geo 104 final

ETR Biome

Equatorial and Tropical Rainforests

MSh

Mediterranean Shrub-land

Allelopathy

Organisms put poison into the soil to hurt other plants. Suppresses competition.

Ubac Slopes

Orgin comes from latin root shade. Mountain face towards the sun. Has lusher vegetation.

Diurnal Ranges, Wind, and Precipitation.- Interior Deserts

100 degrees swings have been recorded. Hot at day and cold at night. Generally windy, little vegetation to slow down wind, wind drives sand dune development. Precipitation is rare but can be extreme when it happens.

Invasive species

Any kind of living organism that is not native to an ecosystem and causes harm. No natural predators to control population. Paraffin bush from South America now in South Africa.

Grasslands in Midlattitudes

Between 30-60 degrees. Prairies and breadbaskets.

Examples of each

Boreal: Canada, Scandinavia, Russia. Northern hemisphere phenomena. Montane: Big mt ranges that can be anywhere. Andes, Ethiopian highlands, himalayas, New guinea.

slash and burn agriculture

Burning a section of the rainforest down to temporarily improve fertility. After a few years the soil is no longer fertile and the farmer must move onto another section of the rainforest

Animals in MGr

Burrowing: Gophers and prariedogs. To shelter from summer heat Speed: Pronghorn and antelope Grazing: Bison, take advantage of grasses.

Animals in tundra

Caribou, reindeer, elk, hares, foxes

Deforestation in the ETR

Causes: Agriculture, timber, ranching and grazing, fuel wood, mining. Effects: Carbon Emissions, loss of biodiversity

Wildfires in California

Climate causes this with long dry seasons and heavy winds. Increased fuel load, which is anthropogenically driven.

Coastal Deserts

Cold ocean currents keep conditions dry. Rain-shadowing in Andes. Sub Tropical High in certain areas.

Desidous and Evergreen species MBME

Decidous- lose leaves Evergreen- don't lose leaves

Animals MBME

Deer, squirrels, bears, foxes, songbirds, turkeys.

Fennec Fox

Distinctive bat like ears help radiate body heat and keep them cool. Nocturnal to prevent heat. Feet are hairy to help w hot desert floor.

Examples MBME

East US, Europe, East Asia, Northern hemisphere phenomenon. Chicago.

Examples TrS

Eastern Africa, The llanos of the Orinoco basin of Venezuela and Colombia, Brazil's cerrado, The pine savannas of Belize and Honduras

Climate in MGr

Extremes. Warm to hot summers, cold winters. No distinct dry season. Yearly precipitation is less than low latitude grass lands.

Grasses in MGr

Family- poaceue. Long leafy stems. C3 makes up 95% of it, wheat and rye.

Withering Streams

Get larger towards mouth/end. Opposite of exotic.

Interior Deserts

Gobi desert in Mongolia, Sahara, Central Asia, Western U.S. Far from oceans often impacted by rain-shadow effect.

Viticulture

Growing grapes

Viniculture

Growing grapes for wine

Aeolian Geomorphology

Hallmark of geomorphology in arid enviorments. Sand dunes are an example

Montane

High altitude. Means mountain.

Vegetation in TeR

High biomass. No species diversity. Moisture loving plants. Slow growth, ancient trees.

Biodiversity in the ETR

Highest diversity in the world, meaning it has the most diverse collection of flora and fauna.

Climate of TrSF

Hot all year. High Variation in precipitation. 8 months wet (summer), 4 months dry (winter)

Hot and Cold Deserts

Hot: Low latitudes and dry. Sub Tropical high, high pressure so air is descending, explains dryness. Cold:Mid latitudes

Fruiticulture

Huge source of fruits and vegetables in this environment. Chile produces much of what we cant.

Climate Breakdown MBME

Humid contiental. Warm hot summers. Cold cool winters.

Examples of the ETR

Intertropical Convergence Zone, equator zone. Means that there is always strong insolation and the ITCZ causes low pressure and heavy precipitation.

Taproots

Large, central, dominant root from which roots sprout laterally. Ex: carrots.

Succulents

Leaves that are thickened and fleshy to return water in arid climates. Cactus

Climate in TrS

Lionking biome. Warm all year, precipitation varies. 6 summer months wet. 6 winter months dry.

Animals of the TRS

Lions, cheetahs, elephants, rhinos

Climate Breakdown of ETR

Little variation in temp and precipitation. Hot and wet all year.

Climate in Desert

Low precipitation. Not temp. Chronic water deficit. POTET is consistently higher than precipitation.

Mid Latitude Broad-leafs and Mixed Evergreen

MBME

MGr

Mid- latitude grasslands

Climate in Temperate Rainforest (TeR)

Mild Summer, moderate winter. Mix of broad leaf and evergreen.

gymnosperm MBME

More primitive. Seeds in cones called conifers. Pinecones are an example.

