geo chapter 5 volcanic eruption, Chapter 8, Geology set 2-metamorphic rock, Chapter 10 Earthquakes, Soil Horizons, Geology Ch 5, Geology Ch 4, Geology Exam 2 Review, Geology Mountain Building, Geology Ch 5, Geology Ch 4, Metamorphic rocks, chapter 7,...

An increase in earthquake activity ______ suggest a future eruption

"might"

Textures of Basaltic Lava Flows

- lava tubes - pahoehoe - Aa - Columnar jointing -Pillow lava

Decompression melting occurs at both ________ and ________. A. mid-ocean ridges; hotspots B. mid-ocean ridges; trenches C. subduction zones; hotspots D. subduction zones; mid-ocean ridges

A. mid-ocean ridges; hotspots

In Bowen's discontinuous reaction series, the first mineral to crystallize from a mafic melt is ________. A. olivine B. plagioclase C. pyroxene D. quartz

A. olivine

b

All metamorphic rocks are formed within a fairly narrow range of temperature, approximately 400 to 600 °C. a. true b. false

False

All minerals are chemical compounds (composed of more than one element)

the Sun

All objects in the Solar System are in orbit around

Cool more slowly

All other factors being equal, intrusive rocks that form deep within Earth_________ than intrusive rocks that cool near the surface.

b

All volcanic eruptions pass through the crater at the volcanic summit. a. true b. false

Within the sea floor, the rate of heat flow is greatest

Along mid-ocean ridges

Columnar jointing is a type of fracturing that occurs in rhyolitic lava flows. a. true b. false

B

If a body of magma is subjected to fractional crystallization, the rock that results is expected to be ____________. a. identical in chemical composition to the magma b. more mafic than the magma c. more felsic than the magma

B

In 1902, a famous, deadly pyroclastic flow killed thousands of people on the Caribbean island of ____________. a. Puerto Rico c. Aruba b. Martinique d. Jamaica

B

Mafic lavas are distinguished by ____________. a. light coloration c. high viscosity b. low viscosity d. high silica content

B

Most commonly, felsic igneous rocks ____________. a. contain more iron and magnesium than intermediate rocks b. are lighter in color than mafic rocks c. are darker in color than mafic rocks d. are found in oceanic crust

B

Nonviolent eruptions characterized by extensive flows of basaltic lava are termed ____________. a. pyroclastic c. explosive b. effusive

B

Of the three primary forms of subaerial volcanoes, ____________ consist of a simple, conical pile of tephra. a. stratovolcanoes c. shield volcanoes b. cinder cones

B

Olympus Mons, the largest known volcano in the solar system, is found on ___________. a. Earth c. Neptune b. Mars d. Io, a moon of Jupiter

B

Nonviolent eruptions characterized by extensive flows of basaltic lava are termed . A. pyroclastic B. effusive C. explosive

B. effusive

Volcanoes whose magma source is NOT linked to a plate boundary are associated with ________. A. continental rifts B. hot spots C. mid-ocean ridges D. subduction zones

B. hot spots

IMAGE In the figure provided below, what type of igneous intrusion is the horizontal rock unit shown by letter A? A. dike B. sill C. pluton D. laccolith

B. sill

A fold shaped like a right-side up bowl is a(n) ____________. Question options: Anticline Basin Dome Syncline

Basin

When did the Mesozoic start and end?

251 mya-66 mya

Hawaiian-style effusive eruptions are a greater threat to property than to human life. a. true b. false

A

If a body of magma becomes more felsic, its viscosity will ____________. a. increase c. stay the same b. decrease

A

Mid-ocean ridges are

Divergent

When did Pangaea form?

During the Paleozoic

The boundary between the crust and the mantle is marked by an abrupt change in seismic velocity called the ________.

Moho

a

Of the three primary forms of subaerial volcanoes, ____________ consist of alternating layers of tephra and solidified lava. a. stratovolcanoes b. cinder cones c. shield volcanoes

a

Olympus Mons, the largest known volcano in the Universe, is an example of a _____________. a. stratovolcano b. cinder cone c. shield volcano

d

On a geologic map, if the contacts between sedimentary rock units form a series of parallel lines, with the youngest unit in the center, the underlying structure is a(n) ____________. a. anticline b. basin c. dome d. syncline

the Milky Way

Our Sun belongs to a galaxy known as

b

Slaty cleavage, schistosity, and compositional banding are all examples of ____________. a. mineral cleavage b. foliation c. recrystallization d. sedimentary structures

d

The protolith subjected to metamorphism ____________. a. is always metamorphic rock to begin with b. is always igneous rock c. is always sedimentary rock d. may belong to any of the three primary rock types

Quartz is a mineral that exhibits a conchoidal fracture

True

Sand is not a rock-True/False

True

Silicates are the most abundant mineral class on Earth

True

T/F? The factors that affect Earth's long-term climate are different from those that affect climate on shorter time scales.

True

is relatively weak and flows readily

Unlike the lithosphere, the asthenosphere

a

Valleys and hillsides carved by glaciers are generally more ____________ in comparison to those produced by rivers and streams. a. steep sided b. shallow sided

How can volcanic eruptions lower the global temperature on Earth?

ash blocks sunlight

Ash, cinders, and blocks are all types of a. volcaniclastic debris b. lava flows c. Peleos hair d. volcanos

a. volcaniclastic debris

Which type of metamorphism affects the greatest volumes of rock?

b. Regional (dynamothermal) metamrophism

Earthquakes are likely to occur along ____________. a. transform-plate boundaries only b. divergent-plate boundaries only c. All of the above are correct. d. convergent-plate boundaries only

c. All of the above are correct.

Earthquakes that occur in a band called a ____________ can be used to track the motion of subducted oceanic lithosphere. a. Wegener belt b. seismic gap c. Wadati-Benioff zone

c. Wadati-Benioff zone

________ bonding occurs when atoms share electrons

covalent

most magma contains ____

dissolved gasses

The lower the viscosity of a lava the more likely it is to produce an ________ eruption.

effusive

Hot, liquid rock beneath Earth's surface is termed ________.

magma

Cleavage is most conspicuous in

mica

2. Ways to decrease pressure?

mid-ocean ridges

A great boost in seafloor exploration and a greater understanding of seafloor bathymetry was a result of ________.

military needs in World War II

Nonfoliated metamorphic rocks are classified based on their ________.

mineral composition

Foliated metamorphic rocks possess ________.

mineral grains in preferred orientations or patterns of association (banding)

The textural term for a basaltic lava flow that has a smooth, ropy appearance is ________.

pahoehoe

How is magma formed?

partial melting in the mid-to-lower crust and upper mantle

Thermal (contact) metamorphism produces ________.

nonfoliated rocks only

Two major sources of energy, coal and oil shale, are considered ________ sedimentary rocks.

organic

Volcanoes that have submerged beneath the surface of the sea are termed ________.

seamounts

Right-lateral and left-lateral are both examples of ____________ faults. Question options: strike-slip dip-slip oblique-slip

strike-slip

Which of the following does NOT reflect transport distance?

type of cement

Size of ash?

< 2mm

Size of blocks or bombs?

>-64 mm

What was happening the Gulf Area of North America during the Mesozoic?

>1000m of evaporate precipitated, source of Paleogene salt domes, part of cretaceous interior seaway in cretaceous

A fast-moving flow consisting of a mixture of water and volcaniclastic debris is called a ____________. a. lahar c. flood basalt b. glowing avalanche d. stratovolcano

A

A volcanic island arc occurs at ____________. a. the Aleutian Islands of Alaska c. Hawaii b. the Andes Mountains d. Mt. St. Helens, Washington

A

An igneous rock with a mixed texture of coarse grains (phenocrysts) surrounded by fine crystals (groundmass) is termed ____________. a. porphyritic c. aphanitic b. phaneritic d. necrotic

A

As compared to aphanitic igneous rocks, phaneritic rocks are ____________. a. made of crystals big enough to see c. more mafic b. made of crystals that can't be seen d. more felsic

A

As compared to coarse-grained igneous rocks, all fine-grained igneous rocks ____________. a. cool and solidify more quickly c. solidify at higher temperatures b. cool and solidify more slowly d. solidify at lower temperatures

A

Ash, cinders, and blocks are all types of ____________. a. volcaniclastic debris c. Pele's hair b. lava flows d. volcanoes

A

Basaltic lavas ____________. a. contain more iron and magnesium than rhyolitic lavas b. contain more silica than rhyolitic lavas c. are more viscous than rhyolitic lavas d. contain a greater proportion of trapped volatiles than rhyolitic lavas

A

Common volcanic gases include ____________. a. water vapor, carbon dioxide, and sulfur dioxide b. oxygen, ozone, and water vapor c. oxygen, hydrogen, and neon d. carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and oxygen

A

b

A joint always occurs as a single, isolated plane within a rock. a. true b. false

What occurs when earthquakes cause pore pressure to increase, which in turn causes grains to separate and compact? A)liquefaction B)aftershocks C)normal faults D)landslides

A)liquefaction

All other factors being equal, if a body of magma becomes more felsic, its viscosity will ________. A. increase B. decrease C. stay the same D. Chemical composition has no effect on viscosity.

