Genetics Chapter 21

Secondary structure prediction is correct for correct for approximately ___% to ___%.

60, 70

The sequence of the lacY gene that encodes the lactose permease in E. coli is _____% the same as in other bacteria?

78

The advantages of running a computer program are speed and ____?

Accuracy

This phenomenon is a regulated process during gene expression that results in a single gene coding for multiple proteins. In this process, particular exons of a gene may be included within, or excluded from, the final, processed messenger RNA produced from that gene.Therefore, the proteins will contain differences in their amino acid sequence. This phenomenon is called _____ splicing.(ex. exon shuffling)

Alternative

What main phenomenon accounts for the larger size of the proteome? (three contribute, but one stands out as the most prominent)

Alternative splicing

The files within databases are _____ which means they contain additional information such as a description of a sequence or the name of the organism that carries the sequence.

Annotated

Proteins that recognize antigens are called _____?

Antibodies

what does the acronym BLAST stand for?

Basic Local Alignment Search Tool

The marriage between genetics and computational tools has created the branch of science known as _____.

Bioinformatics

This term refers to a way to extract information within genomic/proteomic sequences using a mathematical/computation approach. This term is called ____.

Bioinformatics

A reading frame is read from (Left to Right/Right to Left/ Both).

Both

ChIP stands for?

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation

Homology implies a ____ ancestry.

Common

The ChIP method can determine whether proteins can bind to a particular region of _____?

DNA

Large numbers of data files are collected and stored in designated locations called _____?

Database(s)

In protein microarrays, the biggest obstacle is the prevention of _____ proteins.

Drying

The ____ Value represents the number of times that the match or a better one would be expected to occur purely by random chance in a search of the entire database.

E

Alternative splicing occurs in (Eukaryotes/Prokaryotes/Both)

Eukaryotes

The purpose of an antibody microarray is to study protein ____.

Expression

This form of protein microarray uses many different cellular proteins. Cellular proteins are in the presence of specific kinases. It analyzes different protein function. It determines the role/action of certain proteins. This is called a ______ microarray.

Functional

_____ genomics examines the role of GENETIC SEQUENCES in a given species.

Functional

This term refers to when two DNA sequences are similar in position, structure, and evolutionary origin. This term is ____?

Homologous

Once a DNA mircoarray has been made it is used as a _____ tool.

Identification

In Eukaryotic genes, When interpreting the reading frame, the coding sequence may be interrupted by ____ but not stop codons.

Introns

Prokaryotes have (long or short) reading frames.

Long

This new technology uses small glass slides dotted with many different sequences of DNA to monitor expression simultaneously. This technology is called DNA _____.

Microarray(s)

This reading frame is a nucleotide sequence that does not contain any stop codons. This is called a ____ reading fram.

Open

When two homologous genes are found in different species, they are termed ______.

Orthologs

Homologous genes found in a single species are termed _____?

Paralogs

This phenomenon is the chemical modification of a protein after its translation. It is also responsible for a large proteome. This phenomenon is called ______ covalent modification

Posttranslation

Which is harder to execute, (DNA or Protein) microarrays?

Protein

The collection of proteins that an organism produces is the _____.

Proteome

This term refers to the study of different proteins. It aims to understand interactions among proteins. This is called ____.

Proteomics

This phenomenon creates a change in RNA after it has been transcribed causing a larger size in the proteome. This is called ____ editing.

RNA

Databases that search locations where the sequence of letters forms a WORD use a process called _____ recognition. (ex. LLAMA)

Sequence

In Bioinformatics, each of the 20 amino acids is given a ______ abbreviation.

Single-letter

When interpreting a reading frame, areas with long absences of a stop codon indicates a _____ gene.

Structural

(True or False) In posttranslational covalent modification, phosphorylation and methylation are reversible.

True

(True or False) In posttranslational covalent modification, proteolytic processing, attachment of prosthetic groups, sugars or lipids are irreversible.

True

(True or False) The proteome is large than the genome.

True

A basic goal of genomic research is to identify regions of DNA that _____ encode genes.

actually

This form of protein microarray uses a collection of captured antibodies. Antibodies can be formed to bond to a certain protein. The population size of a certain protein can be seen under fluorescent light. This is called a _____ microarray.

antibody

The most common method to base protein structural predictions are on _____ of amino acids.

frequency

There are two type of proteins microarrys. One is called an antibody microarray. The name of the 2nd is called _____ protein microarray.

functional

Databases that search locations based on sequence patterns use a process called _____ recognition. (ex. TRLLA vs ALLRT)

pattern

A search by ____ approach tries to locate an organization of known sequence elements that are normally found within a structural gene. (ex. promoter, start/stop codons)

signal

A search by _____ tries to identify sequences that differ significantly from a random distribution. This occurs because there is a codon bias within coding regions of genes. This means that certain codons are used more frequently than others.

signal

Similarity means that two sequences are _____ to each other.

similiar

In this reading frame, the sequence of reading the codons could begin with the first, second, or third nucleotides. Essentially, you are shifting the codon sequence. This is called a _____ reading frame.

translational