genetics final

What are the chances that a man with type O blood and a woman with type AB blood could have a child with type O blood?

0%

Select the two fundamental laws of inheritance discovered by Mendel. (man choice, select the two that apply)

1. Law of independent assortment 2. Law of segregation

What were the consequences of the Eugenics movement in the US?

1. Sterilization of individuals deemed unfit 2. Immigration resistant act 3. Anti race mixing laws

Match the levels related to gene expression between the left and right sides (MATCHING TYPE QUESTION) 1. Genes are expressed at 2. Proteins function at 3. Traits are observed at 4. Genes/traits within a particular species can also be studied at

1. molecular level 2. cellular level 3. organism 4. population

From the cross, Aa Bb Cc × Aa Bb Cc, what is the probability that an off-spring will have the following genotype: A BbCc.

1/16

If a man and a woman are heterozygous for a gene, and if they have three children, what is the chance that all three will also be heterozygous?

1/18

In a typical Mendelian dihybrid cross AaBb x AaBb, what is the expected proportion of progeny that are aabb: A_B_: A bb: aaB (remember each blank represents the two possible alleles of the gene pair aka wildcard)

1:9:3:3

What is phenotypic ratio of Ll Mm x ll Mm

6:2:6:2

How many possible gametes can occur from AA Bb CC dd Ee Ff

8

Which letter/s show/s the homozygous recessive progeny in the Punnett square below?

D

Mendel's experiments that gave the laws of inheritance were possible due to his chosen model system Lathyrus sativus

False

For albinism which occurs due to loss of function mutations in a gene encoding Tyrosinase enzyme, which of the following genotypes of individuals may be expected to lack this enzyme?

Homo recessive

An allele that produces an inactive enzyme would be classified as what kind of allele?

Loss of function

Which one of the following choices applies exclusively Covid-19 infections but not to genetic disorders?

The disease spreads from a person to unrelated individuals

For Mendel's pea plants, the tall phenotype is determined by a dominant allele and the dwarf phenotype is determined by a recessive allele. Suppose there is a cross between true-breeding tall and true-breeding dwarf plants. What is the expected outcome in the second or F2 generation when F1 plants are crossed to each other?

Three-fourths of the offspring will be tall and one-fourth of the offspring will be dwarf.

Suppose there is a biochemical pathway for producing blue flower color that goes from white--->magenta--->blue. A dominant allele for gene 1 provides an enzyme that converts white---›magenta. A dominant allele for gene 2 provides an enzyme that converts magenta--->blue. A plant that has the homozygous recessive genotype for gene 1 would have - petals.

White

Who coined the term " Genetics"?

William Bateson

Which of the following statements are evidence for practice of agriculture over thousands of years.

both are correct

Theories of heredity similar to Pythagoras, were again proposed and expanded by _______________ more than 2000 years later.

charles darwin

The gap in Darwin's theory of evolution was his inability to

explain basis in variation

A famous Greek philosopher proposed that parents with high intelligence should be identified and be unionized in marriage to give birth to intelligent offspring. This opinion is consistent with the influence of _________________ on an individual's traits.

nature

Which of the following is an accurate statement referring to preformationism?

none is correct

The allele for sickle cell anemia leads to multiple changes in the individual's phenotype, including the type of hemoglobin produced, the shape of red blood cells, the onset of anemia and reduced susceptibility to malaria. The name for these multiple effects on phenotype is ______.

pleiotropy

The chromosomes start to condense during which phase of the cell cycle?

prophase

Tubulin is considered a ____________ protein, it forms microtubules and plays a role in cell shape and movement.

structual

Any characteristic that an organism displays is called a ________.

trait

A couple has 4 offspring. Neither the father nor the mother is bald. Neither of the two daughters is bald, one of the two sons is bald. If one of the two daughters marries a non-bald man and they have a daughter, what is the chance that she will become bald as an adult?

0%

In Homo sapiens, cataracts in the eyes and fragility of the bones are caused by dominant alleles that assort independently. A man with cataracts and normal bones marries a woman without cataracts but with fragile bones. The man's father had normal eyes and the woman's father had normal bones. What is the probability that the first child of this couple will have cataracts but not fragile bones?

0.25

In a family of three children, what is the probability that all three children are boys or all three are girls? Please enter as a value between O to 1.

0.25

Match the statements on the left with the laws they represent on the right. 1. maternal and paternal alleles of a gene pair separate from each other so that half the gametes have the maternal type of allele and the other half of gametes contain the paternal type for that pair 2. during gamete formation the segregation of alleles one gene pair is independent of the segregation of other alleles of other pairs 3. a heterozygote containing the tall allele and dwarf allele shows the tall phenotype

1. Law of segregation 2. Law of independent assortment 3. Mendelssohn law of dominance recessive relationships

Which of the following statements is true for the inheritance of Hemophilia shown in Royal Families? (select all that apply)

1. Males are more likely to be affected than females 2. Mothers of affected males often have brothers with the disease

Which of the following characteristics of inheritance can be seen for Tay-Sach's disease which is autosomal recessive and parents can only be carriers (since this disease is lethal in early childhood) ?