A. increase

d

. Deformation brought on by orogeny can ____________. a. metamorphose rock b. produce folds in rock c. produce faulting in rock d. all of the above

b

. Nearly all of the present mountain ranges are the products of single orogenic events. a. true b. false

c

. Of the three primary forms of subaerial volcanoes, ____________ have the most gently sloping sides, due to the low viscosity of the basaltic lavas which form them. a. stratovolcanoes b. cinder cones c. shield volcanoes

b

. Olympus Mons, the largest known volcano in the Universe, is found on ___________. a. Earth b. Mars c. Neptune d. Io, a Moon of Jupiter

c

. The Hawaiian island chain is an example of a(n) ____________. a. island volcanic arc b. continental volcanic arc c. hot-spot island chain d. stratovolcanic assembly

c

. The balance between the weight of a mountain range and the buoyancy provided by the underlying mantle is termed ____________. a. punctuated equilibrium b. homeostatic equilibrium c. isostatic equilibrium d. osmotic equilibrium

An earthquake occurs with an epicenter in the town of New Madrid, Missouri, in the interior of the North American Plate. Where might the hypocenter of this earthquake plausibly be found? a. 20 km beneath New Madrid b. 10 km south of New Madrid c. in New Madrid ("hypocenter" and "epicenter" mean precisely the same thing) d. 200 km beneath New Madrid

...

Which type of fault does NOT, by definition, have a fault trace? a. normal fault b. reverse fault c. blind fault d. None of the above are correct; all faults have recognizable traces

...

Why do the plumes of ash above an erupting volcano rise to stratospheric heights? a. The force of the eruption does this. b. The ash is less dense than its surrounding air. c. Weather conditions at the time of the eruption control the height of the cloud. d. The viscosity of the lava directly affects the height of the cloud.

...

b

0. A body of rock under high pressure is more likely to exhibit ____________ than is a body of rock at low pressure. a. brittle behavior b. ductile behavior

1. Which of the following is a mineral? A. petroleum (oil), which is a liquid B. cubic zirconia, which is a synthetic diamond substitute that is not found in nature C. coal, which was formed from ancient tropical plants D. ice, which is water in the solid state (and water is essential to all organic life on Earth)

1. C. coal, which was formed from ancient tropical plants

The boundary between the crust and the mantle is marked by a seismic-velocity discontinuity called

The Moho

d

Whether an eruption will primarily produce lava flows or pyroclastic debris is influenced by ____________. a. the viscosity of the lava b. the composition of the lava c. the proportion of volatiles within the lava d. all of the above

b

Which list properly orders metamorphic rocks from lowest to highest grade? a. conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone, shale b. shale, slate, phyllite, quartzite c. slate, phyllite, schist, gneiss d. gneiss, phyllite, schist, slate

d

Which national park is home to a large volcanic caldera formed through a very large explosive eruption 640,000 years ago? a. Acadia b. Carlsbad Caverns c. Great Smoky Mountains d. Yellowstone

core

Which of Earth's layers has the greatest density?

petroleum

Which of the following is NOT a mineral?

coal, which was formed from ancient tropical plants

Which of the following is a mineral?

felsic

Which type of magma has the greatest silica content?

b

Which type of metamorphism affects the greatest volumes of rock? a. thermal metamorphism b. dynamothermal metamorphism c. dynamic metamorphism

becomes less dense

With increasing altitude, the concentration of gasses in our atmosphere

an ability to resist being scratched by other substances

With regard to minerals, hardness refers to

b

Within a platform, sedimentary rocks always have a horizontal orientation. a. true b. false

Minerals are homogeneous substances in that

a mineral's physical properties and geometry are spatially uniform (the material behaves much the same no matter where it is observed)

An igneous rock with a mixed texture of coarse grains (phenocrysts) surrounded by fine crystals (groundmass) is termed a. porphyritic b. phaneritic c. aphanitic d. necrotic

a porphyritic

Cleavage in minerals refers to

a tendency to break along planes of weakness

Cleavage in minerals refers to?

a tendency to break along planes of weakness

Basaltic lavas that solidify at the surface before flow ceases fracture irregularly, producing a sharp-surfaced lava rock named ____________.

a'a'

Basaltic lavas that solidify at their surface (before ceasing to flow) fracture irregularly, producing a sharp-surfaced lava rock named ____________.

a'a'

Which earthquake intensity scale assesses the effects of an earthquake on humans and human-made structures? a. Mercalli scale b. Richter scale c. seismic-moment magnitude scale

a. Mercalli scale

False

All lithospheric plates are approximately the same size and contain a combination of oceanic and continental crust

14 billion

Among the choices below, the best estimate of the age of the Universe is__________years old.

What is relative humidity?

Amount of water vapor present in air expressed as a percentage of the amount needed for saturation at the same temperature

After the Sonoma Orogeny, what did the western margin of North America become?

An Oceanic-Continental Convergent Plate Boundary

a

An episode of mountain building is termed a(n) ____________. a. orogeny b. phylogeny c. aureole d. slickenside

How does groundwater form caves?

As water flows through the soil, it can pick up acid. This can cause minerals to dissolve, building these caves

a

Ash, cinders, and blocks are all types of ____________. a. volcaniclastic debris b. lava flows c. Pele's hair d. volcanoes

Mars, Mercury, and Venus

Aside from Earth, the terrestrial planets are

move toward one another

At a convergent plate boundary, two opposed plates

move away from one another

At a divergent plate boundary, two opposed plates

may be composed or either oceanic or continental lithosphere.

At a subduction zone, the overriding plate

slide past one another

At a transform plate boundary, two opposed plates

b

At the surface, potassium feldspar reacts with water to form clay; this is an example of ____________. a. diagenesis b. erosion c. metamorphism d. weathering

earthquakes are common, but volcanoes are absent

At transform plate boundaries

What happened in regards to Pangaea at the End of the Cretaceous?

Australia and Antarctica had separated, India was nearly at the equator, South America and Africa were widely separated, and Greenland was an independent landmass

A surface along which rock on opposed sides is offset by an earthquake-induced slip is called a A)joint B)fault C)fold D)wall

B)fault

Surface waves A)travel more rapidly than body waves B)produce most of the damage to buildings during earthquakes C)are the first waves initially produced in an earthquake. D)are the first waves to arrive at a seismograph station after an earthquake

B)produce most of the damage to buildings during earthquakes

Evidence of a past earthquake may be found by looking for offset beds or A)liquefaction B)sand volcanoes C)stress fractures D)foliation

B)sand volcanoes

Vertical motion seismographs record earthquakes by producing a squiggly diagram called a A)wave sheet B)seismogram C)pictogram D)seismograph

B)seismogram

Seismic retrofitting is the process of A)predicting future earthquakes. B)strengthening existing buildings and structures. C)mapping areas prone to earthquakes. D)fitting earthquake data after an event to see if it should have been predicted

B)strengthening existing buildings and structures.

Earthquake ___________ is a means of deciding where the ground is stable enough to build on in earthquake-prone areas. A)mitigation B)zoning C)retrofitting D)prevention

B)zoning

Which soil horizon(s) make up the subsoil?

