She was never emotionally available to him. As a result, he now has difficulty in his relationships with others and cannot trust people easily. This situation supports the views of the __________. Select one: a. sociocultural perspective b. psychosexual theory c. psychosocial development theory d. analytic psychology
c. psychosocial development theory
Darryl has been a cocaine addict for over three years. He is a regular user of the drug. His body is now habituated to the drug, and hence he requires twice as much cocaine as he did initially to achieve similar effects. In this scenario, Darryl is displaying __________. Select one: a. tolerance b. parasomnia c. regularization d. cyclothymia
a. tolerance
During puberty, __________ stokes the growth of muscle and bone and the development of primary and secondary sex characteristics in a male body. Select one: a. testosterone b. vasopressin c. estrogen d. norepinephrine
testosterone
Research shows that children of authoritarian parents have greater self-reliance, self-esteem, social competence, and achievement motivation than other children. Select one: True False
False
The amygdala is an almond-shaped structure located in the limbic system. Select one: True False
True
The beginning of menstruation, or menarche, usually occurs between 11 and 14. Select one: True False
True
A person with normal color vision is labeled a _____. Select one: a. bichromat b. dichromat c. trichromat d. monochromat
c. trichromat
To compare the human brain to computers, John Searle created a thought experiment called the ________. Select one: a. Bobo Doll b. Little Albert c. Classical Conditioning d. Chinese Room
d. Chinese Room
Which of the following substances is a stimulant? Select one: a. Nembutal b. Seconal c. Morphine d. Cocaine
d. Cocaine
According to the general adaptation syndrome, the levels of endocrine and sympathetic activity in the __________ are lower than the levels in the alarm reaction but still higher than normal. Select one: a. refractory stage b. flight-or-flight stage c. exhaustion stage d. resistance stage
d. resistance stage
In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, many people have reached the level of self-actualization. Select one: True False
False
Amy accidentally hit her elbow against the edge of a wall. Amy's mother rushed to her and rubbed the affected elbow. Amy's pain subsided. Which theory would best explain this incident? Select one: a. The signal-detection theory. b. The place theory. c. The gate theory. d. The opponent-process theory.
c. The gate theory.
According to Scott Geller's Ted Talk, the words training and education have different meanings and applications. Select one: True False
True
When he unknowingly studied his own scan, Dr. James Fallon discovered that he has ___________. Select one: a. A psychopathic brain b. A brain tumor c. Dementia d. Epilepsy
a. A psychopathic brain
A similarity between acute stress disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder is that both: Select one: a. occur six months or more after a traumatic event and tend to persist. b. are characterized by feelings of anxiety and helplessness that are caused by a traumatic event. c. occur within a month of a traumatic event and last only for a week. d. are characterized by loss of memory that is caused by a traumatic event.
b. are characterized by feelings of anxiety and helplessness that are caused by a traumatic event.
Labib has been having severe epileptic seizures since a very young age. His seizures have become less frequent since he underwent an operation. However, he has problems expressing what he feels. When he feels happy, his facial expressions often show anger. Labib has most likely undergone a(n) _______ operation. Select one: a. osseous resective b. multiple subpial c. split-brain d. gastric bypass
c. split-brain
The hearing or auditory area of the cortex lies in the _______ lobe along the lateral fissure of the cerebral cortex. Select one: a. frontal b. parietal c. temporal d. occipital
c. temporal
B. F. Skinner proposed Select one: a. the theory of psychoanalysis. b. that organisms learn to behave in certain ways because their behavior has a positive outcome. c. that organisms behave in certain ways because of inherited traits and not acquired traits. d. the basic theories of functionalism.
that organisms learn to behave in certain ways because their behavior has a positive outcome.
The amygdala controls the adrenal gland which releases ____ into the body. Select one: a. Serotonin b. Testosterone c. Adrenaline d. Estrogen
c. Adrenaline
Which of the following illustrates continuous reinforcement? Select one: a. Clara getting a chocolate bar from her father every time she completes a household chore. b. Michelle watching a movie every weekend but only enjoying one out of every three movies she watches. c. Habib getting paid by his employer for every five products he sells. d. Raj practicing hoop shots every day and scoring two out of three times on an average.
a. Clara getting a chocolate bar from her father every time she completes a household chore.
