General Science 5436

Students watch a video of a wave tank that shows two water waves colliding, one 5cm high and the other 3cm high. Assuming ideal wave behavior, which THREE of the following are accurate descriptions of the colliding waves?

A. If the trough of the 3cm wave lines up with the crest of the 5cm wave, the resulting wave height will be about 2cm. B. If the crest of the 3cm wave lines up with the trough of the 5cm wave, the resulting wave height will be about 2cm below the surface of the water. C. If the two wave crests line up, the resulting wave height will be about 8cm.

Of the following methods, which is best for determining the exact age of a particular fossilized animal?

Obtaining a radioactively determined date from rock stratigraphically near the fossil

Which of the following statements about seismic waves is accurate?

P-waves can travel to the opposite side of Earth.

Which of the following is a correct method of preparing a solution of a strong acid?

Place some water into a flask, measure out the required amount of acid in a graduated cylinder, add the acid to the water, and add water until the correct overall volume is obtained.

Which of the following terms is used to correctly describe the current model of the solar system?

Heliocentric

The Oort cloud, which is the outermost region of the solar system, consists primarily of which of the following?

Icy debris

The observable features on the Moon's surface are largely the result of which of the following?

Impacts by meteorites and asteroids

Malaria, dengue fever, and West Nile fever are viral diseases transmitted by mosquitoes. Of the following actions, which will most likely reduce the likelihood of acquiring viral diseases spread by mosquitoes?

Using barriers such as mosquito nets and insect repellents

A hillside of unconsolidated sediments located along a road experiences mass wasting during heavy rainfalls, sometimes making the road impassable. Which THREE of the following actions would best help reduce the mass wasting occurring on the hillside?

A. Covering the hillside with plants selected for their extensive root systems and ability to spread B. Installing a drainage system that directs water from the top of the hillside to the base C. Building a series of terraces on the hillside that are supported by retaining walls

In a chain of islands, closely related bird species occupy different islands. The species share a common ancestor that inhabits the mainland. Which of the following was the most likely mechanism of speciation?

Adaptive radiation

AgNO3(aq)+NaCl(aq)→AgCl(s)+NaNO3(aq) For the precipitation reaction represented by the preceding chemical equation, the net ionic reaction is

Ag+(aq)+Cl−(aq)→AgCl(s)

A student observes that whenNa2CO3(s) is added to HCl(aq), an exothermic reaction takes place. The student predicts that ,K2CO3(s) will also undergo an exothermic reaction with HCl(aq). The prediction is an example of which of the following?

An inference

Which of the following statements could a teacher use to help explain the cause of seasons on Earth?

As Earth orbits the Sun, its tilted axis always points in the same direction, resulting in different parts of Earth receiving the Sun's direct rays.

Based on locations of elements in the periodic table, which of the following formulas represents a compound that is likely to exist?

BaCl2

Ball 1 has a mass of 4kg and is moving to the right with a speed of 5m/s. It undergoes a head-on, perfectly elastic collision with ball 2, which has a mass of 2kg and is at rest. Which of the following best describes the motion of the balls immediately after the collision?

Ball 1 and ball 2 move to the right with speeds of less than 5m/s.

Few fish are found near a local sewage outfall, even though the area has a high level of nutrients and an abundance of floating algae. Which of the following most likely explains the low number of fish?

Excessive bacterial growth has depleted the water of dissolved oxygen.

Of the following taxonomic groups, which typically includes the smallest number of species?

Family

Of the following organisms, which are primary consumers in an ecosystem?

Grasshoppers

Of the following substances, which has the lowest normal boiling point?

H2

Students learn that HCl(aq) is a strong acid. Which of the following student claims indicates the best understanding of what is meant by the term "strong acid"?

HCl dissociates almost completely when it dissolves in water.

Which of the following states the law of superposition?

In an undisturbed section of strata, older rocks are found in lower positions.

A teacher is searching for examples of reactions that will respond to a change in volume according to Le Châtelier's principle. Which of the following chemical equations could the teacher best use to represent a reaction at equilibrium that will favor the formation of additional product if the volume of the reaction mixture is decreased?

PCl3(g)+Cl2(g)⇌PCl5(g)

After the product of a chemical reaction was collected by filtering and allowed to dry, its mass was determined and found to be less than expected. Which THREE of the following could account for the unexpected result?

Some of the product may have been lost during transfer. There may have been competing side reactions. The reaction may not have gone to completion.

In the last century, scientists began using which of the following technologies to a significant extent to study ocean floor topography?

Sonar

A teacher is planning a unit on electricity. Of the following student activities, which could the teacher select to best help the students understand Coulomb's law?

Students use an online simulation that calculates the electrostatic force as the students vary the magnitude of two point charges and the distance between them.

A teacher selects a diagram of the Calvin cycle to use during a lesson on photosynthesis. The teacher selected the diagram most likely to illustrate the steps involved in which of the following processes?