B-horizon

One of the reasons volcanic eruptions are so deadly is that there is no way to predict where an eruption will occur in the near future. A. true B. false

B. false

Minerals that do not posses cleavage are said to possess___ A. invulnerability B. fracture C. massiveness D. solidity

B. fracture

Summarize how the Coriolis effect deflects air flow

Breaks atmosphere into 3 parts per hemisphere. Pushes air away from equator and arctic circle

During the Triassic Period, what was happening to Pangaea

Breakup: Rifting between Laurasia and Gondwana

a

Burial metamorphism produces ____________. a. foliated rocks only b. nonfoliated rocks only c. both foliated and nonfoliated rocks

How would you determine the contour interval of a topographic map if it is not specified?

By looking at the direction of the contour lines and determining which way the elevation is

Which is the best analogy for the rate at which magma cools inside of the Earth? a. coffee poured into mug c. coffee poured into a sealed thermos b. coffee spilled on the table d. creamer poured into coffee in a mug

C

Which of the following processes releases carbon dioxide to the atmosphere? A. photosynthesis B. weathering of silicate rocks C. volcanism D. deep burial of peat to produce coal

C. volcanism

Important volatiles in magmas include ________. A. mafic minerals, such as olivine B. potassium and aluminum C. water and carbon dioxide D. silicon and iron

C. water and carbon dioxide

b

Continental crust is typically 35 km thick, but may be up to ____________ thicker under mountain ranges. a. 20% b. 50% c. 100% d. 200%

is thicker than oceanic lithosphere

Continental lithosphere

The change in wavelength (and, therefore, frequency) of waves that happens if the source of the waves is moving is explained by the ________.

Doppler effect

T/F? Pollen has changed over time through evolution, but the pollen of individual species cannot be used to interpret ancient environments because most species inhabit all environments.

False

That the Earth is a sphereoid is a relatively new discovery, not widely accepted until the 15th Century when it was confirmed by Columbus's voyage.

False

The 'texture' of a rock refers just to its feel-True/False

False

The colored strata layers of the Grand Canyon are said to be a form of foliation-True/False

False

The composition of a rock can be described as either being equant or inequant-True/False

False

The eruption of Mt St Helens in 1980 was the greatest explosive eruption in the last 200 years of world data - True/False

False

The hardness of a mineral refers to its resistance to being broken.

False

The most recently formed portion of any crystals is always found deep within the interior.

False

Until Columbus's voyage in 1492, most scientists thought the Earth was much smaller than it actually is.

False

When rock is melted within earth, typically the entire volume of rock is transformed from a solid state to a liquid- True/False

False

columnar jointing is a type of fracturing that occurs in rhyolitic lava flows. T/F

False

a

Gases that are abundantly emitted by volcanoes include ____________. a. water vapor, carbon dioxide, and sulfur dioxide b. oxygen, ozone, and water vapor c. oxygen, hydrogen, and neon d. carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and oxygen

Cross cutting relationships

Geologic feature which cuts another is the younger of the two features

Describe the main difference between felsic and mafic rocks

Mafic is from magnesium and ferrous/ferric. Felsic is from feldspar and silica

Difference between lava and magma

Magma is below earths crust, lava is on the surface

Summarize how large-scale atmospheric circulation affects precipitation and climate

Makes around the equator warm and near poles cold

b

Marble and quartzite are nonfoliated rocks because ____________. a. they are never found beneath fault zones or collisional mountain ranges b. both are dominated by minerals that produce equant grains c. both are dominated by minerals with crystalline structures that cannot be dissolved d. dynamothermal metamorphism can break down the structures of their constituent minerals, but neither of these minerals is stable in that metamorphic environment

sea-floor spreading rates are relatively rapid

Marine magnetic anomaly belts are widest when and where

Aside from Earth, the terrestrial planets are

Mars, Mercury, and Venus

Are people able to detect a volcanic eruption?

No

b

Nonviolent eruptions characterized by extensive flows of basaltic lava are termed ____________. a. pyroclastic b. effusive c. explosive

b

Normal faults assume a more shallow dip angle with depth; when the fault plane becomes nearly horizontal, these faults are termed ____________. a. thrusts b. folds c. detachments d. decollements

b

Normal, reverse, and thrust are all examples of ____________ faults. a. strike-slip b. dip-slip c. oblique-slip

Late Paleozoic glacial deposits are NOT found in which of the following places?

North america

Soil horizon ________ contains the most organic material.

O

What are the different soil horizons?

O, A, E, B, and C, respectively.

Which soil horizons make up the topsoil?

O-horizon and A-horizon

All of the above: is volcanic glass possesses conchoidal fracture typically is felsic in composition

Obsidian

the addition of new lithosphere mantle as a result of cooling

Oceanic lithosphere thickens away from the mid-ocean ridge primarily due to

core

Of the three primary chemical layers of the Earth (crust, mantle, core), which is the thickest layer?

a

Of the three primary forms of subaerial volcanoes, ____________ are the largest in area. a. stratovolcanoes b. cinder cones c. shield volcanoes

b

Of the three primary forms of subaerial volcanoes, ____________ consist of a simple, conical pile of tephra. a. stratovolcanoes b. cinder cones c. shield volcanoes

b

One of the reasons volcanic eruptions are so deadly is that there is no way to predict where an eruption will occur in the near future. a. true b. false

d

Orogenesis (mountain building) leads to the production of ____________. a. metamorphic rocks only b. igneous rocks only c. sedimentary rocks only d. all three major rock types

Deep-ocean trenches are found predominantly along the perimeter of the ________

Pacific Ocean

basaltic lava developing "ropes" while flows.

Pahoehoe

d

Pahoehoe ____________. a. forms when basaltic lava flows cease flowing and solidify simultaneously b. has a smoother texture than aa c. is easier to walk on than aa is d. all of the abov

What is an example of what was happening to the East Coast of North America in the Mesozoic?

Palisades in New York

What is the Atlantic Ocean margin?

Passive Continental Margin, rifting ceased, active plate margin became a passive, trailing continental margin, sediments contributed to the growing eastern continental shelf

a

Rapid, deep burial of sediments in an accretionary prism leads to the formation of a metamorphic rock termed ____________. a. blueschist b. greenschist c. migmatite d. gneiss

Describe Recurrence interval and flood probability:

Recurrence interval: Estimate the probability of the occurrence of a given precipitation event Flood probability: Chance of a flood to occur

Strong evidence that the Universe is expanding comes from the fact that the light emitted from distant galaxies appears to be

Red-shifted

c

Regions of continents that have not been subjected to orogeny during the past one billion years are termed ____________. a. exotic terranes b. accreted terranes c. cratons

had reversed polarity

Regions of the sea floor with negative magnetic anomalies were formed during times when Earth's magnetic field

had normal polarity

Regions of the sea floor with positive magnetic anomalies were formed during times when Earth's magnetic field

What happened in regards to Mesozoic sediments in the West?

Regressing shallow sea in the Triassic period, led to deposition of limestones, evaporates, dune, and Morrison Formation

What happened to the Sundance Sea during the Late Jurassic?

Retreated northward during the Nevadan Orogeny

In a ____________ fault if the hanging-wall block moves upward relative to the footwall block. Question options: Detachment Normal Reverse Strike-Slip

Reverse

d

Rhyolitic lavas ____________. a. do not flow as far from the vent as basaltic lavas do b. cool much more slowly than basaltic lavas do c. are associated with volcanoes that almost never emit pyroclastic debris d. all of the above

a

Right-lateral and left-lateral are both examples of ____________ faults. a. strike-slip b. dip-slip c. oblique-slip

c

Rocks resulting from thermal (contact) metamorphism will not possess ____________. a. a new mineral assemblage distinct from that found prior to intrusion b. larger crystals than those characterizing the country rock prior to intrusion c. foliation d. silicate minerals

What were the bivalves found in reefs in the Gulf of Mexico during the Cretaceous Period called?

Rudists

What is an isotope

Same element that contain equal number of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei (different atomic mass)

along mid-ocean ridges

Sea-floor spreading is driven by volcanic activity

Faunal succession

Sedimentary rock strata contain fossilized flora and fauna, and that these fossils succeed each other vertically

transform faults

Segments of the mid-ocean ridge system are offset. Between the offset segments we observe

b

Spreading peanut butter on bread is an application of ____________. a. normal stress b. shear stress

a

Squashing a fly with a fly swatter is an application of ____________. a. normal stress b. shear stress

red-shifted

Strong evidence that the Universe is expanding comes from the fact that the light emitted from distant galaxies appears to be

convergent plate boundaries

Subduction zones are

Summarize 5 types of desserts

Subtropical - subtropical regions Rain-shadow - found at the base of mountains. Moisture condenses and brings rain to one side but the dry air goes to the other side forming a dessert Coastal - cold air over cold ocean water holds little moisture, can be arid Polar - cold air in the poles can't hold moisture so it is dry

An important contribution made by Copernicus is his (correct) assertion that the

Sun is the center of the Earth's orbit

What is the connection between ground water and surface water?

