genetics ch. 1,2,3

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The visible trait, biochemical change, or effect on health in an individual is called the phenotype all the alleles in a population constitute the

gene pool

all of the alleles in a population

gene pool

altering a gene or genome in a way that does not occur in nature such as giving a rice plant a gene from a daffodil is called

genetic modification

The branch of biology that deals with the variation and transmission of inherited traits are known as

genetics

the study of how traits are transmitted

genetics

The underlying DNA instructions in a cell are referred to as its

genotype

The end result of meiosis in humans is the production of cells that have _____________the amount of genetic material that somatic cells do.

half

Human gametes are _____________, which means that they have only one copy of each chromosome.

haploid

Centenarians have higher levels of ________ _________ _______________than other people, which researchers estimate adds 20 years of life

high-density lipoprotein

In somatic cells, one member of each pair of chromosomes comes from the person's mother and one comes from the father to form chromosome pairs called ______________

homologs

In eukaryotic cells, the chromosomes are enclosed in a membrane-bound structure called the

nucleus

The majority of genes in a eukaryotic cell are found within the

nucleus

Oogenesis begins in a diploid cell called a(n)

oogonium

A phosphate group is a phosphorus atom bonded to four __________ atoms

oxygen

The steps of a DNA double helix hold information because they are:

pairs of four types of bases abbreviated A, T, G, and C.

The use of genetic information to select drugs that will be most effective for a specific patient is called

pharmacogenetics

__________________ helps to select drugs that are most likely to work, specific for an individual patient, least likely to have side effects.

pharmacogenetics

A____________________________ is a fat molecule with attached phosphate groups depicted as a head with two parallel tails

phospholipid

By the tenth week of prenatal development, the ___________ is fully formed. This structure links the woman and her fetus for the rest of the pregnancy.

placenta

Disorders that accelerate aging and shorten life span are called ______________

progeroid

Crossing over occurs in:

prophase 1 of meiosis

Major macromolecules that makeup cells:

proteins, fats, DNA

an example of genetic modification

providing plants with a gene that makes them resistant to insect pests.

After _____________ about once a month, one ovary releases the most mature oocyte.

puberty

In meiosis, the first division is called a(n) ________________ ______________ because it decreases the number of replicated chromosomes from 46 to 23.

reduction division

Sperm cells develop within a 125-meter-long network of vessels called the _____________________ _______________

seminiferous tubules

The ________________ ________________ are the site where sperm cells are produced

seminiferous tubules

One of the functions of saclike organelles is that they

sequester biochemicals that could harm other cellular constitutes

sperm and oocytes fall in the category of _____ ______

sex cells

Without meiosis, the sperm and oocyte would each contain 46 chromosomes, and the fertilized ovum would have twice the normal number of chromosomes to form a genetically overloaded cell called a(n) ________________

polyploid

______________________rapidly and neatly dismantles a cell into membrane-enclosed pieces that a phagocyte can mop up.

Apoptosis

The confirmation that President Jefferson had children with his slave Sally Hemmings was based on DNA analysis of the

Y chromosome

Unlike mitosis, meiosis in humans leads to the production of four genetically- different daughter cells

four genetically different daughter cells

A stem cell divides by mitosis to yield either two daughter cells that are stem cells like itself or one that is a stem cell and one that is a partially _______________ _______________

specialized progenitor

The first cell that leads to the development of new individual forms when a ________ and an ________ join

sperm ; oocyte

The process of the formation of sperm cells, which begins in a diploid stem cell, is known as

spermatogenesis

Carbohydrates: ______________________, Lipids: _________________, Nucleic acids: ___________________

sugars and starches; fats and oils ; DNA and RNA

identify a characteristic of dizygotic twins.

their occurrence runs in families

Functions of organelles:

they dismantle debris, they provide energy, they secrete substances

How many domains of life?

three: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya.

Interphase is divided into ________ (g) phase and __________ (s) phase

two gap phases and one synthesis phase

compares DNA sequences among individuals to establish a rule out identity

DNA profiling

technique that compares DNA sequences among individuals to establish or without identity

DNA profiling

Biologists recognize three major domains of life:

archaea, bacteria, eukarya

Which of the following are current applications for using stem cells?

1. create tissues and organs for use in transplants 2. produce hard-to-culture cells in order to observe the earliest signs of a disease 3. introduce reprogramming proteins to stimulate stem cells in a natural niche 4. discover and develop drugs

In humans, meiosis ensures that the sperm and oocyte each contain ______ chromosomes. Thus, the fertilized ovum would have _____ chromosomes.

23 ; 46

Does the human microbiome consist of which of the following?

Bacterial cells, fungal cells, protozoan cells

__________________ ________________ occurs when the specialization of one group of cells causes adjacent groups of cells to specialize.

Embryonic induction

When is a prenatal human known as an embryo?

First 8 weeks of prenatal development

Following mitosis, the cell enters the ______________ resuming the synthesis of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates which contribute to building the extra plasma membrane required to surround the two new cells formed from the original one.

G1 phase

Three phases that makeup interphase:

G2 phase, S phase, G1 phase

Which of the following special cells form gametes?

Germlike cells

__________________ have the same genes in the same order but may carry different alleles, or variants, of the same gene

Homologs

____________ ________________ ______________is a highly regulated program of genetic switches that are turned on in specific body parts at specific times.

Human prenatal development

_____________ __________________ explains why the fate of a gene on one chromosome is not influenced by a gene on a different chromosome.

Independent assortment

___________________ ________________________ explains why the fate of a gene on one chromosome is not influenced by a gene on a different chromosome.

Independent assortment

General sources of human stem cells:

Induced pluripotent, Embryonic, Adult

Two major stages of the cell cycle are ________________(not dividing) ______________(dividing)

Interphase ; mitosis

At which phase of meiosis does the crossing over of homologs occur?