The Law of _____ states that we perceive smooth, continuous patterns while ignoring broken ones. Select one: a. Continuity b. Closure c. Proximity
a. Continuity
According to the video, a nickname for oxytocin is the ________. Select one: a. Cuddle Hormone b. Aggression Hormone c. Satiety Hormone d. Sleepy Hormone
a. Cuddle Hormone
According to the Ted Talk, Scott Geller discovered self-motivation as a child when he was learning how to _________. Select one: a. Play the drums b. Ride a skateboard c. Play baseball d. Solve algebra questions
a. Play the drums
Which of Sternberg's types of intelligence could be referred to as "street smarts"? Select one: a. Practical intelligence. b. Spatial intelligence. c. Emotional intelligence. d. Analytical intelligence.
a. Practical intelligence.
In the context of operant conditioning, an example of __________ is when you keep posting comments in social media to receive more "likes." Select one: a. reinforcement b. punishment c. extinction d. regularization
a. reinforcement
Which of the following is a principle of critical thinking? Select one: a. Avoid being skeptical. b. Choose critical thinking over research ethics if required. c. Oversimplify problems if necessary. d. Insist on evidence.
d. Insist on evidence.
Compared to the rest of our bodies, which of the following is a feature of gray matter? Select one: a. It is a neurotransmitter that controls muscles. b. It contains only inhibitory neurotransmitters. c. It consists of gray platelets. d. It consists of non-myelinated neurons.
d. It consists of non-myelinated neurons.
Identify a true statement about heuristics: Select one: a. They require more scientific knowledge than algorithms. b. They are more complicated than algorithms. c. Unlike algorithms, they do not permit rapid solutions. d. Unlike algorithms, they permit rapid decisions.
d. Unlike algorithms, they permit rapid decisions.
In the context of cognitive development, __________ is the creation of new ways of responding to objects or looking at the world. Select one: a. inclination b. fixation c. assimilation d. accommodation
d. accommodation
Every time a neuron fires, it transmits an impulse of the same strength. This occurrence is known as the __________. Select one: a. refraction effect b. polarization effect c. resting potential d. all-or-none principle
d. all-or-none principle
Freud theorized that the human mind is composed of three parts, namely __________. Select one: a. metaconscious, semiconscious, and catatonic b. postconscious, midconscious, and lateral conscious c. ultraconscious, metaconscious, and superconscious d. conscious, preconscious, and unconscious
d. conscious, preconscious, and unconscious
By its nature, consciousness is objective as we can directly understand each other's point of view. Select one: True False
False
According to Freud, which of the following statements is true of dreams? Select one: a. Dreams are most likely to be vague and fleeting during rapid eye movement sleep. b. Dreams express impulses we would censor during the day. c. Nightmares, like most pleasant dreams, are products of non-rapid eye movement sleep. d. All dreams had something to do with one's childhood.
b. Dreams express impulses we would censor during the day.
According to Empiricism, knowledge is only gained through 1) observation and 2) experimentation. Select one: True False
True
According to Dr. Janet Metcalfe, the only species that has theory of mind is humans. Select one: True False
True
Enduring behavioral and cognitive tendencies that are learned and expressed by evaluating particular people, places, or things with favor or disfavor are known as __________. Select one: a. elaborations b. eustress c. attitudes d. values
c. attitudes
According to some scholars, the human brain is incapable of understanding/solving the mystery of consciousness. Select one: True False
True
According to the Law of Proximity, our brains tend to group nearby figures or objects together. Select one: True False
True
According to the Ted Talk, Dan Ariely's research showed that burn victims would experience less pain if the intensity of removing their bandages was lower. Select one: True False
True
According to the video, a person who achieves self-actualization no longer has biological needs, safety needs, love needs, or self-esteem needs. Select one: True False
True
According to the video, a schema is like a blueprint in the mind. Select one: True False
True
According to the video, priming is also known as "Memoryless" Memory. Select one: True False
True
All prejudices involve stereotyping but not all stereotypes lead to prejudices. Select one: True False