Surface water such as streams and lakes gain water from large aquifers underground. Then surface water over time seeps back down into ground water

Describe the geologic time scale

System of chronological dating that relates geological strata to time, and is used to describe the timing and relationships of events that have occurred during Earth's history

a

Tectonic foliation, such as elongation of quartz grains, always occurs parallel to the original bedding plane of a body of rock. a. true b. false

oceanic or continental lithosphere or a combination of both

Tectonic plates might consist of

1 to 15 cm/year

Tectonic plates move at rates that are approximately

What happened to the terranes of western North America?

Terranes were carried great distances

Describe the Rule of "V" and how you would determine stream flow direction given a topographic map

The "V" often opens towards lower elevations. Water flows out of the V away from bottom point

A mixture of copper and tin would be called ___________. a. a melt b. an alloy c. a volatile d. a metal

b. an alloy

A guyot is ____________. a. an extinct oceanic hot-spot volcano that has not yet subsided below sea level b. an extinct oceanic hot-spot volcano that has subsided below sea level c. any portion of the ocean floor that is topographically higher than surrounding sea floor d. synonymous with the term hot spot

b. an extinct oceanic hot-spot volcano that has subsided below sea level

A volcanic island arc forms when _______________. a. an oceanic plate subducts beneath continental lithosphere b. an oceanic plate subducts beneath another oceanic plate c. continental lithosphere subducts beneath an oceanic plate d. two oceanic plates collide

b. an oceanic plate subducts beneath another oceanic plate

Most commonly, felsic igneous rocks a. contain more iron and magnesium than intermediate rocks b. are lighter in color than mafic rocks c. are darker in color than mafic rocks d. are found in oceanic crust

b. are lighter in color than mafic rocks

Consult the figure below. The region of thermally metamorphosed rock surrounding a cooled pluton is called a(n) _________.

b. aureole

Coarse grained gabbro is most similar in mineral composition to fine grained a. andesite b. basalt c. komatiite d. rhyolite

b. basalt

Faulting and earthquakes are examples of ____________. a. ductile behavior b. brittle behavior

b. brittle behavior

Of the three primary forms of subaerial volcanoes, _ consist of a simple, conical pile of tephra. a. stratovolcanoes b. cinder cones c. shield volcanoes

b. cinder cones

When two bodies of continental lithosphere are pulled together at a convergent boundary, the result is ____________. a. subduction b. collision and mountain formation

b. collision and mountain formation

A coiled spring would be useful in illustrating a ____________ wave. a. surface b. compressional c. shear d. body

b. compressional

Heat transfer that occurs through the movement of a fluid, driven by temperature differences among various points within the fluid, is termed ____________. a. adhesion b. convection c. conduction d. radiation

b. convection

Deep oceanic trenches are features of ____________ plate boundaries. a. transform b. convergent c. divergent

b. convergent

The lithosphere of the Earth is generally thickest at and near ____________ plate boundaries. a. divergent b. convergent c. transform

b. convergent

Foliated metamorphic rocks possess __________.

c. a planar fabric consisting of mineral grains preferred orientation or preferred patterns of association (banding)

Iceland rises above the Atlantic Ocean as a result of a. normal mid ocean ridge activity b. a submarine hot spot located within the interior of the plate c. a submarine hot spot located along a mid ocean ridge d. subduction of an oceanic plate underneath the continental Eurasian plate

c. a submarine hot spot located along a mid ocean ridge

The youngest sea floor occurs ____________. a. along passive margins b. randomly over the entire ocean basin c. along mid-ocean ridges d. along active margins

c. along mid-ocean ridges

Consult the figure below. compared to low-grade metamorphic rocks, high-grade rocks_________.

c. are produced at greater temperatures and pressures

The lithosphere lies directly above the ____________. a. transition zone b. lower mantle c. asthenosphere d. crust

c. asthenosphere

Most of the pushing force driving plate motion is produced ____________. a. at collision zones b. in the interiors of continental plates c. at mid-ocean ridges d. at subduction zones

c. at mid-ocean ridges

Most of the pulling force driving plate motion is produced ____________. a. in the interiors of continental plates b. at mid-ocean ridges c. at subduction zones d. at collision zones

c. at subduction zones

Radioactive isotopes, differentiation of Earth's iron core, gravity-driven compression, and meteoric bombardment all caused early earth to a. glow brighter than the sun b. be much cooler than at present c. be much hotter than at present d. be much more oblong than at present

c. be much hotter than at present

Explosive or voluminous eruptions may cause the volcano to collapse on the floor of the now empty magma chamber, producing a broad depression termed a a. crater b. lahar c. caldera d. fissure

c. caldera

this lava flow has low viscosity and can flow long distances

basaltic lava

With increasing altitude, the concentration of gases in our atmosphere ____________.

becomes less dense

If one were to ride a hot air balloon up into the atmosphere, one would experience the concentration of gases ________.

becoming less dense

A'A' is?

blocky

Marble and quartzite are nonfoliated rocks because ________.

both are dominated by minerals that produce equant grains

All other factors being equal. intrusive rocks that form deep within earth __ than intrusive rocks that cool near the surface a. are more felsic b. contain a smaller proportion of volatiles c. cool more slowly d. cool more rapidly

c cool more slowly

According to the moment magnitude scale (Mw)—a magnitude 8 earthquake would be 1,000 times greater than a magnitude ____________ earthquake. a. 9 b. 4 c. 5 d. 7

c. 5

Which of the following is NOT true about comets and asteroids? a. Both orbit the sun b. Both are numerous in our Solar System c. Both are composed of rock and ice d. Both are planetesimals

c. Both are composed of rock and ice

Which earthquake severity scale varies from locality to locality for a single earthquake? a. Richter scale b. seismic-moment magnitude scale c. Mercalli scale

c. Mercalli scale

Which type of earthquake has the highest velocity? a. L-wave b. R-wave c. P-wave d. S-wave

c. P-wave

Which earthquake severity scale measures the amplitude of deflection of a seismograph pen, standardized to an idealized distance of 100 km between epicenter and seismograph? a. Mercalli scale b. seismic-moment magnitude scale c. Richter scale

c. Richter scale

Which earthquake severity scale takes vibration caused only by the S-waves into account when estimating the size of an earthquake? a. seismic-moment magnitude scale b. Mercalli scale c. Richter scale

c. Richter scale

Within the terminology of plate tectonics, an active margin is ____________. a. anywhere on Earth where earthquakes are especially frequent b. synonymous with "subduction zone" c. a continental coastline that coincides with a plate boundary d. a 5-mile radius surrounding an active volcano

c. a continental coastline that coincides with a plate boundary

The eruption of Mt St. Helens killed a geologist stuyding the volcano because a. the geologist disregarded orders to keep a safe distance from the vent b. the eruption produced a greater volume of ash than anyone predicted c. a landslide produced a lateral blast of volcaniclastic debris that no one had anticipated d. lahars swept down all sides of the volcano and buried all towns within 100 km

c. a landslide produced a lateral blast of volcaniclastic debris that no one had anticipated

Subduction zones are ____________. a. divergent plate boundaries b. transform plate boundaries c. convergent plate boundaries

c. convergent plate boundaries

As compared to the asthenosphere, the lithosphere is ____________. a. cooler and more able to flow b. hotter and more able to flow c. cooler and less able to flow d. hotter and less able to flow

c. cooler and less able to flow

Differential stress will cause crystals to align in a preferred orientation unless the crystals are ___________.

c. equant

A fracture in the crust, where rocks slide past one another, is termed a ____________. a. flying layer b. frictional discontinuity c. fault d. fold

c. fault

The intersection between a fault plane and the ground surface is called the ____________. a. plunge b. seismic interface c. fault trace d. dip line

c. fault trace

Which of the following processes CANNOT induce metamorphism? Group of answer choices

cementation and compaction of grains during diagenesis

Spreading rates along mid-ocean ridges have ________.