Middle of prophase I

How do mitosis and cytokinesis differ? Mitosis divides __________________________________while cytokinesis divides _______________________________

Mitosis divides the DNA while cytokinesis divides the rest of the cell contents.

_______________is a form of cell death associated with inflammation and damage, rather than orderly, contained destruction.

Necrosis

Which of the following is a diploid cell with which the process of oogenesis begins?

Oogonium

________________ is the transformation of the simple three layers of the embryo into distinct organs.

Organogenesis

Which of the following cellular components are considered part of the cytoplasm?

Pigment molecules

___________ are rapid aging disorders

Progerias

During which phase of the cell cycle does the cell replicate its entire genome?

S phase

Which phase of the cell cycle follows immediately after mitosis and is characterized by the synthesis of cellular components such as proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids?

S phase

In the cell cycle, DNA replication occurs during the ________________________

S phase of interphase

________________________ refers to the process by which sperm are formed

Spermatogenesis

A structure formed from microtubules that separate the chromosomes during mitosis

Spindle

Meiosis:

Used for sexual reproduction Daughter cells are genetically different Produces four daughter cells per cycle

which of the following is an application of conservation genetics?

Using a combination of genetic analysis and reproductive technologies to save the rhinoceros species from extinct

During fertilization, the sperm's ______________ bursts, releasing enzymes that bore through the protective layers surrounding the secondary oocyte.

acrosome

DNA resembles a spiral staircase wherein the rails or backbone, consist of

alternating chemical groups, namely sugars and phosphates

The early cells resulting from the frequent division of the zygote are known as __________

blastomeres

The series of events describing the sequence of activities as a cell prepares for and undergoes division is called the __________________

cell cycle

After DNA replication, each chromosome consists of two copies joined at the ________________

centromere

The placenta is formed from the ____________ ___________of the embryo.

chorionic villi

A day after fertilization, the zygote divides by mitosis, beginning a period of frequent cell division called __________

cleavage

DNA analysis of the mummy of the Egyptian king has revealed that he most likely died from

complications of malaria

what are the basic tissue types:

connective, epithelial, muscle, nervous

The field of _______________ ______________ involves an analysis of genetic diversity combined with reproductive technologies to rebuild animal populations that would otherwise be headed towards extinction

conservative genetics

A sperm first contacts a covering of follicle cells, called the ____________________ ______________, that guards a secondary oocyte.

corona radiata

In the context of an embryo, the time when genetic abnormalities, toxic substances, or viruses can alter a specific structure is known as its ____________ ______________

critical period

Everything but the nucleus, organelles, and the outer boundary in a cell is known as the

cytoplasm

The _____________________is a meshwork of protein rods and tubules that serves as the cell's architecture, positioning organelles and providing overall three-dimensional shapes.

cytoskeleton

__________________helps to maintain the cell's shape, anchors the organelles, and allows the cell and its organelles to move

cytoskeleton

The process that determines which genes are expressed and hence what type of cell wall result is termed

differentiation

The use or expression of different subsets of genes to manufacture proteins drives a specialization of distinctive cell types and is referred to as

differentiation

In humans, somatic cells are _____________ with two copies of each chromosome type.

diploid

Fraternal, or ____________ twins result when two sperm fertilize two oocytes.

dizygotic

Which is the typical inheritance pattern for diseases caused by the "paternal age effect"?:

dominate single- gene mutations

A diploid cell containing eight chromosomes undergoes meiosis. How many chromosomes are present in each cell after meiosis I?

four

The primordial embryo consists of three layers. These are called ______________, _________________, ______________.

ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm

The female sex cells are called________ or __________

eggs or oocyte

Three general sources of human stem cells:

embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent their cells, and adult stem cells

In meiosis, the second division is called ______________ ______________, produces four cells from the two cells formed in the first division by splitting the replicated chromosomes.

equational division

In ______________ algorithms search for variance in genes that might explain symptoms of the disease

exome sequencing

A pregnant woman who has just one or two alcoholic drinks a day, or perhaps a large amount at a single crucial time, risks _________ _____________ ________________

fetal alcohol syndrome

During the ____________ _____________ the body proportions approach those of a newborn.

fetal period

To study amyotrophic later sclerosis scientists developed a type of stem cell called an ____________________from fibroblasts that can be reprogrammed to produce a large quantity of ALS ______________ ____________

iPS cell; motor neuron

This figure highlights the phenomenon of _____________ ______________, which helps to generate genetic diversity in meiosis.

independent assortment

During ______________, a cell continues the basic biochemical functions of life, while also replicating its DNA.

interphase

stages of the cell cycle: __________________and _____________

interphase and mitosis

In the context of adult-onset inherited disorders, a fetus that does not receive adequate nutrition has _________________ ______________ ____________, and though born on time, is very small.

intrauterine growth retardation

A process in which the distinctive characteristics of sperm and oocytes are sculpted is known as __________________

maturation

A type of cell division in which the chromosome number is halved is known as _______________

meiosis

Gametes form via a special type of cell division called __________

meiosis

The form of cell division that produces sperm or eggs is called ______________

meiosis

________________ is the field of genomics that reveals and describes much of the invisible living world by sequencing all of the DNA in a particular habitat, in finding out how species interact in a given population.

meta-genomics

know where centromere is on chromosome

middle of the X

Which is the mechanism responsible for the mutations found in sperm due to the "paternal age effect"? :

mistakes in DNA replication

When somatic cells multiply, DNA is divided by a process called ______________, while the division of the rest of the cell is called ________________

mitosis; cytokinesis

The structure formed of microtubules that will pull chromosomes apart during mitosis is called the __________________

mitotic spindle


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