True
Episodic memory is also referred to as autobiographical memory because they are memories of the things that happen to us or take place in our presence. Select one: True False
True
In her Ted Talk, Kelly McGonigal says that caring builds resilience against the harmful effects of stress. Select one: True False
True
In his Ted Talk, Dan Ariely argues that we must start testing our intuitions in order to improve. Select one: True False
True
Our perceptions can be influenced by our emotions and motivations. Select one: True False
True
Psychology is a Greek word that essentially means "the study of the mind." Select one: True False
True
Psychology seeks to describe, explain, predict, and control behavior and mental processes. Select one: True False
True
Researchers historically agreed on four primary taste qualities: sweet, sour, salty, and bitter. Select one: True False
True
The left hemisphere of the brain is relatively more involved in tasks that require logic and problem solving than the right hemisphere. Select one: True False
True
When first-time voter Becky made her choices, she thought about her family's party affiliation and her similar beliefs which had formed over the years. Those beliefs were her anchor; however, she departed from her parents' viewpoints as she'd gotten older. Becky modeled the anchoring and adjustment heuristic in her judgment and decision making. Select one: True False
True
When we see something for the first time, we must ______ construct our understanding of what it is. Select one: a. Actively b. Passively c. Psychologically d. Inactively
a. Actively
__________ are rapid, low-amplitude brain waves that have been linked to feelings of relaxation. Select one: a. Alpha waves b. Beta waves c. Delta waves d. Theta waves
a. Alpha waves
Daniella thinks that she is extremely overweight despite having a normal body weight. She avoids eating food and has recently lost a lot of weight. Despite this, she continues to think that she is overweight. Which eating disorder is Daniella most likely suffers from? Select one: a. Anorexia nervosa b. Hyperphagia c. Bulimia nervosa d. Adaptive thermogenesis
a. Anorexia nervosa
To inspire people to feel competent, Scott Geller says you must give them _________. Select one: a. Both feedback and recognition b. Negative reinforcement c. Nothing; they must figure it out for themselves. d. Recognition but without feedback
a. Both feedback and recognition
Phoebe recently suffered a major fall in which she sustained brain injuries. Since then, she has had immense difficulty in communicating with others. She appears to understand what others tell her, but her responses are slow and laborious. Her sentences are always incomplete, with important grammatical words missing. Which of the following conditions best reflects Phoebe's case? Select one: a. Broca's aphasia b. Epilepsy c. Retrograde amnesia d. Wernicke's aphasia
a. Broca's aphasia
Based on John Searle's experiment, computers ______. Select one: a. Can only follow its given rules b. Can understand complex languages such as Chinese c. Can follow its given rules and truly understand them d. Have a higher understanding than human brains.
a. Can only follow its given rules
According to the podcast, a characteristic of an individual with psychopathy is that they lack ______. Select one: a. Empathy b. Motivation c. Focus d. Confidence
a. Empathy
Scott Geller says that ________ is another word for self-motivation. Select one: a. Empowerment b. Discipline c. Humility d. Consequences
a. Empowerment
Which of the following statements is true of William James's contribution to psychology? Select one: a. He argued that the stream of consciousness was fluid and continuous. b. He theorized that experience can be broken down into objective sensations and subjective feelings. c. He pointed out that people were social creatures who influenced one another. d. He believed that organisms learn to behave only through reinforcement.
a. He argued that the stream of consciousness was fluid and continuous.
Kevin is in the exhaustion stage of Selye's general adaptation syndrome. Which of the following is most likely to occur? Select one: a. His heart and respiration rates slow down and his muscles become fatigued. b. His endocrine and sympathetic activity is higher than in the alarm stage. c. His hypothalamus secretes corticotrophin-releasing hormones, which in turn causes his pituitary gland to secrete cortisol. d. His body is activated and he experiences a fight-or-flight reaction.
a. His heart and respiration rates slow down and his muscles become fatigued.