changed through time, and today vary between 1 and 10 cm/yr

Scientists monitor volcanoes to help predict when eruptions will occur. Which of the following is NOT a potential sign to look for when predicting volcanic eruptions?

changes in Earth's magnetic field

Broadly, metamorphism involves ________.

changes in mineralogy and texture in response to heat and stress

Precipitation of gypsum due to evaporation of seawater produces which kind of sedimentary rock?

chemical

Minerals are classified into different mineral classes primarily on the basis of?

chemistry, specifically the anions within the chemical formula

What texture may factor into hexagonal columns?

columnar jointing

Wegners proposed continental drift after he observed evidence from fossils, glacial deposits, and the fit of the continents that suggested all of the continents were once:

combined to form a super continent he termed "Pangea"

3. Ways to decrease pressure?

continental rifts

How can damage and injury be minimized in areas prone to seismic activity? a. earthquake zoning b. engineering controls c. warning systems d. All of the above are correct

d. All of the above are correct

What geological setting(s) would you expect to produce seismic activity? a. Rift valley b. Basin c. Collisional mountain belt d. All of the above are correct

d. All of the above are correct

In order to be defined as a mineral, a substance must ______________. a. be solid b. be naturally occurring c. have atoms arranged in an orderly pattern d. All of the above are correct.

d. All of the above are correct.

Most continental topography lies within a range of altitude between ____________. a. 3 to 6 km above sea level b. sea level and 1 km below sea level c. 2 to 5 km above sea level d. sea level and 1 km above sea level

d. sea level and 1 km above sea level

Geologists who specifically study earthquakes are called ____________. a. speleologists b. paleontologists c. vulcanologists d. seismologists

d. seismologists

The hot spot track associated with the Hawaiian Islands and Emperor Seamounts a. shows that the Pacific plate has been stationary of the last 30 million years b. occurs along a divergent plate boundary c. occurs along a convergent plate boundary d. shows that the Pacific Plate has been moving northwest for the last 30 million years

d. shows that the Pacific Plate has been moving northwest for the last 30 million years

As compared to mafic igneous rocks, all felsic igneous rocks a. cool and solidify more quickly b. cool and solidify more slowly c. solidify at higher temps d. solidify at lower temps

d. solidify at lower temps

As seismic (earthquake-generated) waves travel downward and reach the Moho, they ____________. a. are all reflected directly back toward the surface b. continue at the same velocity c. slow down d. speed up

d. speed up

Of the three primary forms of subaerial volcanoes, ____________ consist of a simple, conical pile of tephra.

cinder cones

what type of volcano is this? - smallest type - symmetrical - single eruption - occurs at continental rifts

cinder cones

What was happening to the Gulf of Mexico during the Late Jurassic period?

circulation in the Gulf was less restricted and Evaporite deposition ended

In ancient Greece, Eratosthenes measured the difference in angles of the Sun's rays in two different locations in Egypt at the same time to calculate the

circumference of the Earth

What type of sediment is typically found in lake bottoms?

clay / mud

________ is the most important factor in determining soil thickness.

climate

The pulling forces that produce the most rapid plate velocities are concentrated at ____________. a. stable continental interiors b. mid-ocean ridges c. continental collision zones d. ocean trenches

d. ocean trenches

The greatest hazard to human life associated with volcanoes is a. flowing lava b. volcanic gas c. falling ash d. pyroclastic flows

d. pyroclastic flows

Coarse grained granite is most similar in mineral composition to fine grained a. andesite b. basalt c. komatiite d. rhyolite

d. rhyolite

Pillow lavas are associated with a. continental rhyolitic eruptions b. continental basaltic eruptions c. submarine rhyolitic eruptions d. submarine basaltic eruptions

d. submarine basaltic eruptions

If one were to see a comet passing by Earth, it is likely that this comet originated from _______________. a. interplanetary space b. the asteroid belt c. the heliosphere d. the Kuiper belt

d. the Kuiper belt

The application of ________ during metamorphism causes elongated crystals to align parallel with each other. When this happens, the rock develops ________.

differential stress; foliation

O-horizon

loose and partly decayed organic matter

What properties of the source magma lead to the formation of a shield volcano?

low viscosity and mafic composition

effusive eruptions are mainly what type of lava?

low-viscosity basaltic lava

Compared to felsic lavas, mafic lavas have a ________.

lower viscosity

The Earth's mantle is made up mostly of melted peridotite.

false

this lava flow is so viscous that it may pile up in a dome-shaped mass

felsic lava flow

The balance between the weight of a mountain range and the buoyancy provided by the underlying mantle is termed ____________. Question options: punctuated equilibrium homeostatic equilibrium isostatic equilibrium osmotic equilibrium

isostatic equilibrium

Within a single mountain range, ________.

it is possible to find a variety of metamorphic rocks produced in distinct facies, including high-, low-, and intermediate-grade rocks

What happened to Wegners proposal?

it was rejected because he could not find a driving force

Abundant swamps led to the formation of coal during the Late Paleozoic in which of the following places?

north america

Continental lithosphere ____________.

is thicker than oceanic lithosphere

the geologic past, the polarity of the Earth's magnetic field is:

known to have experienced numerous reversals, as shown by remnant magnetization of iron-rich minerals in rocks

A fast-moving flow consisting of a mixture of water and volcanoclastic debris is termed a

lahar

mixture of ash, debris, and water

lahar

Wegners evidence for a united Pangea comes from the colossal record of which type of organisms?

land animals

Eratosthenes was the first person to accurately estimate the size of Earth. He accomplished this feat by

observing shadows simultaneously cast at two different cities that were separated by a known distance

If, during an earthquake, a hanging wall slides upward relative to a footwall, the fault is termed ____________ if the fault is steep (closer to vertical than horizontal). a. reverse b. thrust c. strike slip d. normal

a. reverse

Which earthquake severity scale takes into account the type of rock that has been fractured? Select one: a. seismic-moment magnitude scale b. Mercalli scale c. Richter scale

a. seismic-moment magnitude scale

At a transform plate boundary (shown below), two opposed plates ____________. a. slide past one another b. move toward one another c. move away from one another

a. slide past one another

Felsic minerals are?

all silicate minerals rich in silicon and often rich in aluminum

Sea-floor spreading is driven by volcanic activity ____________.

along mid-ocean ridges

Seafloor spreading is driven by volcanic activity ________.

along mid-ocean ridges

Within the sea floor, the rate of geothermal heat flow is greatest ________.

along mid-ocean ridges

The lithosphere lies directly above the ________.

asthenosphere

The thickness of clay and planktonic microskeletons is greatest ________.

at the edges of ocean basins

The region of thermally metamorphosed rock surrounding a cooled pluton is called a(n) ________.

aureole

Tectonic plates move at rates that are approximately ____________. a. 10 to 100 m/year b. 1 to 15 cm/year c. 1 to 5 cm every 1,000 years d. 1 to 15 m/year

b. 1 to 15 cm/year

The average thickness of continental lithosphere is about ____________. a. 60 km b. 150 km c. 30 km d. 10,000 km

b. 150 km

The Wadati-Benioff zone extends down within the mantle to a maximum depth of ____________. a. 990 km b. 670 km c. 30 km d. 150 km

b. 670 km

On December 26, 2004, a magnitude 9 earthquake generated a tsunami that devastated coastlines on the ____________. a. Atlantic Ocean b. Indian Ocean c. Arctic Ocean d. Pacific Ocean

b. Indian Ocean

Olympus Mons, the largest known volcano in the Universe is found on a. Earth b. Mars c. Neptune d. Io, a moon of Jupiter

b. Mars

______________ is an example of a continental rift and the ______________ is/are the result of collision. a. The Basin and Range Province; mid-ocean ridge b. The Basin and Range Province; Himalayan Mountains c. A mid-ocean ridge; Himalayan Mountains d. The San Andreas Fault; Himalayan Mountains

b. The Basin and Range Province; Himalayan Mountains

Which of these areas of the United States would you expect to have the highest occurance of seismic activity? a. Southeast b. West c. Central d. Northeast

b. West

Basaltic lavas that solidify at the surface before flow ceases fracture irregularly, producing a sharp surfaced lava rock named a. pahoehoe b. aa c. pumice d. hyaloclasite

b. aa

The apparent tendency of the north (or south) magnetic pole to vary in position over time is termed:

polar wander

Which of the following is a type of physical weathering?