1. The trait occurs in both males and females 2. Affected individuals are offspring of heterozygous parents

An individual with the Bombay blood group (hh) will have which of the following? (select all that apply)

1. antibody against complete H-substance/ antigen (anti-H antibody) in plasma 2. antibody against B-antigen (anti-B antibody) in plasma 3. antibody against A-antigen (anti-A antibody) in plasma

Mendel chose the common garden pea to study inheritance. What were its advantages? MANY CHOICE: Mark all that apply.

1. can be grown in large populations 2. can easily cross 3. self-pollination is possible

Based on the genotype that is given, decide whether each is a homozygote or a heterozygote? 1. RR 2. Rr 3. rr 4. Yy Rr

1. homozygote 2. heterozygote 3. homozygote 4. heterozygote

Match each field of genetics with its correct description. 1. This field is concerned with genetic variation and its role in evolution 2. This field explores the inheritance patterns of traits as they are passed from parents to offspring 3. This field seeks a biochemical understanding of the hereditary material

1. population genetics 2. transmission genetics 3. molecular genetics

If a man and a woman are heterozygous for a gene, and if they have four children, what is the chance that all four will be homozygous recessive?

1/256

If a couple has 5 babies, what is the chance all are boys?

1/32

Animals were first domesticated around

13,000 bce

For an autosomal dominant disorder, 60 individuals out of 400 individuals with the disease allele show the expected phenotype. The percentage penetrance is % (enter a numerical value).

15

A diploid organism has 4 pairs of chromosomes. The number of kinds of gametes it can produce due to independent assortment are:

16

An individual has the following genotype: Pp Qq Rr Ss. How many different kinds of gametes will this individual be able to produce assuming independent assortment of the four characters?

16

Huntington's disease (HD) is caused by a mutation in the Huntingtin gene. The disease has an average age of onset of 35 and the majority of individuals that are affected are heterozygotes. What is the probability that a 30-year-old man with no symptoms and who is the son of a man that has HD and a mother who does not will have a child that will have the mutant HD allele?

25

Suppose a man with type A blood and a woman with type B blood have a child with type O blood. What are the chances that they could have a child with type AB blood at a later time?

25%

How many different kinds of gametes would this parent produce with respect to the number of additive alleles contained in the gametes? Aa BB CC DD Ee (the answer is a single digit number)

3

Consider the trihybrid cross of Mendel in peas: Tt Rr Yy x Tt Rr Yy What is the probability of an offspring of this cross to have a dwarf, wrinked, yellow phenotype?

3/64

How many different kinds of gametes can be produced by an individual with the genotype AA Bb CC dd Ee FF ?

4

cats, gene 1 specifies coat color; allele B leads to black coat while allele b leads to ocolate coat color. Gene 2 can inhibit coat color: genotype cc leads to an albino cat hile at least one copy of allele C allows the full color from gene 1 to be expressed. om the cross bbCc × BbCc, what fraction of the offspring are expected to be albino? lease pay attention to the genotype of the parents of the cross, they are not both ¡hybrids)

4/16

If two parents have the following genotypes, CC and Cc respectively, the probability that an offspring is a heterozygote is:

50%

Ice cream disease is an autosomal recessive disorder. Two heterozygous individuals, each a carrier for the disease allele have four children, what is the probability for the following unordered combination of offspring phenotypes? two unaffected, two affected

54/256

Consider a Punnett square that is used to visualize a three-factor cross (trihybrid cross) predict how many boxes would be inside of the square? (enter a numerical answer)

64

You obtain the following number of offspring in a test cross of a dihybrid plant with a test cross parent with the given phenotype. The expected ratio is 1:1:1:1 What is the Chi-square value for this experiment? TALL PURPLE FLOWERS 26 TALL WHITE FLOWERS 27 SHORT WHITE FLOWERS 23 SHORT PURPLE FLOWERS 28

7/13

Plants were first domesticated around ______________.

8000 bce

Catfish disease is an autosomal recessive disorder in humans. Two heterozygous individuals, each a carrier for the disease allele have four children, what is the probability for all four offspring to be unaffected by this disease?