Abraham Maslow was a ________ who wanted to understand the issue of the self. Select one: a. Humanist b. Structuralist c. Functionalist d. Behavioralist
a. Humanist
According to Freud, the ____ is the largest part of the mind in a healthy person. Select one: a. Id b. Ego c. Super Ego d. Drives
a. Id
Computers and the human brain are similar because they are _____. Select one: a. Information processing tools b. Higher lifeforms c. Emotionally intelligent d. Equal rivals in understanding complex ideas
a. Information processing tools
Dan Ariely's research shows that when we see cheating around us, people will cheat ______. Select one: a. More b. Less
a. More
According to the podcast, Dr. James Fallon examines __________ which includes killers who were psychopaths. Select one: a. PET scans b. CT scans c. Ultrasound d. Bone Densitometry (DEXA)
a. PET scans
Although academically gifted, Chloe never had the desire to be the best in her classes. She would most likely be considered to exhibit __________. Select one: a. a Type B behavior pattern b. a Type A behavior pattern c. an external locus of control d. an internal locus of control
a. a Type B behavior pattern
As it relates to attitude formation, the _________ perspective proposed that we are motivated to understand the environment so that they can make predictions and exercise some control over it. Select one: a. cognitive appraisal b. attitude-discrepant c. effort justification d. learning
a. cognitive appraisal
Harry Harlow discovered that monkeys, and possibly humans, have a need for _______. Select one: a. contact comfort b. critical periods c. cognitive stimulation d. feeding
a. contact comfort
Before discovering the principles of Classical Conditioning, Ivan Pavlov wanted to understand the ______ system. Select one: a. digestive b. nervous c. circulatory d. muscular
a. digestive
According to Arnett, which of the following is most likely a part of the emerging adulthood stage? Select one: a. experiments with career possibilities b. egocentrism c. mid-life crisis due to a stagnant career d. empty-nest syndrome
a. experiments with career possibilities
The __________ is a pea-sized structure in the brain that is involved in many aspects of motivation, including sex, aggression, and hunger. Select one: a. hypothalamus b. foramen magnum c. hippocampus d. occipital nucleus
a. hypothalamus
According to Robert Sternberg's triangular model of love, _________ is most crucial in short-term relationships. Select one: a. passion b. responsibility c. prejudice d. liking
a. passion
According to Louis Thurstone, __________ are the eight specific factors that make up intelligence. Select one: a. primary mental abilities b. representativeness heuristics c. availability heuristics d. ordinal-level variables
a. primary mental abilities
Alan works in a research laboratory. He owns a house, and he earns enough to sustain himself. He has a large social circle and makes time to meet his friends at least once a week. However, Alan feels that he is capable of much more and can achieve a lot more in life. He is striving to bring out the best within himself. In the context of Maslow's hierarchy of needs, Alan is trying to fulfill his __________. Select one: a. self-actualization needs b. physiological needs c. safety needs d. love and belongingness needs
a. self-actualization needs
According to behaviorists, personality is formed by __________. Select one: a. situational or environmental influences b. an equal contribution of genetic and environmental influences c. genetic influences d. mostly our genetics with a little influence by our situational influences
a. situational or environmental influences
A sleep disorder in which the person repeatedly stops breathing during sleep is called_______. Select one: a. sleep apnea b. somnambulism c. narcolepsy d. insomnia
a. sleep apnea
In the brain's limbic system, the 'fight-or-flight' response begins in the_____ Select one: a. Hippocampus b. Amygdala c. Thalamus d. Spinal Cord
b. Amygdala
_____ is an altered state of consciousness in which people are highly suggestible and behave as though they are in a trance. Select one: a. Biofeedback b. Hypnosis c. Somnambulism d. Parasomnia
b. Hypnosis
Which of the following statements is true about a schema? Select one: a. It is a way of ejecting anxiety-evoking ideas from conscious awareness. b. It is a way of mentally representing the world, which can influence perceptions. c. It is a way of retrieving accurate information from long-term memory. d. It is a way of displacing information in short-term memory by adding new information.
b. It is a way of mentally representing the world, which can influence perceptions.
In the context of women, which of the following is true of androgens? Select one: a. Mammary glands produce androgens in women. b. Ovaries produce androgens in women. c. The pituitary gland produces androgens in women. d. The uterus produces androgens in women.
b. Ovaries produce androgens in women.
How the brain integrates the different bits of information it receives into our conscious experience refers to the ______ Problem. Select one: a. Binding b. Perception c. Selective Attention d. Gate Theory
b. Perception
Steve has just completed a personality assessment in which he was shown a series of cards one at a time and asked to make up stories about them. Which of the following tests is he most likely to have taken? Select one: a. The Rorschach Inkblot Test. b. The Thematic Apperception Test. c. The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. d. An objective test.
b. The Thematic Apperception Test.
