Genetic

Which statement identifies what the green revolution relied upon genetic applications to accomplish?

expand the world's food production.

Primary literature refers to published works that contain/

experimental data that have been reviewed by other scientists.

What information can the chi-square goodness of - fit test provide?

how well the observed results of a genetic cross the expected values

Color-blindness is a sex-linked recessive trait. A female is color blind in one eye, but not both.

random X-chromosome inactivation.

What is the mechanism by which sex is established ?

sex- determination

In what way have humans been applying the principles of heredity for millennia?

the domestication of plants and animals..

During the " thorough read" of a primary literature article, it is suggested that one should skip the materials and methods?

the information is probably not necessary to understand the article.

is it possible for a male to have different color-blindness phenotypes in each eye?

yes, in an XXY male with a different active X in each eye.

In Caenorhabditis elegans, the level of expression of genes on both X chromosomes of females is reduced by half. what phenomenon is the an example of ?

dosage compensation

What might be the common feature of all genomes, no matter where they exist?

- the ability of store the entire set of information an organism needs for reproduction and development. - the ability to replicate the genetic information accurately for the next generation..

Normally in humans, a mutant gene on the Y chromosome will be inherited in which way?

All of the sons of a parent with gene will receive it but none of the daughters will.

Label each phase of the cell cycle with the appropriate name or description?

1- Cell division 2- phase of quiescense 3- G1 Phase 4 DNA replication 5 - G2 phase

Use the mitosis and meiosis interactive to answer the question. Use the word bank to complete the passage describing and meiosis. All words will be used at least once the most words will be used more than once.

1-diploid 2-mitosis 3-mitosis, meiosis 4-diploid 5-sister chromatids 6-haploid 8-homologous 9- haploid 10- sister chromatics

If an F1 plant is backcrossed with the sweet, nonspotted parent, what phenotypes and proportions are expected in the offspring?

1/4 bitter fruit, yellow spots; 1/4 bitter fruit, no spots; 1/4 sweet fruit , yelow spots; and 1/4 sweet fruit , no spots.

If an Aa individual is crossed to an aa individual, what will be the phenotypic ratio in the offspring?

1:1

what will be the genotypes ratio in offspring of two Aa parents that are crossed with each other?

1:2:1

How many ova, plural for ovum, can be produced from two primary oocytes through meiosis?

2

The principle of independent assortment assortment involves at least how many different gene pairs?

2

Humans autosomal cells have two copies each of 23 unique chromosomes. Match each cell division event and cell type according to the number of chromatids present.

23 chromatids-- spermatozoa, ootid 46 chromatids -- G1 prior to mitosis 92 chromatids-- primary oocyte arrested prior to ovulation.

In pean plants, plant height is controlled by a single autosomal dominant gene. Tall plants ( H) are dominant to short plants (h). In a cross of two tall heterozygous plants, which phenotype ratio is expected from the resulting offspring?

3:1

Hemophilia is called "the royal disease" because many European royal families had members with the condition. Hemophilia is a recessive, X‑linked disorder. Queen Victoria was unaffected by hemophilia, but was a carrier of the hemophilia gene (XHXh). Suppose Queen Victoria's husband, Prince Albert, was affected with hemophilia (XhY). What is the percent probability that a son of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert would be unaffected by hemophilia?

50 50 6.25

A normal female Drosophila produces abnormal eggs that contain a complete diploid set of her chromosomes. She mates with a normal male Drosophila that produces normal sperm. What will the sex ratio of the progeny from this cross be/

50% female, 50% intersex

How many chromosomes and how many DNA molecules will it have in the G2 stage?

6 chromosomes and 12 DNA molecules.

In pea plants, the allele for red flower color, F, is completely dominant to the allele for white flower color, f. Complete the Punnett square showing the genotypes possible among the offspring when two heterozygous individuals are crossed. Use the information from the Punnett square to answer the second question. In this cross between two heterozygous pea plants, what are the chances that an offspring will red flowers will be produced?

75%

In watermelons, bitter fruit (B) is dominant over sweet fruit (b), and yellow spots (S) are dominant over no spots (s). The genes for these two characteristics assort independently. A homozygous plant that has bitter fruit and yellow spots is crossed with a homozygous plant that has sweet fruit and no spots. The F1 are intercrossed to produce the F2. what will be the phenotypic ratio in the F2?

9/16 bitter fruit, yellow spots; 3/16 bitter fruit, no sport ; 3/16 weet fruit , yellow spots ; and 1/16 sweet fruit, no spots.

n humans, oculocataneous (OCA) albinism is a collection of autosomal recessive disorders characterized by an absence of the pigment melanin in skin, hair and eyes. That is, normal pigmentation (A) is dominant over albino characteristics (a) for this question, assume the phenotype is determined by a single gene with two alleles. If both parents have normal pigmentation, what are all of the possible genotypes that may be observed in their offspring?