81/256

A pair of homologous chromosomes is shown here. Which of the following combinations show correct matches? B

A= synaptonemal complex ; B = chiasma

You are a geneticist who is analyzing a human pedigree for a new disease and discover that the disease occurs with the same frequency in both sexes and that 25% of the children from two unaffected heterozygous parents have the disease. This disease is displaying inheritance. (please fill two words separated by space only, please dont use special characters)

Autosomal recessive

Arrange the following steps from genotype to phenotype for an individual with Huntington's disease. Please fill in the blanks with the alphabets (all lowercase) without any spaces. a. Both alleles are transcribed leading to two kinds of mRNA: the normal form with 25 CAG repeats and the mutant form with 85 CAG repeats b. Heterozygous individual has two alleles for Huntingtin gene: one wildtype allele with 25 consecutive CAG repeats in the coding sequence and one disease allele with 85 consecutive CAG repeats in the coding sequence c. Both forms of the mRNA are translated to give: a normal form of the Huntingtin protein with a 25 consecutive Glutamine residues and an abnormal/mutant form of the Huntingtin protein with 85 consecutive Glutamine residues d. Neuronal death causes the symptoms such as dementia motor dysfunction and ultimately death e. The mutant form of the Huntingtin protein aggregates within the neurons and through various mechanisms leads to the death of neurons

BACED

Consider the following scenario where a person who phenotypically has dominant traits, is mated to another person that also has dominant traits, and the resulting offspring have both dominant and recessive traits. It suggests that:

Both are heterozygous

Which of the surface antigens related to blood type would be found on the red blood cells of an individual with the Ay genotype?

Each red blood cell would carry both surface antigen A and surface antigen B.

Encouraging the reproduction of those with beneficial traits is called Negative Eugenics.

False

In incomplete dominance, there is blending of genotypes but not of the phenotypes.

False

Prions can contain either DNA or RNA as their genetic material.

False

Sarah says that the following steps are in a logical sequence with respect to genes to traits, etc. Normal beta-globin gene Normal beta-globin polypeptide Incorporated into a normal Hemoglobin protein tetramer Normal beta-globin mRNA Disk shaped Red blood cell carrying normal oxygen Healthy individual Is Sarah's statement true or false?

False

In the United States, most newborns undergo a test for primary congenital hypothyroidism, a condition where people are unable to produce enough thyroid hormone. On a nationwide basis, this is an example of:

Genetic screening

For which of the following genotypes would the effects of codominance be observed in the individual's phenotype?

IAIB

The phenomenon where the heterozygote shows a phenotype that is in-between the two homozygotes such as seen in four-o-clock plants or in the amounts of starch seen in Mendel's experiments is referred to as (please fill with two words separated by space but no special characters)

Incomplete Dominance

Phenomenon in which mutations in two or more different genes cause the same type of disorder is called as fill with two words with a space in between. please do not use any special characters.

Locus heterogeneity

An allele that encodes an inactive enzyme would be classified as a

Loss of function

CHALLENGING PROBLEM ATTEMPT LAST Albinism, lack of pigmentation in humans, is an autosomal recessive disorder. A normally pigmented woman who has an albino uncle wishes to marry a phenotypically normal man whose sister is an albino. (Assume that these are the only individuals known to be albino in the two families) What is the probability that the couple's first child is an albino girl? Unless there is evidence to the contrary, all individuals marrying into the family are assumed to be homozygous.

None

Who was known as Mendel's bulldog, popularized Mendel's work extensively and showed that it was applicable to animals as well?

None

he process of crossing over occurs during which phase of meiosis?

Pachytene

The microtubules of the spindle fiber attach to the kinetochore during which phase of the cell cycle?

Prometaphase

is known for all of the following: Suggested that both sexes transmits the agents of heredity. Described small lumps in the female reproductive that he though was the mammalian egg. Understanding of the female reproductive system.

Regneir did graf

The sister chromatids are formed during which phase of the cell cycle?

S phase

A rare autosomal genetic disorder called as apinna is associated with absence of the external ear lobes at birth. A drug Betamethrhodactamine was approved for treating morning sickness in pregnant women. However this drug was later found to be a teratogen and cause toxicity and led to children being born without external ear lobes. These observations are best indicated by the term

Syndactyl

In a cell, a certain protein works as a homodimer (two molecules of the same kind of protein come together to perform a function). A mutant allele of the same gene encodes a dominant negative form of the protein. Three dimers are possible in a cell that carries a mutant allele and a wildtype (normal) allele: dimer of normal polypeptide-normal polypeptide, dime of normal polypeptide-mutant polypeptide, dimer of mutant polypeptide -mutant polypeptide. Only the first kind of dimer has normal function, the other two kinds of dimers are non-functional. If a cell makes equal amounts of polypeptides from both the alleles then which of the following statements may be true for the protein:

The net functional activity will be 1/3 of a wild type situation

Consider an organism with the genotype A BB Cc Dd, where upper case alleles are additive alleles and lower case alleles are non-additive alleles. If you calculate typically (not specifically for polygenic inheritance) the number of types of gametes based on which gene pair it belongs to etc, you will say that it would make 2x2=4 kinds of gametes based in the number of heterozygous gene pairs. This statement is accurate. However if you want to estimate the number of types of gametes classified only on the different numbers of additive alleles, it could make gametes with as few as two additive alleles and as high as four additive alleles. So a total of three different kinds of gametes varying in the number of additive alleles are possible (some with 2 additive, some with 3 additive and some with 4 additive alleles)_ Determine if the underlined statement is true or false.