thermal expansion

Compared to oceanic crust, continental crust is ________.

thicker

Consult the figure below. Marine magnetic anomaly belts are widest when and where ________.

seafloor spreading rates are relatively rapid

The tall polygonal features preserved in the ancient basalt flow in the image below formed because the lava ________.

shrank as it cooled, forming tall polygonal-shaped fractures

As large amounts of magma moves up from below, rock moves and cracks releasing energy that can be detected as

small earthquakes

in an effusive eruption lava ___

sprays up in fountains

Volcanoes are considered dormant if they ________.

still have a magma source but show no signs of impending eruption

Change in shape, induced by stress, is termed ____________. Question options: plastic deformation pressure release strain metamorphosis

strain

what type of volcano is this? - 60% of volcanos - dangerous -mostly rhyolic and andesitic - most viscous - occurs at convergent plates

stratovolcano

Of the three primary forms of subaerial volcanoes, ____________ consist of alternating layers of tephra and

stratovolcanoes

of the three primary forms of subaerial volcanoes, _________ consist of alternating layers of tephra and solidified lava - stratovolcanoes - cinder cones - shield volcanoes

stratovolcanoes

Of the three primary forms of subaerial volcanoes, ________ consist of alternating layers of tephra and solidified lava.

stratovolcanos

The color of a finely powdered mineral is called its

streak

Force per unit area is termed ____________. Question options: stress strain power work

stress

Pillow lavas are associated with ________ eruptions.

submarine basaltic

Pillow lavas are associated with ____________.

submarine basaltic eruptions

Pyroclastic flow is a?

superheated, quick flow of gas and rock

Earth's hydrosphere consists of ____________.

surficial freshwater, the oceans, groundwater, and atmospheric water

The mineral having the lowest hardness on the Mohs scale is

talc

Earth's magnetic reversals are likely due to ________.

tectonic plates shifting

Wegner's proposal

that the continents had once fit together as a single super continent

If one were to see a comet passing by Earth, it is likely that this comet originated from ________.

the Kuiper belt

If a geologist discovered coal in modern day cold snowy location he or she would conclude that:

the area was once covered with swamps and or jungles

Differentiation of the core from the mantle early in Earth's history was possible because the planet was ________ at the time.

very hot

Extrusive igneous rocks

vesicular and glassy textures

Jovian planets are composed of

volatiles

Substances that can be transformed to a gas at relatively low temperatures are termed ________.

volatiles

What is the term for gasses contained within liquid rock beneath the surface of the Earth?

volatiles

Gases that are abundantly emitted by volcanoes include ________.

water vapor, carbon dioxide, and sulfur dioxide

The breakdown of exposed rock into small fragments and dissolved ions is termed ________.

weathering

are lighter in color than mafic rocks.

Most commonly, felsic igneous rocks:

2 styles of eruptions

1. effusive 2. explosive

cooler and less able to flow

As compared to the asthenosphere, the lithosphere is

3. A single mineral may take on multiple crystalline lattice structures. A. True B. False

B. False

Basaltic flow is Mafic.

True

location of a Hot spot?

base of lithosphere

Which area will tend to have the thickest soil?

rain forest

Which type of seismic wave has the fastest velocity? A)L-wave B)P-wave C)R-wave D)S-wave

B)P-wave

where do volcanos form?

1. ocean ridge 2. volcanic island arcs 3. volcanic arcs on land 4. volcanos within the plate interior

Africa

Distinctive rock sequences on South America terminate at the Atlantic Ocean but reappear on the continent of

a

Most fault surfaces, like joints, are roughly planar in orientation. a. true b. false

What happened to Pangaea in terms of modern continents in the Late Jurassic?

South America and Africa began separating

3 - pyroclastic debris

1. bomb 2. lapilli 3. Ash

4 ways of predicting eruptions

1. earthquake activity 2. changes in heat flow 3. changes in shape 4. increases in gas emission and steam

3 products of volcanic eruptions

1. lava slows 2. pyroclastic flows/debries 3. volcanic gas

3 plans for mitigating volcanic hazards

1. maps 2. evacuation 3. diverting flows

3 types of volcanos:

1. shield volcano 2. coder cones 3. stratovolcano

a

12. Earthquakes only occur ____________ the brittle/ductile transition depth. a. above b. below c. at or near

Among the choices below, the best estimate of the age of the Universe is

14 billion years old

Size of lapillior or cinders?

2-64 mm

The oldest basalts on the ocean floor are about ________ years old.

200 million

Rounded to the nearest integer, the average density of the Earth's crust is __________ grams per cubic centimeter. (numeric answer only)

3

d

3. ____________ commonly serves as a protolith in the formation of phyllite. a. Limestone b. Sandstone c. Shale d. Slate

c

36. Which of the following processes cannot occur in the formation of metamorphic rock? a. realignment of minerals so that they develop a preferred orientation b. segregation of minerals into layers of different compositions c. solid-state rearrangement of atoms or ions to create a new assemblage of minerals d. complete remelting of the rock, followed by solidification to form a new rock

The circumference of Earth is most nearly

40,000 km

a

40. Regions where Precambrian metamorphic rocks are exposed at the surface are termed ____________. a. shields b. platforms c. convergent margins

The thickness of Earth's crust varies from ____________.

7 to 70 km

Consult the figure below. A sill is a(n)____________. a. sheet-like intrusion that lies parallel to surrounding layers of sedimentary rock b. cooled layer of lava c. intrusion formed within the magma chamber of a volcano d. sheet-like intrusion that cuts across preexisting layers

A

Due to fractional crystallization and assimilation of surrounding host rock, most magmas that rise slowly through the crust chemically evolve to become ____________. a. more felsic c. dominated by nonsilicate minerals b. more mafic

A

In Bowen's discontinuous reaction series, the first mineral to crystallize from a mafic melt is ____________. a. olivine c. pyroxene b. plagioclase d. quartz

A

Large igneous provinces are formed by ___________, which can flow tens to hundreds of kilometers. a. flood basalts c. super plumes b. sills d. None of the above are correct.

A

Magma tends to _____________. a. move upward, away from where it formed b. move downward, away from where it formed c. move laterally d. stay in one place

A

Most terrestrial volcanic glass ____________. a. is highly silicic in composition c. consists of microscopic crystals b. is coarse grained d. freezes from lavas with low viscosity

A

Mt. Fuji in Japan is an example of a ____________. a. stratovolcano c. shield volcano b. cinder cone

A

Of the three primary forms of subaerial volcanoes, ____________ are sometimes referred to as "composite volcanoes." a. stratovolcanoes c. shield volcanoes b. cinder cones

A

Of the three primary forms of subaerial volcanoes, ____________ consist of alternating layers of tephra and solidified lava. a. stratovolcanoes c. shield volcanoes b. cinder cones

A

Rhyolitic lavas ____________. a. do not flow as far from the vent as basaltic lavas do b. cool much more slowly than basaltic lavas do c. are associated with volcanoes that almost never emit pyroclastic debris d. All of the above are correct.

A

Stoping by magmas occurs when ____________. a. pieces of surrounding country rock are broken off and assimilated b. the magma stops flowing and starts to solidify c. the magma becomes fully solidified to form intrusive rock d. the magma alters a thin rind of surrounding country rock

A

Very early in Earth's history, it was so hot that the surface was likely entirely molten. a. true b. false

A

Volcanic bombs are ____________ a. pyroclastic blocks that acquire aerodynamic shapes during flight out of the volcanic vent b. explosive bodies of lava with high volatile content c. cinders that explode upon impact with the ground d. used by geologists to set off small eruptions in volcanoes that are deemed potentially dangerous

A

When magma crystallizes, ____________ are formed. a. intrusive igneous rocks c. volatiles b. extrusive igneous rocks d. pyroclastic debris

A

Which soil horizon is the most important to farmers for planting crops?

A

Which type of magma has the greatest silica content? a. felsic c. mafic b. intermediate d. ultramafic

A

What is a terrane?