Vibrations in the fluids within the chambers of the inner ear press against the__________. Select one: a. auditory nerve b. basilar membrane c. cochlea d. oval window
b. basilar membrane
The immune system combats diseases ________. Select one: a. by producing red blood cells, which engulf and kill pathogens b. by generating antibodies, which attach themselves to antigens, deactivating them and marking them for destruction c. by decreasing the flow of blood, cells, and natural chemicals to the damaged area, causing the redness, swelling, and warmth that characterize inflammation d. by inhibiting endocrine and sympathetic activity
b. by generating antibodies, which attach themselves to antigens, deactivating them and marking them for destruction
Suppose a person is fired and he harbors beliefs such as: "This job was the most important thing in my life," "What a no-good failure I am," "My family will starve," "I'll never find a job as good," "There's nothing I can do about it." According to Albert Ellis, such irrational beliefs contribute to anxiety and depression by: Select one: a. creating an approach-approach conflict. b. catastrophizing the extent of loss. c. lowering an individual's emotional reaction to loss. d. reducing hypertension.
b. catastrophizing the extent of loss.
A __________ takes several X-rays to reveal deformities in shape and structure that are connected with blood clots, tumors, and other health problems. Select one: a. magnetoencephalography scan b. computerized axial tomography scan c. complete blood count test d. radio frequency identification system
b. computerized axial tomography scan
Holly would spank her daughter when she would chew food with her mouth open. After several instances of poor table manners, her daughter starts avoiding the kitchen table. In this example, the table is a(n) ________. Select one: a. negative reinforcer b. conditioned stimulus c. secondary reinforcer d. unconditioned stimulus
b. conditioned stimulus
Kyra, a history major, likes to talk with her grandfather often. She calls him her human dictionary because he knows the meaning of almost every word she asks him about. She is also surprised at how well versed he is in domestic and international current affairs and how easily he can talk about historical events. In this scenario, Kyra's grandfather is best displaying _________. Select one: a. fluid intelligence b. crystallized intelligence c. abstract intelligence d. spatial intelligence
b. crystallized intelligence
In the context of processes of memory, the first stage of information processing: Select one: a. simulates the external stimuli through repetition. b. encodes stimuli so that one can place them in memory. c. encodes stimuli by performing elaborative rehearsals. d. locates subconscious information related to the perceived stimuli.
b. encodes stimuli so that one can place them in memory.
Johnny has always feared going to the dentist as he associated these visits with pain. After repeated visits to the dentist, Johnny also developed the fear of bright lights as he had started associating it with the dentist's cabin. In the given scenario, the development of Johnny's fear of bright lights is due to ________. Select one: a. counterconditioning b. higher-order conditioning c. selective attention d. general adaptation
b. higher-order conditioning
People deprived of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep: Select one: a. experience paradoxical sleep. b. learn more slowly. c. have fewer chances of experiencing REM rebound. d. spend less time in REM sleep during subsequent sleep periods.
b. learn more slowly.
B. F. Skinner used ______ in his experiments to study Operant Conditioning. Select one: a. dogs b. mice or rats c. rhesus macaques d. crows
b. mice or rats
A reason people tend to have partners from the same background is _________. Select one: a. discrimination b. propinquity c. reciprocity d. stereotyping
b. propinquity
Stephen was recently involved in a car accident in which he was critically injured. He is unable to recall the events that led to the accident. Stephen is suffering from ________. Select one: a. anterograde amnesia b. retrograde amnesia c. dissociative amnesia d. infantile amnesia
b. retrograde amnesia
How many rods does each eye contain? Select one: a. 3.3 million b. 200,000 c. 125 million d. 15 million
c. 125 million
The use of catchy phrases, celebrities, jingles, etc. by advertising companies to sell products is an example of _______ Learning. Select one: a. Dissociative b. Cognitive c. Associative d. Behavioral
c. Associative
The _____ is the organization of the visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings. Select one: a. Depth Perception b. Vertigo c. Figure-Ground Relationship d. Binocular Cues
c. Figure-Ground Relationship
Which of the following is true about anterograde amnesia? Select one: a. It is the failure to remember events that caused an accident or occurred prior to an accident. b. It is the inability to recall events that occurred prior to the age of three or so. c. It is the failure to remember the events that occurred after a physical trauma. d. It is the inability to recall events that took place in childhood.
c. It is the failure to remember the events that occurred after a physical trauma.
Which of the following statements is true about retroactive interference? Select one: a. It is the interference of older learning with the capacity to retrieve more recently learned material. b. It is the interference of emotions with the capacity to retrieve semantic memory. c. It is the interference of new learning with the ability to retrieve material learned previously. d. It is the interference of flashbulb memories with the recollection of paired associates.
c. It is the interference of new learning with the ability to retrieve material learned previously.