Human modification in MGr

Most modified biome. Europeans thought midwest lands were not fertile. Technology then changed that and homestead act was created to close 160 million miles of the frontier w barbed wire.

Vegetation in MSh

Mostly Evergreen trees and grass. Leaves are small tough and waxy (funnel morphology)

Vegetation of both

NF: Trees are taller and denser in southern areas. In colder areas MF: Higher: taller and denser. Lower: Smaller and less dense.

Needleleaf and Montane Forests/Tundras

NFMF

Vegetation characteristics

No distinct layering, many trees shed leaves in dry season (deciduous tree). Similar to the ETR

Boreal

North, high lattitude. Dry because of polar high pressure.

Examples of Coastal Deserts

Northern Andes, Mexico, Namibia. In Iquique Chile there was 14 years without rain in Atacama desert. Shows impact of coast, double rain-shadow, and Sub Tropical high.

Examples of TeR

Northwestern coast of North America. Also some in Southern Chile, New Zealand, Australia.

Stomata, Stomata Photo Synthesis, Fuzzy Leaves

Pores in leaves that start gas exchange for photo synthesis. Closed stomata photosynthesis limits water-loss. Others rely on photosynthesis and don't lose leaves. Others have fuzzy leaves to get water from air (dew)

Phreatophytes

Roots go all the way down to the water table.

Sand Dune Development

Sedimentary Supply, wind direction, sediment development

Angiosperm MBME

Seeds in fruit, nut or pod. Cherry and walnuts are examples.

Ephemeral annuals

Short lived plants, produce seeds that germinate next time there is rain. Dormant for years.

Only Places in the world with this climate (MSh)

Southern and Central California, Central Chile, Southwest Coast of Africa, Mediterranean Basin, Southwest Australia

Adaptations of animals

Speed adaptations Elephants- no natural predator rhinos-

Xerocoles (animals in desert) and their common adaptations

Speed, change in skin color, getting water from food, crystalline urine, big ears, light colored fur, burrowing.

Adret

Suns ray coming in more direct angle.

(TeR)

Temperate rainforest

Permafrost and Vegetation

Thick subsurface layer of soil that remains frozen . No trees

Importance of Fire in the TRS

Thunderstorms create lightning in dry season. Fires on the savanna are not that hot. Established trees can survive. Protection against invasive species.

Climate of NFMF

Too cold for broad leaf trees. Mostly evergreen needle leaf trees. Short growing season so trees do not waste energy making new leaves

Tropical Seasonal Forest and Scrub and Invasives

TrSF

Ecotone

Transition zones between the biomes, has characteristics from both sides.

Tundra in NF/MF

Treeless environment north of boreal forests. High latitudes. Cool to cold summers, insanely cold winter. Northern Canada and Siberia.

TrS

Tropical Savannas

Example of Interior Desert

Uzbekistan in Central Asia. Far from body of water, large annual and diurnal temp ranges.

Trees in MGr

Very few and they grow slowly. Fire is devastating because of this.

Climate in MSh

Warm to hot summers, mild winters. Dry summers, wet winters. Favorable for people.

Xerophyrtic plants

Xero= dry phy= plants. Adapted to dry conditions. Small, tough, waxy leaves, prevents moisture lost.

Biome

a large naturally occurring community of flora and fauna occupying a major habitat, e.g., forest or tundra. (flora being plants and fauna being animals)

Chaparral

characteristic vegetation in MSh environment.

Vertical Layering of the ETR

emergent crown- tallest layer canopy/understory- dense due to plants competing for sunlight floor- dark

self dunes

longitudinal. oposing wind flowing in similar directions, two slip faces.

Animals in NF/MF

low species diversity, not a lot of variety. Bears wolves, moose, some birds.

scelrophyllous

sclerophyllous vegetation Typically scrub, but also woodland, in which the leaves of the trees and shrubs are evergreen, small, hard, thick, and leathery. These adaptations allow the plants to survive the pronounced hot, dry season of the Mediterranean-type climate in which sclerophyllous vegetation is best developed.

fire-meditated serotiny

seeds that only become fertile once they are burned

Adaptations animals in the tundra have made

thick fur. layers of fat. changing fur color in seasons. artic hare is an example.

sclerophyllous

vegetation Typically scrub, but also woodland, in which the leaves of the trees and shrubs are evergreen, small, hard, thick, and leathery. These adaptations allow the plants to survive the pronounced hot, dry season of the Mediterranean-type climate in which sclerophyllous vegetation is best developed.

Xerophytes (plant adaptation)

xero=dry. Small, tough, waxy, leaves. Deciduous trees. Riparian zones. Serotians, plant only germinate (fertilized) under extreme conditions.