The fixation of carbon dioxide into sugar molecules

The force of gravity on Mars is approximately one-third that of Earth. How do an object's weight and mass on Mars compare to its weight and mass on Earth?

The weight on Mars is less, and the mass on Mars is the same.

The mass percent composition of hydrogen in a certain hydrocarbon compound is 20%. Of the following assumptions, which could a student first make to correctly determine the chemical formula of the hydrocarbon?

There are 2 grams of hydrogen in 10 grams of the hydrocarbon.

Which of the following statements about autoimmune diseases is most likely true?

They involve the immune system acting against particular molecules within the body.

A woman with blood type B (genotype IBIB or IBi ) has four children with a man whose blood type is unknown. Two of the children have blood type B, one has blood type O, and one has blood type A BABAB. What must the blood types of the parents be?

Woman: IBi, man:IAi

Zn+CuCl2→Cu+ZnCl2 Which of the following species is oxidized in the reaction represented by the preceding chemical equation?

Zn

Plants that reproduce by making flowers and seeds are classified as

angiosperms

Bean plants lower their leaves in the evening and raise them to a horizontal position in the morning. The movements will continue even if the plant is kept in constant light or darkness. Such movements are referred to as

circadian rhythm

The driver of a moving train always sounds its horn as the train approaches an intersection. As described by the Doppler effect, the sound heard by a stationary observer near the intersection will have a

higher frequency than the sound heard by the driver

The elements in the first column in the periodic table have similar chemical properties because they have

the same number of outer electrons

Some small organisms do not have lungs, gills, or circulatory systems because

they have enough surface area to accomplish gas exchange directly between their cells and the environment

The image produced by a convex mirror will always be

virtual, upright, and smaller than the object

A density of 6g/cm3 is equivalent to

6,000kg/m3

If the length of a simple pendulum is doubled, the period of the pendulum will

. increase by a factor of √2

In an experiment, a student determines the heat of reaction for a certain reaction to be -37.5kJ/mol. The accepted value for the heat of reaction is -55.8kJ/mol. Which of the following gives the percent error?

.(55.8−37.5 /55.8)×100%

True statements about simple machines include which THREE of the following?

.A simple machine makes it easier to do the work required to perform a task. A simple machine can change the magnitude of a force. A simple machine can change the direction of a force.

During a chemical process, a system absorbs 44.8kJ of heat while doing 1.2kJ of work on the surroundings. The change in internal energy of the system is

+3.6kJ

Na1123→X+e−10 As represented by the preceding incomplete nuclear equation, a nuclide X is formed and an electron is emitted. Which of the following represents the nuclide X?

.Mg12 24

2H2O(l)→2H2(g)+O2(g) If 9g of H2O decomposes according to the preceding chemical equation, how many moles of hydrogen gas are produced?

0.5 mol

Which of the following solutions is most resistant to a change in pH when a small amount of an acid or a base is added?

. 0.1M HC2H3O2 and 0.1 molar 0.1MNaC2H3O2

If an aqueous solution contains 0.240mol of H2SO4, how many moles of NaOH are needed to completely neutralize the solution?

. 0.480mol

Of the following aqueous solutions, which has the highest concentration of NaOH? (The molar mass of NaOH is 40g.)

. 1M NaOH

Approximately how many atoms of hydrogen are in 1.0mol of HC2H3O2 ?

. 2.4×10^24

If the liquid level in a thermometer is approximately halfway between the markings for 21.4°C and 21.5°C, how should the temperature be recorded with the correct number of significant figures?

. 21.45°C

An individual with cri-du-chat syndrome possesses a chromosome 5 that is missing a segment of its short arm. This is an example of which of the following types of mutation?

. A deletion

Of the following ways to produce electricity for a certain region using turbine-driven generators, which THREE involve the use of a renewable resource?

. Burning regionally sourced waste wood at a local power plant . Rotating rotor blades at wind farms situated on several local mountains Releasing water trapped behind regionally situated dams

Which of the following questions could be used by a teacher to assess student understanding of the process of ecological succession?

. How do established species alter their environments?

An individual with diabetes may have elevated blood sugar levels at various times throughout the day because of which of the following?

. Insufficient insulin is released in a negative feedback response that regulates blood sugar level.

Of the following types of biological molecules, which contain the most energy per gram?

. Lipids

A respiratory control center is located in which of the following structures?

. Medulla oblongata

Which of the following planets has the shortest period of revolution around the Sun?

. Mercury

Energy efficiency projects often emphasize reducing carbon footprint. Carbon footprint refers to the fact that the use of many traditional sources of energy, including the burning of coal and other fossil fuels, may result in which of the following?

. The release of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere

If a radioisotope has decayed for 5 half-lives, what fraction of the original amount of the radioisotope remains?