AA, Aa, or aa

Which gametes can the Aa Bb parent generate?

Ab AB aB ab

Identify the chromosomal disorders affecting the patients in the Abnormal Karyograms tab of the karyotype interactive. Place each patient according to whether his or her disorder occurs exclusively in biological males, exclusively in biological females, or in both sexes.

Affects only biological males-- patient 892 Affects only biological famales-- patients 367 Affects both sexes --- patients 768 , 251

If an F1 plant is backcrossed with the bitter, yellow spotted parent, what phenotypes and proportions are expected in the offspring?

All bitter fruit with yellow spots.

Which statements describe Y - linked traits?

All male offspring of affected fathers will express the trait. Female offspring cannot inherit the trait.

A cross between an AABB individual will produce what type of offspring?

All will be AaBb

Which stage of mitosis involves sister chromatids separating and moving toward opposite poles?

Anaphase

Which organism would not be considered a useful model genetic organism?

Bos taurus ( the cow)

what is the constricted region of the chromosome where the kinetochore forms?

Centromere

Who was a nineteenth -century biologist who put forth the theory of evolution through natural selection and published this idea in the book entitled on the origin of species?

Charles Darwin

The somatic cell of a sheep contains 54 chromosomes ( 2n = 54). How many chromosomes and how many DNA molecules would the primary spermatocyte of this of this sheep have?

Chromosomes: 53 DNA molecules: 108

Which molecule holds sister chromatids together during mitosis and meiosis?

Cohesin

A man, Joe, has classic hemophilia, an X‑linked recessive disease. Classify each person depending on whether or not joe could have inherited the hemophilia gene from him or her.

Could Have inherited: maternal grandmother, maternal grandfather. Could not have inherited: paternal grandmother paternal grandfather.

The platypus is a sexually reproducing mammal in which the sexes are separate. Unlike other mammals, the male has five X and five Y chromosomes. The female has 10 X chromosomes?

Dioecious

In what sections can the significance of the study and the significance of the experimental data generally be found?

The significance of the study of found in the introduction, and the significance of the data is found in the discussion.

In flowering plants, meiosis in the male portion of the flower produces?

Four microspores that will divide mitotically to form male gametophytes.

Match the checkpoint to its function.

G1/S checkpoint-- maintains cell until necessary enzymes for replication are synthesized G2/ M checkpoint -- detection of DNA damage after replication Spindle-assembly checkpoint-- ensures that each chromosome is attached to spindle fibers from opposite poles

of the following ideas postulated by Gregor Mendel, which one requires at least two genes to be demonstrated?

Genes assosrt independently in humans.

Who discovered the basic principles of heredity?

Grego Mendel.

An X‑linked recessive gene causes red-green color blindness in humans. Suppose John and Cathy have normal color vision. After 10 years of marriage to John, Cathy has given birth to a color‑blind daughter and a color*#8209;blind son. John filed for divorce, claiming that he is not the father of at least one of the children. Which statement describes john's paternity claim?

He cannot be the father of Cathy's daughter

Which term describes the situation , for X-linked genes, in human an drosophila male who have only one X chromosome?

Hemizygous

what happens during metaphase I of meiosis ?

Homologous chromosomes are randomly arranged in the middle of the cell.

What happens during prophase I of meiosis?

Homologous chromosomes form, and crossing over occurs between them.

What happens during anaphase I of meiosis?

Homologous chromosomes separate, but sister chromatids remain joined at their centromeres.

Intracellular components can be labeled with a fluorophore, and the dynamic movements within the cell can be visualized Arrange the images of the stages of cell division in order from interphase to cytokinesis?

Interphase D C B A E

A fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, that has only one sex chromosome ( XO) and two sets of autosomes would have which sexual phenotype?

Male

Mendel's principle of segregation can be explained by what process?

Meiosis

What early concept of heredity proposed that genetic information in the form of particles called gemmules travels from different parts of the body to reproductive organs?

Pangenesis

what is the physical appearance or manifestation of a characteristic called in genetics?

Phenotype

Eukaryotic cells that contain more than two sets of genetic information are referred to as?

Polypoid.

An individual possesses two alleles at a locus and these two alleles separate when gametes are formed, one allele going into each gamete. This genetic concept is know as the?

Principle of segregation.

What characteristic makes prokaryotic cells different from eukaryotic cells?

Prokaryotic cells do not contain membrane-bound organelles.

Classify whether each gene regularly exists in a hemizygous state.

Regularly Hemizygous ---- a hemophilia gene on the X chromosome in a normal human male. a transgenic gene inserted into only one chromosomes of a mouse. Not regularly hemizygous--- a hemophilia gene on an X chromosome in a normal human females. a gene on chromosome 21 in an individual with down syndrome .