A fragment of crustal material formed on, or broken of from, one tectonic plate and accreted or "sutured" to crust lying on another plate

b

A hot body of rock is more likely to exhibit ____________ than is a cold body of rock. a. brittle behavior b. ductile behavior

Cretaceous Marine Transgressions onto the continents were caused by: A. High Sea Level due to Warm Climate B. Inflated Oceanic Crust due to Fast Seafloor Spreading C. Uplift of landmasses D. A and B

A and B

Pluton

A blob-like igneous rock body that has cooled beneath the surface of the Earth is called:

b

A body of gneiss is subjected to heat and forms a melt. Later the melt cools and crystallizes to form a(n) ____________. a. metamorphic rock b. igneous rock c. sedimentary rock

a

A body of rock affected by compressive stress will likely undergo ____________. a. shortening b. stretching c. shear strain

b

A body of rock affected by tensile stress will likely undergo ____________. a. shortening b. stretching c. shear strain

a

A body of rock to which a sudden, rapid stress has been applied is more likely to exhibit ____________ than is a body of rock subjected to a gradually applied stress. a. brittle behavior b. ductile behavior

c

A buried body of aragonitic limestone is recrystallized at low temperatures and pressures, producing calcite; this is an example of ____________. a. diagenesis b. erosion c. metamorphism d. weathering

c

A buried body of shale is subjected to differential stress, causing clay minerals to realign and producing slate. This is an example of ____________. a. diagenesis b. erosion c. metamorphism d. weathering 5. At the surface, pot

A sheetlike intrusion that cuts across preexisting layers

A dike is:

a

A fast moving flow consisting of a mixture of water and volcaniclastic debris is termed a ____________. a. lahar b. glowing avalanche c. flood basalt d. stratovolcano

a

A fold shaped like an elongate arch is a(n) ____________. a. anticline b. basin c. dome d. syncline

d

A fold shaped like an elongate trough is a(n) ____________. a. anticline b. basin c. dome d. syncline

b

A fold shaped like an right-side up bowl is a(n) ____________. a. anticline b. basin c. dome d. syncline

c

A fold shaped like an upside-down bowl is a(n) ____________. a. anticline b. basin c. dome d. syncline

Where is the best place to be in an earthquake? A)in an empty field B)in a brick house C)in a doorway D)on the beach

A)in an empty field

b

A mineral within a metamorphic rock that can be used to provide a narrow constraint on the temperature and pressure of formation of the rock is termed a(n) ____________. a. thermineral b. index mineral c. mafic mineral d. halide mineral

d

A polished surface produced by scraping of rock along a fault is termed a(n) ____________. a. orogeny b. phylogeny c. aureole d. slickenside

c

A primary difference between phyllite and schist is ____________. a. schist contains mica, but phyllite contains only clay b. phyllite contains mica, but schist contains only clay c. mica crystals within schist are larger than those within phyllite d. mica crystals within phyllite are larger than those within schist

A sheetlike intrusion that lies parallel to surrounding layers of sedimentary rock.

A sill is:

False

A single mineral may take on multiple crystalline lattice structures.

Pangea

A supercontinent containing all of Earth's land that existed about 225 million years ago.

the boundaries of three lithospheric plates meet at a single point

A triple junction is a place on Earth's surface where

What is a batholith?

A very large igneous intrustion extending deep in the earth's crust

A tsunami is A)a sea wave generated by a displacement of water B)a sloshing of water back and forth within a lake or a bay C)a wave caused by unusually large tidal forces. D)the tendency of wet, clay-rich soils to behave like a liquid during an earthquake

A)a sea wave generated by a displacement of water

The moment magnitude is based on the ___________ and ___________ of the earthquake. A)amplitude; displacement B)amplitude; distance C)displacement; amount of damage D)amount of damage; distance

A)amplitude; displacement

Body waves include A)both S- and P-waves B)both L- and R-waves C)both surface and interior waves. D)P-waves only

A)both S- and P-waves

Moderate- and deep-focus earthquakes occur along ONLY A)convergent-plate boundaries B)divergent-plate boundaries C)transform-plate boundaries. D)hotspots.

A)convergent-plate boundaries

The point within Earth where an earthquake takes place is termed the A)focus. B)epicenter C)eye of the fault D)vertex

A)focus.

flows develops a rough, blocky/flaky texture

Aa

The Mercalli intensity scale tends to be very subjective and thus is generally only used for historical earthquakes that were near people but were not recorded by seismometers. The Mercalli scale may be considered subjective because it A)relies on testimony from people B)does not take distance into account C)can only be used for large earthquakes D)cannot be used in heavily populated areas.

A)relies on testimony from people

Which tectonic setting has the potential to create the largest earthquakes on Earth? A)shallow thrust faults associated with a convergent boundary B)deep focus faults associated with a convergent boundary C)thrust faults associated with a transform boundary D)ridge segment transform boundaries associated with divergent boundaries

A)shallow thrust faults associated with a convergent boundary

The recurrence of earthquakes along a single fault is referred to as A)stick-slip behavior B)elastic-rebound theory C)seismic repetition theory D)slip-transfer theory

A)stick-slip behavior

Which of the following does NOT affect the severity of damage from an earthquake? A)weather B)distance C)duration D)magnitude

A)weather

Despite the fact that the temperatures within Earth are hot enough to melt rock, Earth is mostly solid. Why do the rocks within Earth NOT melt? A. The pressure is too high. B. The pressure is too low. C. There is not enough water. D. They are not in contact with air.

A. The pressure is too high.

Pyroclastic fragments that are less than 2 millimeters (mm) are called? A. ash B. blocks C. bombs D. cinders

A. ash

Trace amounts of an impurity in a mineral can commonly produce significant differences in __________ among individual crystals of the same mineral. A. color B. specific gravity C. luster D. streak

A. color

Which type of plate boundary hosts the most explosive volcanoes? A. convergent only B. divergent only C. transform and convergent D. convergent and divergent

A. convergent only

As compared to coarse-grained igneous rocks, fine-grained igneous rocks ________. A. cool and solidify more quickly B. cool and solidify more slowly C. solidify at higher temperatures D. solidify at lower temperatures

A. cool and solidify more quickly

Rhyolitic lavas : A. do not flow as far from the vent as basaltic lavas do B. cool much more slowly than basaltic lavas do C. are associated with volcanoes that almost never emit pyroclastic debris D. all of the above

A. do not flow as far from the vent as basaltic lavas do

Which type of magma has the greatest silica content? A. felsic B. intermediate C. mafic D. ultramafic

A. felsic

At continental rifts, vast bodies of basaltic lava flow forth from fissures, forming . A. flood basalts B. pyroclastic flows C. ash-fall tuffs

A. flood basalts

An oceanic plate subducting under another oceanic plate will create a(n) ________. A. island arc B. continental arc C. continental rift D. transform fault

A. island arc

A fast-moving flow consisting of mixture of water and volcaniclastic debris is termed __-- A. lahar B. glowing avalanche C. flood basalt D. stratovolcano

A. lahar

Magma tends to ________. A. move upward, away from where it formed B. move downward, away from where it formed C. move laterally D. stay in one place

A. move upward, away from where it formed

Stoping by magmas occurs when ________. A. pieces of surrounding country rock are broken off and assimilated B. the magma stops flowing and starts to solidify C. the magma becomes fully solidified to form intrusive rock D. the magma alters a thin rind of surrounding country rock

A. pieces of surrounding country rock are broken off and assimilated

Volcanic eruptions at divergent boundaries generally take the form of ________. A. pillow basalts B. pyroclastic flows C. lava domes D. pyroclastic falls

A. pillow basalts

An igneous rock with a mixed texture of coarse crystals (phenocrysts) surrounded by fine crystals (groundmass) is termed ________. A. porphyritic B. phaneritic C. aphanitic D. necrotic

A. porphyritic

Ash, lapilli, and bomb are all types of . A. pyroclastic debris B. lava flows C. Pele's hair D. volcanoes

A. pyroclastic debris

The composition of magma will ________ when it erupts and turns into lava. A. remain the same B. become more felsic C. become more mafic D. have more silica

A. remain the same

11. The most abundant minerals belong to a chemical group termed the . A. silicates B. carbonates C. halides D. oxides

A. silicates

The mantle is composed entirely of ________. A. solid peridotite B. solid basalt C. molten peridotite D. molten basalt

A. solid peridotite

______is a mineral property defined by the density of the mineral sample divided by the density of water (1 gram/cubic centimeter). A. specific gravity B. streak C. magnetism D. color

A. specific gravity

Mt. Fuji in Japan is an example of a . A. stratovolcano B. cinder cone C. shield volcano

A. stratovolcano

Of the three primary forms of subaerial volcanoes, are the most violent in area. A. stratovolcanoes B. cinder cones C. shield volcanoes

A. stratovolcanoes

A sill is a(n) ________. A. tabular intrusion that lies parallel to surrounding layers of sedimentary rock B. cooled layer of an ancient lava flow C. intrusion formed within the magma chamber of a volcano D. tabular intrusion that cuts across preexisting layers

A. tabular intrusion that lies parallel to surrounding layers of sedimentary rock

Two distinct minerals may have the same chemical formula. A. True B. False

A. true

Gases that are abundantly emitted by volcanoes include . A. water vapor, carbon dioxide, and sulfur dioxide B. oxygen, ozone, and water vapor C. oxygen, hydrogen, and neon D. carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and oxygen

A. water vapor, carbon dioxide, and sulfur dioxide

Which lava? - High silica - High viscosity

Andesitic & rhyolitic lava

In terms of modern continents, what happened to Pangaea during the Late Triassic and Jurassic?