1/32

To test the effects of cadmium on the germination of lima bean seeds, a researcher planted 100 lima bean seeds in potting soil in separate pots and applied 100mL of a cadmium solution to each pot. Which of the following is the best control group?

100 lima bean seeds planted in potting soil in separate pots with 100mL of water applied to each pot

The distance between the adjacent nodes of a one-dimensional standing wave is 0.500m. If the frequency of the wave is 100Hz, then the speed of the wave is

100.0 m/s

Which of the following is the approximate period of time between peaks in the sunspot cycle?

11 year

Which of the following is the ground state electron configuration for Ti?

1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^6 4s^2 3d^2

If a wire carries a steady current of 0.1 ampere for 20 seconds, which of the following is the total charge passing through the wire during this time interval?

2 coulombs

Ecologists estimate that 10 percent of the energy of a trophic level is available to the next level in an ecosystem. If the amount of available energy of producers in a particular ecosystem is 21,000kcal/m2/yr, what is the amount of available energy in the secondary consumer level of the ecosystem?

210kcal/m2/yr

Students are asked to draw the Lewis structure of CH3NH2. If the structure is correctly drawn by a student, what is the total number of covalent bonds and nonbonding electron pairs represented in the structure?

6 covalent bonds and 1 nonbonding electron pair

A teacher asks students to use the periodic table to determine the number of protons, electrons, and neutrons in O2-. Of the following student responses, which is a correct answer?

8 protons, 10 electrons, 8 neutrons

Which of the following statements refers to a plot of the surface temperature of stars versus their absolute magnitude and explains its importance to astronomers?

A Hertzsprung-Russell diagram helps astronomers determine the evolutionary stages of stars.

Water flowing from a pipe causes a paddle wheel to rotate. Which of the following devices could be attached to the rotating paddle wheel to convert its kinetic energy to electrical energy?

A generator

A flock of black-colored sheep was mated with a flock of white-colored sheep, and the first generation produced all black offspring. When these offspring interbred to produce a second generation, the ratio was approximately 75% black and 24% white. One of the offspring, however, appeared gray. Which of the following is the best explanation for the appearance of the gray sheep?

A mutation resulted in less black pigment in the sheep's wool.

Which of the following is currently accepted to be at the center of the Milky Way galaxy?

A supermassive black hole

A teacher is planning a lesson on natural and human-caused drivers of climate change. Which of the following volcanic hazards is most likely to alter global temperatures and should be included in the lesson?

Ash plumes

A teacher is searching for images to include in a presentation for a lesson on weathering. To illustrate chemical weathering, the teacher could select images of which TWO of the following?

B. A limestone cavern formed by the dissolution of calcite by water flowing underground C. A rock with rust stains on its surface from the oxidation of iron-containing minerals

Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc in which the proportions of copper to zinc can vary. Which of the following is true about brass?

Brass is a mixture, because copper and zinc are not present in a definite ratio.

Unlike most cells in the human body, mature red blood cells produce energy using anaerobic respiration. Of the following statements about red blood cells, which best helps explain this fact?

C. They lack mitochondria.

Lactose intolerance occurs when a person cannot digest foods that contain lactose, such as milk and ice cream. Lactose belongs to which of the following groups of molecules?

Carbohydrates

A student who is attempting to view red blood cells under a microscope notices that a blue‑colored haze is distorting the image. Which of the following is most likely to eliminate the haze?

Cleaning the objective lens

Which TWO of the following are generally true about the endocrine system?

Endocrine hormones are secreted directly into the circulatory system. Endocrine hormones cause a response in specific targets around the body.

The solubility of KCl at 40°C is 39g in 100g of water. If 82g of KCl are added to 200g of water at40°C, which of the following is true at equilibrium?

Most, but not all, of the KCl is dissolved, and the solution is saturated.

Which of the following is present in a eukaryotic cell, but not present in a prokaryotic cell?

Mitochondria

Which of the following sets of tools would be most useful in providing conclusive evidence that a chunk of an unknown mineral is calcite?

Dilute hydrochloric acid, an eyedropper, and a hand lens

Night vision devices that are based on thermal imaging detect which of the following?

Infrared radiation

Which of the following actions has led to a significant reduction in acid precipitation in the United States?

Installing devices to reduce sulfur dioxide emissions from coal-burning plants

Of the following substances, which is most strongly attracted to a magnet?

Iron

Which of the following is a line on a weather map that connects points of equal pressure?

Isobar

Which of the following is true of a continental shelf?

It is the undersea extension of a continent.

The west coast of South America is a site that experiences significant coastal upwelling. Which of the following best explains the importance of coastal upwelling?

It supports high primary productivity and rich coastal fisheries

According to the stellar evolutionary model, when the Sun evolves from a yellow dwarf into a red giant, it will begin fusing hydrogen in a shell surrounding its core and then helium in the core. Which TWO of the following best describe the overall changes in the physical characteristics of the Sun that will result as it becomes a red giant?