In which stage of the cell cycle does the cell duplicate its DNA?

S

What happens during metaphase II of meiosis?

Sister chromatids are distributed in a single layer across the center of the cell.

Which of the statements is not a difference between mitosis and meiosis?

Sister chromatids separate during mitosis but not during meiosis.

What happens during anaphase II of meiosis?

Sister chromatids separate from each other and migrate to opposite ends of the cell.

If a plant has a genotype of Aa, we would assume which is true?

The A allele is dominant to the a allele.

When Mendel crossed a plant homozygous for round seeds to another plant homozygous for wrinkled seeds, he found that all the progeny had round seeds.

The allele for round seeds is dominant to the allele for wrinkled seeds.

What happens during telophase II of meiosis?

The nuclear membrane begins of form around haploid sets of chromosomes.

An humans, what normally results in the male sexual phenotype?

The presence of the SRY gene on the Y chromosome.

Typically, the results section of a scientific paper contains all of these except?

The significance of the experimental data.

What are checkpoints?

Transition points during the cell cycle that ensure all cellular components are functioning properly.

Humans with only one sex chromosome ( XO) usually have underdeveloped sexual characteristics and are sterile. what is the condition called?

Turner syndrome.

Which is a product of cell division by mitosis?

Two daughter cells with identical chromosomes.

In cats, curled ears result from an allele, Cu, that is dominant over an allele, cu, for normal ears. Black color results from an independently assorting allele, G, that is dominant over an allele for gray, g. A gray cat homozygous for curled ears is mated with a homozygous black cat with normal ears. All the F1 cats are black and have curled ears. What phenotypes and proportions are expected from the two crosses?

Two of the F1, cats mate: 9/16 black cats , curled ears; 3/16 black cats, normal ears; 3/16 gray cats, curled ears; and 1/16 gray cats, normal ears. An F1 cat mates with a stray cat that is gray and possesses normal ears: 1/4 black cats, curled ears ; 1/4 black cats, normal ears ; 1/4 gray cats, curled ears; and 1 /4 gray cats , normal ears.

In fruit flies, long wings (W) are dominant over short wings (w), and red eyes (R) are dominant over orange eyes (r). Each individual possesses two alleles for each trait. If a fly that is homozygous dominant for both traits is crossed with a fly that is homozygous recessive for both traits, what is the predicted genotype of the offspring?

WwRr

The Talmud, an ancient book of Jewish civil and religious laws, states that if a woman bears two sons who die of bleeding after circumcision (removal of the foreskin from the penis), any additional sons that she has should not be circumcised. The bleeding is most likely due to the X‑linked disorder hemophilia. Furthermore, the Talmud states that the sons of her sisters must not be circumcised, whereas the sons of her brothers should be.

Yes, the woman is a carrier and half of her sons will be affected. Her sisters may also be carrier, but her brothers' son will get their X chromosomes from their mothers, who are unlikely to be carriers of the allele.

Which characteristic would not be considered useful for a model genetic organism?

a long generation time

In humans, oculocataneous (OCA) albinism is a collection of autosomal recessive disorders characterized by an absence of the pigment melanin in skin, hair and eyes. That is, normal pigmentation (A) is dominant over albino characteristics (a) for this question, assume the phenotype is determined by a single gene with two alleles. If both parents display the albino phenotype, what are all of the possible genotypes that may be observed in their offspring?

aa only

Which genetic condition is found at an unexpectedly high frequency among the Hopi Native Americans?

albinism.

What are the multiple forms of one gene called?

alleles

In which stage of meiosis does the separation of homologous chromosomes occur?

anaphase 1

The products of mitosis normally?

are genetically identical to the parent cell.

One source of this genetic variation is the random distribution of maternal and paternal chromosomes, and the other source of genetic variation is?

crossing over occurring at prophase I

What is a cross that occurs between two individuals that differ in two characteristics?

dihybrid cross

What concept proposes that traits acquired in a person's lifetime become incorporated into that person's hereditary information and are passed on to offspring?

inheritance of acquired characteristics

What is the complete set of genetic instructions for an organism?

its mutations.

What process involves the separation of chromosomes in the division of somatic, nonsex, cells?

mitosis

The study of the chemical nature of the gene, and how genetic information is replicated and expressed, is part of what division of genetics?

molecular genetics

Sponges can produce sperm and eggs in a single organism. which term the sex system of the organism?

monoecious

Use the Punnet Squares interactive, Level 3 to conduct a cross between a man with normal vision and a woman with the gene for color blindness.

number of the genotypes : 2 color- blind male offspring: 50% color - blind male offspring is 100%

The purpose of initially scanning an article is to?

obtain a sense of the importance and the purpose.

What division of genetics is essentially a study of evolution?

population genetics.