What is the name of the concept that infants are born with the innate ability to learn language? Select one: a. Chomsky's hypothesis b. Holophrases c. Language Acquisition Device d. Language Parameter Device
c. Language Acquisition Device
Which of Jeffrey Arnett's five features of emerging adulthood is characterized by people having an optimistic belief that the world lies open before them? Select one: a. The age of identity exploration. b. The age of self-focus. c. The age of possibilities. d. The age of feeling in-between.
c. The age of possibilities.
Functionalism was influenced by Darwin's theory of evolution which: Select one: a. accepted the belief of random mutations. b. considered humans as another form of animal. c. believed adaptive behavior patterns are learned and maintained. d. stated it takes thousands of years for species to evolve.
c. believed adaptive behavior patterns are learned and maintained.
A young man is having trouble getting along with his roommate. Sometimes, his roommate does not speak for days. On other days, he speaks rapidly without stopping. He is often abrasive and aggressive. The roommate is showing symptoms of ___________. Select one: a. delusional disorder b. somatoform disorder c. bipolar disorder d. conversion disorder
c. bipolar disorder
The brain and the spinal cord make up the _______, which controls and commands bodily functions. Select one: a. peripheral nervous system b. somatic nervous system c. central nervous system d. autonomic nervous system
c. central nervous system
When Claire was baking an apple pie, the odor of the pie triggered some memories of her childhood. She remembered playing with her brother in the living room while her mother baked apple pies. Her memory is an example of a(n) __________. Select one: a. prospective memory b. echoic memory c. context-dependent memory d. iconic memory
c. context-dependent memory
Brandon had a fear of dogs. To extinguish this fear, his mother baked him his favorite cake and gradually brought a dog closer to him while he ate the cake. In this scenario, Brandon's mother used __________ to cure his fear. Select one: a. cognitive mapping b. negative reinforcement c. counterconditioning d. regularization
c. counterconditioning
Dana has the ability to easily cope with unexpected and challenging situations. She generates solutions to problems by relating unexpected situations to familiar situations. In this scenario, Dana is exhibiting ________. Select one: a. practical intelligence b. spatial intelligence c. creative intelligence d. naturalist intelligence
c. creative intelligence
Schizophrenia is characterized by ___________. Select one: a. an inability to be alone b. negative symptoms such as flat, emotionless voices but not by positive symptoms c. disturbances in thought and language, perception and attention, motor activity, and mood d. positive symptoms but not negative symptoms
c. disturbances in thought and language, perception and attention, motor activity, and mood
In a __________, a specific amount of time must elapse between the previous and subsequent times that reinforcement is available. Select one: a. variable-interval schedule b. fixed-ratio schedule c. fixed-interval schedule d. variable-ratio schedule
c. fixed-interval schedule
Albert was once awoken from his sleep by a white rat that fell on him. Following this incident, he began fearing all furry white objects including white fur coats and white stuffed animals. In this scenario, Albert's fear of all furry white objects is due to _____. Select one: a. systematic desensitization b. biological preparedness c. generalization d. discrimination
c. generalization
Clark Hull's drive-reduction theory states that: Select one: a. organisms seek to increase stimulation. b. primary drives are triggered in a state of satiety. c. humans learn to engage in behaviors that reduce a state of arousal. d. pain cannot trigger arousal and activate behavior.
c. humans learn to engage in behaviors that reduce a state of arousal.