Its diameter will increase. Its luminosity will increase.

Which of the following occurs when H2O undergoes a phase change from a gas to liquid?

Its entropy decreases.

Which TWO of the following statements explain how energy is most directly provided in eukaryotic cells for the active transport of ions across the plasma membrane?

Metabolism of sugars provides energy to synthesize ATP. ATP molecules synthesized in the mitochondria are hydrolyzed, releasing energy.

Where in the ocean basins would the youngest rock of the ocean floor be found?

Mid-ocean ridges

The process of translation uses the nucleotide sequence in messenger RNA for the synthesis of which of the following?

Proteins

Most of the water on Earth is in the ocean, but fresh water occurs in rivers, lakes, glaciers, and groundwater. Which of the following best helps explain why fresh water exists on Earth?

Pure water evaporates from oceans, leaving salts behind, and later precipitates from the atmosphere.

Which of the following statements could a student use to support a claim that ribosomes are not organelles?

Ribosomes are not surrounded by a membrane.

Of the following elements, which two are most abundant in Earth's crust?

Silicon and oxygen

Which of the following astronomical objects mainly consists of matter in the plasma state?

The Sun

Which of the following statements about cancer is most likely true?

The cells divide more rapidly than normal cells do.

Some genetically modified crops have been developed to be resistant to certain nonselective herbicides. Which of the following is the most likely benefit of planting these herbicide-resistant crops?

The crops are not damaged by the herbicide.

Which of the following best describes how tides are affected when the Sun, Earth, and Moon are in alignment?

The difference between consecutive high and low tides is relatively large.

Which of the following statements best describes the view of the Moon as seen from Earth during the new moon phase?

The lit side of the Moon faces away from Earth, causing the Moon to appear totally dark.

Which of the following is the most likely cause of Down syndrome?

The nondisjunction of chromosome 21 during meiosis

Experimental evidence supports the fact that most of the mass of an atom is contained in which of the following?

The nucleus

A population of butterfly species 1 occupies a particular habitat. Most members of the population have brown spots, and a few members have red spots. An unrelated species of butterfly, species 2, invades the habitat. All members of species 2 have red spots. Members of both species are prey for the same predators. While species 1 butterflies are not toxic to the predators, species 2 butterflies are toxic. After several years, most members of the species 1 population have red spots. Which of the following best explains this phenotypic change in the population of species 1?

The population is undergoing directional selection because the proportion of individuals with red spots is increasing.

Under which of the following circumstances would a population of an animal species be expected to increase at the greatest rate?

The population size equals half the carrying capacity of the habitat.

A student repeats the titration of an acid three times and determines the molarity of the acidic solution to be 0.050, 0.051, and 0.051. The student used proper techniques but an incorrectly prepared base. Which of the following is most likely to be true about the set of calculated molarities?

The set has poor accuracy but good precision.

If a beaker and a bathtub are each filled with pure boiling water, which of the following indicates the relative temperatures and heat content of the water in each?

The temperature is the same in both, and the heat content is greater in the bathtub.

DNA synthesis occurs by semiconservative replication in which each strand serves as the template for the synthesis of a new strand. Which of the following characteristics of DNA is most important to this mechanism?

The two strands of a DNA molecule exhibit complementary base pairing.

Which of the following is an example of a parasitic relationship?

Ticks attached to a white-tailed deer

Most of the mass in Earth's atmosphere is contained in which of the following layers?

Troposphere

Which of the following best accounts for the fact that metals are good conductors of electricity?

Valence electrons are delocalized in a crystal lattice of positive ions.

Two species of paramecia thrive equally when grown separately in tanks under identical conditions. When equal numbers of species 1 and species 2 are added to a third tank and grown together under the same conditions, species 1 always grows to a much larger population size than does species 2. The species do not consume each other. This difference in growth is best explained by

competition

A tractor is pulling a wagon full of hay. The mass of the wagon and hay is two times the mass of the tractor. When the tractor accelerates forward, the force that the wagon exerts on the tractor is

equal in magnitude to the force that the tractor exerts on the wagon

Compared with an aqueous solution with pH 6, an aqueous solution with pH 4 has a concentration of H+ that is

one hundred times the concentration of H+ in the solution with pH 6

In the root system of a vascular plant, the movement of water from the soil into the plant's root cells occurs by

osmosis

The female parts of a flower are collectively known as the

pistil

The primary reason that stripping the outer and inner bark from the circumference of a tree will eventually kill the tree is that removal of the bark

prevents the transport of sugar to the roots

Nanotechnology is best described as applications of

synthetic materials or devices at the atomic or molecular scale

Trout automatically swim or orient themselves in an upstream direction that keeps them from being swept away. This behavior is an example of

taxis