True

The following pedigree cannot represent an X-linked dominant inheritance pattern. (hint: solve using ESPN method on scrap paper)

True

The following three statements are consistent with which of the disease options below: A. Daughters of affected males, produce on average, 50% affected sons B. Mothers of affected males often have brothers or fathers who are affected by the same disease C. Males are more likely to exhibit the disease

X-linked recessive

The separated sister chromatids are considered independent chromosomes.

anaphase

Somatoplasm and Germplasm are the two parts of an animal. This theory was proposed by?

august weissman

All of the following are fundamental principles of the chromosome theory of inheritance except

chromosome replication occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle

Parents can unknowingly pass on a dominant lethal allele for Huntington disease to their offspring because the

disease symptoms often do not appear until after the parent has had children

For summer squash, the dominant allele for one gene leads to yellow color while the recessive allele for this gene leads to green color. When the genotype of a second gene is either homozygous dominant or heterozygous, neither color is produced and the squash is white. The effect of the second gene on the first one is called ______.

epistasis

A man and a woman, each heterozygous for a gene pair, marry and have four children. The first child is a heterozygous, the second child is homozygous dominant, the third child is homozygous recessive. What will be the genotype of the fourth child?

fourth child will be heterozygous

Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of two _____ in the process of _____

gametes, fertilization

Corn kernels can have a purple color due to the dominant allele of one gene. When the alleles of a second gene are present in the homozygous recessive genotype, the kernel color is changed to red. This is an example of

gene interaction

In the history of genetics, we learned that the study of (H _____________Y) has been a subject of curiosity for thousands of years. Type the entire word including the letters that are shown.

heredity

For Tay-Sach's disease which is an autosomal recessive condition, decreasing enzyme Hexosaminidase A levels would be seen in what order?

homozygous dominant> heterozygous> homozygous recessive

For humans, an inherited form of blindness called retinitis pigmentosum results from the expression of an autosomal dominant allele. Some individuals who inherited this allele had clear vision throughout their lives while others became completely blind by thirty years of age. The likely explanation for this difference is

incomplete penetrance

Suppose that there are two male mice who are homozygous for the same allele. They are raised under the same environmental conditions: receiving the same types of foods in cages exposed to the same ranges of temperature. Despite this attention to animal care, one mouse dies and the other survives. Which type of allele is likely to be responsible for this death?

semilethal allele

Himalayan coloring in rabbits is due to a dominant allele that codes for a tyrosinase enzyme which participates in the production of the dark pigment melanin. In cold temperatures, dark coloring is only found in the ears, nose and feet of the animal. White coloration develops on body areas where blood flow keeps the animal warm. The tyrosinase enzyme is most likely due to a

temperature-sensitive allele

In an experiment you obtain the following ratio experimentally for four categories: 12: 17:19:16 Based on your scientific hypothesis you should expect a 1: 1: 1: 1 ratio for these four categories. Calculate Chi-square value and then determine using the Chi square table provided for the appropriate degrees of freedom, whether you will accept of reject the scientific hypothesis?

the Chi-square is 1.625 and the scientific hypothesis is accepted

Pink four o'clock flowers have one copy of the allele for red petals and one copy of the allele for white petals. The best explanation for the pink petal color is

the single allele for red petals causes the production of about 50% of the normal enzyme so petal color is lighter

In the United States, the leader of the field of Eugenics was Charles Davenport.

true

Near universality of genetic code allows jelly fish Green Fluorescent Protein to be expressed in other organisms such as fruit flies using transgenic constructs. Correct!

true

The forked line method for estimating frequencies of genotypes or phenotypes will not work for linked genes.

true

The work of Gregor Mendel in the 19th century kickstarted the field of Transmission genetics.

true

A person with type O blood can donate to people:

with all blood types

The dominance hierarchy for multiple alleles determining fur color in rabbits is: C>cch>ch»c C= full coat color allele ¿ch = chinchilla coat color allele ch= himalayan coat color allele c= albino allele Predict the outcome of the phenotypes for the cross below, for large numbers of offspring. achch. X CC

• 2 full coat color: 1 chinchilla; 1 himalayan: 0 albino