General Psychology Chapter 4

What would you predict about Little Albert based on the principle of spontaneous recovery?

After his fear of loud noises was extinguished, the fear could come back.

Every time Maricella goes to work in the morning, she notices that her dog sulks in the corner of the room and looks very sad. Over several weeks, she notices that the dog gets unhappy when she picks up her car keys, immediately before leaving the house. Which phenomenon of learning best describes the dog's behavior?

Classical conditioning

The two main types of behavioral learning are

Classical conditioning and operant conditioning.

Jenna walks into her science class laboratory, and she immediately feels queasy. Today is the day her class is dissecting frogs and she is sickened by the mell of the formaldehyde. However, after an hour Jenna is no longer sickened because of

Habituation

___________ refers to a procedure in classical conditioning where a CR no longer occurs in the presence of the CS due to the absence of the UCS.

Inhibition

__________ is a process through which experience brings about a lasting change in behavior or knowledge.

Learning

Which of the following statements about learning is NOT true?

Learning is another word for "maturation."

You train your dog, Milo, to salivate at the sound of a bell. Then you ring the bell every five minutes and don't follow the ringing with food for Milo. He salivates less and less and finally stops salivating at all when you ring the bell, Milo salivates! What term is used to explain the reappearance of this response?

Spontaneous recovery

Jane's dog will listen to her commands but ignores her sister's commands. Jane's dog would be demonstrating

Stimulus discrimination.

Imagine that you have an intense fear of flying and that you are enrolled in a counterconditioning therapy program to help you lose this fear. Which of the following situations would greatly interfere with the success of this therapy for fear of flying?

You take a muscle relaxant to calm you before the therapy.

The initial learning stage in classical conditioning, in which the neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with the unconditioned stimulus, is known as

acquisition.

Judy has cancer and is receiving chemotherapy at a local hospital. Her parents notice that she now rejects food that she willingly ate last week (before chemotherapy). Through the process of _____________, the food is now acting as a ____________.

aversive conditioning; conditioned stimulis

Human being generally have an aversion to bitter and sour foods. Some researchers suggest that this is because foods that are inedible or even poisonous are often bitter or sour. The tendency of human being to find these potentially harmful foods repulsive is an example of (a)

biological predisposto.

As an infant, Stephanie received many penicillin injections from the doctor. When she later saw a photographer in a white coat that was similar to the doctor's coat, she started to cry. This is an example of

classical conditioning.

Last month Walter become sick after eating two chili dogs, so he no longer likes chili dogs. Walter experienced

conditioned food aversion.

A farmer is being troubled by coyotes eating his sheep. In an attempt to solve the problem, he kills a sheep and laces its body with a nausea-inducing drug. He leaves the sheep out where he knows the coyotes roam. He hopes they will learn not to eat the sheep. The farmer is attending to apply the principle of __________ to accomplish this

conditioned food aversions

Pavlov placed food in the mouths of the dogs, and they began to salivate. Pavlov's student noticed that after a few days the dogs began to salivate at the sound of the student's footsteps. The salivation to the sound of the footsteps was a

conditioned response.

The abbreviation CS stands for

conditioned stimulus.

While studying ______________, _________________ discovered ____________ conditioning.

digestion; Pavlov; classical

Learning always occurs as a result of

experience.

One of the best therapy strategies for elimination conditioned fears involves combining ________ in a process known as __________.

extinction and relaxation; counterconditioning

The term "reinforce" refers to any condition that _______ a response.

follows and strengthens

An unconditioned stimulus is any stimulus that

naturally elicits a behavior without learning.

A child learns that whenever he eats all of his dinner he get a cookie for dessert. This type of learning is BEST explained by...

operant conditioning.

The kind of learning that applies to voluntary behavior is called

operant conditioning.

A Vietnam war veteran who hears a "call to battle stations" alarm sound last heard in heavy combat would be expected to

show strong emotional arousal.

Harmony notices that her cat salivates as soon as he hears the sound of Harmony opening a can with an electric can opener. In this example, the ________ is the conditioned stimulus.

sound of the electric can opener

You decide that you are going to condition your dog to salivate to the sound of a metronome. You sound the metronome and then several times but no conditioning seems to occur. This is probably because

the biscuit was given too long after the sound of the metronome.

One factor that makes a food aversion different form most types of classical conditioning is that

there can be a long time delay between the CS and the UCS.

The abbreviation UCS stands for

unconditioned stimulus.

To avoid conditioned taste aversions, cancer patients are now given __________ during chemotherapy

unusually flavored candies or ice cream