Positive reinforcement _______ the probability of a behavior occurring, and negative reinforcement _______ the probability of a behavior occurring. Select one: a. decreases; increases b. increases; decreases c. increases; increases d. decreases; decreases
c. increases; increases
va, a four-year-old girl, combines words to form her own sentences. In this scenario, Ava is demonstrating __________. Select one: a. regularization b. cognitive dissonance c. infinite creativity d. centration
c. infinite creativity
Pain results when neurons called__________in the skin are stimulated. Select one: a. cerebellum stellate cells b. ganglions c. nociceptors d. unipolar neurons
c. nociceptors
In the context of problem solving, ________ involves dealing simultaneously with two or more elements of the problems. Select one: a. serial processing b. overextension c. parallel processing d. overregularization
c. parallel processing
According to Freud, during the __________ of psychosexual development children may develop strong sexual attachments to the parent of the other gender and begin to view the parent of the same gender as a rival for the other parent's affections. Select one: a. oral stage b. anal stage c. phallic stage d. latency stage
c. phallic stage
The _________ is the second phase of the sexual response cycle. Select one: a. resolution phase b. orgasmic phase c. plateau phase d. ejaculation phase
c. plateau phase
Keli could never forget the first time she met Kaitlyn. She was wearing an outlandishly bright outfit and was very loud and obnoxious. Ever since then, she always expects Kaitlyn to be the life of the party. Keli is demonstrating the ___________. Select one: a. fundamental attribution b. recency effect c. primacy effect d. reciprocity
c. primacy effect
The phrase, "Law of Effect" was coined by ______. Select one: a. John B. Watson b. Rosalie Rayner c. B. F. Skinner d. E. L. Thorndike
d. E. L. Thorndike
Which of the following is true of Maslow's theory? Select one: a. It suggests that individuals can simultaneously strive to achieve physiological and self-actualization needs. b. It states that esteem needs represent the highest level of needs. c. It accounts for individual differences in motivation. d. It suggests that human behavior is not just mechanical and aimed toward survival and the reduction of tension.
d. It suggests that human behavior is not just mechanical and aimed toward survival and the reduction of tension.
__________ are nonsense syllables presented in pairs in experiments that measure recall. Select one: a. Serial positions b. Paired traces c. Paired memories d. Paired associates
d. Paired associates
Mescaline is considered a(n)_______. Select one: a. stimulant b. depressant c. opioid d. hallucinogenic
d. hallucinogenic
According to Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, children begin to assert control over the environment and strive to master adult skills when they are in the stage of __________. Select one: a. industry versus inferiority b. trust versus mistrust c. autonomy versus shame and doubt d. initiative versus guilt
d. initiative versus guilt
The__________adjusts or accommodates to an image by changing its thickness. Select one: a. cornea b. pupil c. iris d. lens
d. lens
A woman has difficulty concentrating on her job because she keeps worrying about things like leaving the door unlocked or the tap turned on. She feels that her house might be robbed or damaged any day because of her carelessness. According to this scenario, she is most likely suffering from __________. Select one: a. illness anxiety disorder b. dissociative identity disorder c. post-traumatic stress disorder d. obsessive-compulsive disorder
d. obsessive-compulsive disorder
According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the __________ functions according to the moral principle. Select one: a. ego b. id c. alter ego d. superego
d. superego
In __________, mental processes such as thoughts, emotions, memory, consciousness, even knowledge of one's own identity—the processes that make a person feel whole—may seem to be split off from one another. Select one: a. glycogen storage diseases b. the somatoform disorders c. lysosomal storage diseases d. the dissociative disorders
d. the dissociative disorders
According to her Ted Talk, psychologist Kelly McGonigal believes that stress and its side effects should always be viewed negatively. Select one: True False
False
According to the video, Anna Freud is a memory expert who studies how eyewitnesses reconstruct their memories after accidents or crimes. Select one: True False
False
As computers become more powerful, they will eventually rival the human brain. Select one: True False
False
During 500-1517 BC, the Catholic Church reigned supreme, but the priests allowed common, 'everyday' people to study the human mind/experience. Select one: True False
False
In generalized dissociative amnesia, people forget particular traumatic instances of their lives but not their entire lives. Select one: True False
False
In humans, the fight-or-flight response is an unnatural response to external stimuli or danger. Select one: True False
False
In the approach-avoidance conflict, each of two goals is desirable, and both are within reach. Select one: True False
False
Ivan Pavlov is famous for his studies of behavior in rats and children. Select one: True False
False
Scott Geller and psychologists do not believe social support or community is critical in self-motivation. Select one: True False
False
When examining the scans, Dr. James Fallon found that in psychopathic individuals, there were big, brightly colored spots in the brain. Select one: True False
False
__________ is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. Select one: a. Physiology b. Psychology c. Sociology d. Ecology
Psychology
At the start of the exam Bobbi did not notice any distracting sounds. As time passed she became more and more aware of the ticking clock on the wall. What is this an example of? Select one: a. Sensory adaptation b. Just noticeable difference c. Absolute threshold d. Subliminal stimulation
Sensory adaptation