Genetics Lab Exam Final
What pattern of functional protein synthesis of β-galactosidase and permease, respectively, would you expect from an I+P+OCZ+Y+ lac operon in the absence of lactose?
+ +
what conditions does the HW law need to meet in order to be true
yes: -random mating -large population size no: -mutation -migration -natural selection
Using the gel image: the three brightest fragments in the ladder are 100 bp, 500 bp, and 1000 bp in size. What size do you estimate the fragment in Lane 5 to be?
100 bp
For your 25ul ligation reaction: You need to add 160ng of your digested insert DNA (which is at a concentration of 160ng/ul) and 25ng of your digested plasmid DNA (which is at a concentration of 10ng/ul) to your ligation reaction. You also want 1X ligase buffer (it is provided at a 10X concentration) and 1ul ligase. How much water will you need to add to the reaction?
18ul
The genes responsible for albinism (A or a) and pink eyes (P or p) in mice are linked and wild-type pigmentation is dominant in both traits. A homozygous wild-type mouse is mated with an albino, pink-eyed mouse. The resulting F1 mice are crossed with albino, pink-eyed mice. The F2 progeny of this testcross are: wild-type body color, wild-type eyes 22 albino body color, wild-type eyes 7 wild-type body color, pink eyes 3 albino body color, pink eyes 18 How many cM apart are the albinism and pink-eye genes?
20 [(7+3)/(10+22+18)] (100)
The following double stranded DNA fragment was double digested with BamHI and KpnI. If you ran the double digest on a gel, how many fragments would you see? Assume complete digestion.
4
A SNP marker is found linked to the cystic fibrosis gene. Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive disease. A couple plans to have children together and both are carriers for the cystic fibrosis gene but do not have the disease themselves. They are both A1/A2 at the SNP and the A1 allele is linked with the allele causing cystic fibrosis. Assuming no crossing over between the SNP and the disease gene, what genotypes in the offspring could result that would cause cystic fibrosis?
A1 - cf, A1 - cf
the remainder of the mtdna codes for genes with what essential cellular functions. Because of these necessary functions, the sequyences of these are functionally ______________________________
ATP production tRNA rRNA constrained
If the EcoRI/HindIII (stuffer) fragment cut from the vector is religated back into the vector, the M13F/M13R primers will:
Amplify the stuffer fragment because the primers are designed to complement the plasmid DNA
What does it mean to backcross?
F1 individuals crossed with a fly from parental type
What are the components of a PCR reaction?
DNA, dNTPs, 2 primers, DNA polymerase, buffer & water
What are the stages of PCR in their correct sequential order?
Denaturation Annealing Elongation
what are the three waves of migration out of africa
M haplogroups: Asia, Australia, Americas N/R: Europe, Asia, Australia, Americas Way to remember: Know m, and for N and R just add Europe
Which of the following is a true statement: Drosophila melanogaster has 10 chromosomes Male fruit flies do not generally have crossover events when making gametes A genetic map is the same as a physical map
Male fruit flies do not generally have crossover events when making gametes
how is the allelic frequencies equation different
[2(homozygous dominant or recessive) + heterozygous)]/2n
HW Law states that if certain conditions are met, the following will happen
allelic frequencies not change from generation to generation genotypic frequencies will stabilize after one generation (p^2 + 2pq + q^2)
Standard deviation is: the square root of the variance how spread out the data is both
both
what happens if by chance an allele mutates into a different allele and is passed on
both frequencies of original allele and mutant allele changed = population evolved
define evolution
change in population's allelic frequency over time
list the characteristics of mtdna
circular each cell: 100-1000s mitochondrial genome copies less prone to degradation (ideal for studies of ancient dna) uniparental inheritance (maternal) rapid mutation rate
what is the thing that will affect the allelic frequencies with migration
depends on movement of individuals in/out of population
natural selection is defined as
differential reproduction of genotypes
natural selection ____________________ mutations that ________________ the ________________ functions of _____________ coding sequences and therefore __________________________________ ___________________________________ ______________________________
disfavors; disrupt; vital; mtdna purges deleterious mutations
what does a sequence divergence compare
dna or protein sequence between 2 lineages
molecular clock
dna/protein sequences accumulate mutations @ relatively constant rate can be used to date past evolutionary events quick and dirty: comparing DNA sequences to estimate phylogeny and rate of evolutionary change
A lac operon of genotype I+ P- O+ Z- Y+ will produce permease when:
it won't produce permease because the promoter is mutated.
list the mechanisms that cause sample size to become small (genetic drift)
limited resources (sampling error) founder effect bottleneck effect
as a result of purging deleterious mutations, natural selection ________________________________________________________________________________ and _______________________________________________________________________________
limits accumulation of changes over time in mtdna promotes homogenization of mtdna sequence within the population
How can genetic drift result in allele fixation in non coding mtdna regions
more common a haplogroup = more likely it will be passed on due to chance, rare alleles likely lost and common alleles more likely to be fixed along evolutionary paths and by chance events, different alleles fixed
what are the pieces of evidence supporting an out of africa origin
more variation in mtdna in africa (lineages older and more time to accumulate mutations) variations outside of africa = subset found in africa (african source for variation followed by random fixation) all modern humans more closely related to each other than to proto humans
mitochondrial eve is
mtdna of all modern humans back to single common ancestor living between 99 thousand - 200 thousand years ago
what are the effects of nonrandom mating
no change in allelic frequencies deviation in genotypic
locate the region where only some regions of mtdna are highly variable and what is this region responsible for
noncoding control region replication and gene regulation
define the components that make up the term mendelian population
sexually reproducing interbreeding
what does population genetics look at in order to study the change of the genetic composition over time
sexually reproducing individuals able to interbreed
what is the genotypic frequency equation
Individuals with the genotype/total
Where would the repressor be bound in an E. coli cell (nonmutant) that is NOT growing in lactose?
Operator
The lac operon produces:
a single mRNA molecule and multiple proteins
what two things can be used to describe the gene pool
allelic frequencies genotypic frequencies
what does it mean when we say an allele is fixed
entire population has homogenized for the same allele
what is the equation we would use to figure out allelic frequencies if all that we were given were genotypic frequencies
f(AA) + 1/2f(Aa) f(aa) + 1/2f(Aa)
why does mtdna experience rapid mutation rate
fewer repair mechanisms proximity to reactive oxygen species (within mitochondrion)
what is population genetics
genetic composition of population changes/evolve over time
what does sequence divergence measure
how many bases/amino acids differ between the two lineages expressed as a % or as a decimal/proportion
The primers you used to PCR amplify your human genomic DNA insert from your bacterial colony were designed to complement (or bind):
plasmid pUC19
for all types of genetic drift, ________________________ ____________________ determines what the new distribution of alleles will be
random chance
If genes are linked, we expect to see a greater number of nonrecombinant gametes than recombinant gametes. True or false
true
Two genes that are far apart are more likely to crossover than 2 genes close together true or false
true
