General Psychology - Chapter 7: Memory

Short-term memory is usually only retained for as long as ______ seconds.

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Identify each item as related to either explicit memory or implicit memory. Explicit Memory Implicit Memory

Also known as declarative memory, Episodic memory, Semantic memory Also known as nondeclarative memory, Procedural memory

memory is the retention of information about the where, when, and what of life's happenings.

Episodic or Episode

True or false: Research shows that adults who lead intellectually active lives and who engage in mentally stimulating conversations and activities are more likely to see a decline in their function of memory.

False

memories occur when people remember something that never actually occurred.

False

_____ occur when people remember something that never actually occurred.

False memories

What theorist was a pioneer in the research on forgetting during the late 1800s?

Hermann Ebbinghaus

______ concluded that most forgetting takes place soon after we learn something.

Hermann Ebbinghaus

theory states that people forget not because memories are lost from storage but because other information gets in the way of what they want to remember.

Interference

Select all that apply Which of the following are functions of autobiographical memory? (Choose every correct answer.)

It gives our lives coherence. It provides us with identity. It allows us to learn from experience.

Which of the following statements are true regarding short-term memory? (Select all that apply.)

It is a limited-capacity memory system. It can store information longer than sensory memory.

Which of the following statements regarding sensory memory are true? (Choose every correct answer.)

It lasts for only an instant. It is rich and detailed.

Which of the following best illustrates divided attention?

Lloyd is getting dressed for work while simultaneously talking on the phone with his credit card company.

The type of memory that stores information for years is - memory.

Long-term

Which of the following is a relatively permanent type of memory that stores huge amounts of information?

Long-term

Which of the following describes the process that occurs when a person forgets something because it is painful or anxiety-laden?

Motivated forgetting

In which theory are memories neither abstract concepts nor large knowledge structures, but are more like electrical impulses?

Parallel distributed processing

A type of explicit long-term memory that represents that portion of original learning that appears to be with a person pretty much forever is called memory.

Permastore

Which of the following represents the portion of original learning that appears destined to be with a person virtually forever, even without rehearsal?

Permastore

interference occurs when material that was learned earlier disrupts the recall of material learned later.

Proactive

Allison lived in a foreign country for a year and she didn't drive during that time. When she came back to the States, she found it effortless to drive her car. This is an example of ______ memory.

Procedural

In comparison to recognition tasks, tasks do not provide enough retrieval cues for the correct answer.

Recall

Select all that apply What are recommended tips for dealing with course notes for studying? (Choose every correct answer.)

Rework the notes and related material to give them a memorable structure. Arrange the notes to fit memory schemas you are already familiar with. Organize the notes according to an outline or similar hierarchy.

memory is a type of explicit memory that includes your areas of expertise, general academic knowledge, and everyday knowledge about the meanings of words and common things.

Semantic

Click and drag on elements in order Rank the levels of processing from the lowest to the greatest level of encoding.

Shallow Intermediate Deep

Which of the following statements describes explicit memory?

The conscious recollection of specific facts about an event or situation

True or false: Proactive interference occurs when material that was learned earlier disrupts the recall of material learned later.

True

The serial position effect is the tendency to recall items ______ of a list more readily than other places.

at the beginning and at the end

A special form of episodic memory, called memory, includes individuals' recollections of their life experiences.

autobiographical

Uncle Charlie loves to tell family stories. His nephews observe that the stories "evolve" over time, but they enjoy hearing the tales because Charlie is a great storyteller. This is an example of how memory fosters intimacy and creates social bonds.

autobiographical

Another word for explicit memory is memory.

declarative, declaratory, or declaretive

If you are watching television while doing your homework you are engaging in

divided attention.

When is extensive, the person has attempted to make the to-be-remembered information meaningful and has engaged in detailed processing.

elaboration

Dr. Marsh has her General Psychology class go through an exercise in which they look at a group of objects and attempt to remember them. Then, she has the class look at another group of objects and create a story involving them. The class finds the second group easier to remember because of

elaboration.

Flashbulb memory is the memory of ______ events.

emotionally significant

The first step in memory is

encoding

When information never enters into long-term memory it is called

encoding failure.

Autobiographical memory is called ______ memory.

episodic

One day, you were talking to your friend about how you celebrated birthdays when you were younger. You tell your friend about different birthday cakes and the time you had a party at the park. Reminiscing about old times triggers ______ memory, a division of long-term memory.

episodic

Which is not an important process in memory?

experience

Which of the following is NOT an example of an experience that could cause motivated forgetting?

failing a quiz

Memories of how to ride a bike would be stored in memory, a division of long-term memory.

implicit, procedural, or nondeclarative

People sometimes forget something because other information gets in the way. This is explained by _____ theory.

interference

The reminiscence bump is the effect that adults remember ______ from the second and third decades of life than from other decades.

more events

Research suggests that older adults who do not engage in mentally stimulating activities such as crossword puzzles, story-telling, or trivia games are

more likely to lose their memory functioning.

According to the levels of processing theory, we are likely to recall information that has been processed at the deepest level, compared to our recall for information that has been processed at the shallowest level.

most

Another term for implicit memory is memory.

nondeclarative

Reviewing your course notes routinely so you can catch errors early is a tip for

organizing.

Connectionism or distributed processing is the theory that memory is stored throughout the brain in connections among neurons, several of which may work together to process a single memory.

parallel

Jon hasn't ridden a bicycle for five years; yet, when he hops on, he finds he can ride. This is an example of

procedural memory.

An essay test relies on the memory task called

recall

Storage encompasses how information is

retained over time

A recall task such as an essay exam has poor cues to the correct answer.

retrieval or retreival

When you remember the name of your first-grade teacher, this is an example of

retrieval.

After years of taking French, you study Spanish. When the word for "red" in Spanish is required, you correctly say "rojo." But you can't remember the French word for red. This is an example of

retroactive interference.

Mimi is enthusiastic about baking and has used her grandmother's apple pie recipe for a number of years. Lately, she has been enrolled in pastry classes where she has learned to make 6 varieties of apple pie, so when she tries to make her grandmother's recipe, she becomes confused about ingredients. This is an example of

retroactive interference.

Sandy has a lot of general knowledge, not tied to a particular time or place, about international affairs. This is an example of memory.

semantic

The sights and sounds you experience as you walk through a field on a sunny day in spring are processed in ______ memory.

sensory

Encoding is

the initial step of getting information into memory storage

Psychologists describe memory as

the retention of information or experience over time

Encoding failure occurs when the information

was never entered into long-term memory

Memory retrieval takes place Multiple choice question.

when information that was retained in memory comes out of storage.

is how information is retained over time and how it is represented in memory.

Storage

Which of the following statements describes implicit memory?

The unconscious recollection of how to do something