Antarctica and Australia began separating from South America and Africa, India began rifting from the Gondwana continent

What is an aquifer and what is an aquitard?

Aquifer: Sediment or rock that transmits water easily Aquitard: Sediment or rock that hinders water flow

Describe wave refraction and how this relates to sediment erosion and deposition

As a wave approaches the coast they are refracted so energy is concentrated around head-lands but reduced around bays. Waves approach coastline parallel to it

Cool and solidify more quickly

As compared to coarse- grained igneous rocks, all fine grained igneous rocks:

denser

As compared to continental crust, the rocks that make up oceanic crust are

c

As compared to subaerial basaltic lavas, submarine basaltic lavas differ in that they ____________. a. always produce violent pyroclastic debris flows b. produce large crystals of pyroxene and plagioclase c. form pillow-like mounds because they cannot flow as far from their source d. all of the above

a

As compared to the amphibolite metamorphic facies, the greenschist facies ____________. a. consists of lower-grade rocks b. consists of higher-grade rocks c. is an identical temperature and pressure regime; greenschists and amphibolites bear different mineral assemblages only because of differences in protolith chemistry

Which earthquake scale is used to assess the effects of an earthquake on humans and human-made structures? A)Richter scale B)Mercalli scale C)moment magnitude scale D)surface-wave magnitude scale

B)Mercalli scale

. Pillow basalts, shown below, attain their distinctive blob-like shapes because their parent lavas do not travel far prior to solidification. This is because the parent lavas ____________. a. are completely devoid of volatiles and thus travel slowly b. erupt underwater and thus cool very quickly c. are highly felsic and thus travel slowly d. are ultramafic and thus freeze at exceptionally high temperatures

B

4. If the volatile content of magma is increased, its viscosity will ____________. a. increase c. stay the same b. decrease

B

A blob-like igneous rock body that has cooled beneath the surface of Earth is ____________. a. guyot c. lava flow b. pluton d. andesite

B

A majority of the melts in the Earth form through the partial melting of ultramafic mantle rock. These newly formed magmas are ____________. a. ultramafic c. felsic b. mafic d. intermediate

B

All of the Earth's internal heat was acquired very early in its history through meteoric impact and differentiation of the core. The Earth's interior loses heat to space but does not currently receive heat through any known process. a. true b. false

B

All volcanic eruptions pass through the crater at the volcanic summit. a. true b. false

B

Basaltic lavas that solidify at their surface (before ceasing to flow) fracture irregularly producing a sharp surfaced lava rock named a. pahoehoe b. a'a' c. pumice d. hyaloclastite

B

Bowen's continuous reaction series describes the crystallization behavior of a single mineral (with variable chemical composition), ____________. a. olivine c. pyroxene b. plagioclase d. quartz

B

Pegmatites, which occur in dikes, are unusual among shallow intrusive rocks in that they ____________. a. possess porphyritic texture b. possess exceptionally coarse grains c. are mineralogically identical to the extrusive rock basalt d. are glassy, cooling so rapidly that crystals do not have time to form

B

Pele's hair ____________. a. consists of thin strands of basaltic volcanic glass b. acquires aerodynamic torpedo-like shapes during flight out of the volcanic vent c. forms only at the leading edge of basaltic lava flows d. was instrumental in scoring the winning goal to defeat Uruguay in the 1958 World Cup finals

B

Phreatomagmatic eruptions take place when ____________. a. volatiles effervesce prior to lava flow b. water enters the magma chamber and forms steam c. basaltic lava clogs the chimney d. lava or pyroclastic debris erupt by bursting through the sides of the volcano

B

The difference between tephra and tuff is that ____________. a. tephra is created in ash falls, whereas tuff is created in pyroclastic flows b. tephra hasn't become a rock, whereas tuff has c. tephra is always silicic, whereas tuff is always basaltic d. All of the above are correct.

B

The geotherm is the rate of change of ____________. a. pressure with depth in Earth's interior b. temperature with depth in Earth's interior c. temperature with altitude in Earth's atmosphere d. temperature with latitude on Earth's surface

B

The lithification of material from a pyroclastic flow forms a rock called ____________. a. metabasalt c. migmatite b. ignimbrite d. tuff

B

The silicate mineral that is found in the greatest variety of igneous rocks is ____________. a. olivine c. pyroxene b. plagioclase d. quartz

B

Vesicles is a term used mostly to describe a texture in __________ igneous rocks. a. crystalline c. pyroclastic b. glassy

B

Volcanoes that do not occur along present plate boundaries are associated with ____________. a. continental rifts c. mid-ocean ridges b. mantle hot spots d. subduction zones

B

When rock is partially melted, the chemistry of the melt is ____________. a. more mafic than the original chemistry of the rock that was partially melted b. more felsic than the original chemistry of the rock that was partially melted c. identical to the original chemistry of the rock that was partially melted d. completely unpredictable (it could be more mafic or more felsic)

B

Which of the following would help distinguish continental hot spots from oceanic hot spots? a. the presence of water b. the presence of both mafic and felsic magmas c. the presence of other, extinct or active, volcanoes nearby d. the presence of basalt

B

Which of these is an example of a continental volcanic arc? a. the Aleutian Islands of Alaska c. Hawaii b. the Andes Mountains d. Japan

B

Why are intrusive igneous rocks exposed today? a. Mountain building events uplift belts of mantle. b. Wind, water, and ice erode overlying rock to expose igneous rocks. c. Dikes and sills bring intrusive igneous rocks above the surface. d. There are many theories to explain this, but none have been widely accepted.

B

10. Cleavage in minerals refers to . A. a tendency to break in an irregular pattern B. a tendency to break along planes of weakness C. the sharpness of edges between crystal faces D. the development of distinct crystal faces

B a tendency to break along planes of weakness

Why do all lava flows not look the same? a. Eruptive styles of volcanoes vary by geography. b. Chemical composition and gas content of lava vary. c. Lava flows depend on the type of volcano from which they are erupting for their characteristics. d. All of the above are correct.

B

Why don't all igneous rocks contain all the minerals listed in Bowen's Reaction Series? a. Minerals degrade with time, leaving only some of the series behind in igneous rocks. b. Crystallization may be complete before all of the minerals in the series have had time to form. c. Not all of the minerals in the series have the ability to form in every rock. d. Bowen's Reaction Series only applies to some igneous rocks, not all.

B

14. All minerals are chemical compounds (composed of more than one element). A. True B. False

B False

According to the moment magnitude scale (Mw), a magnitude 8 earthquake would be 1,000 times greater than a magnitude ___________ earthquake A)9 B)5 C)7 D)4

B)5

20. Minerals are classified into groups primarily on the basis of . A. chemistry, specifically the cations within the chemical formula B. chemistry, specifically the anions within the chemical formula C. hardness; hard, soft, and medium are the three primary classes D. the number of cleavage directions present

B. Chemistry, specifically the anions within the chemical formula

16. Topaz, with Mohs hardness of 8, is twice as hard as fluorite, with Mohs hardness of 4. A. True B. False

B. False

6. Diamond and graphite are both polymorphs of pure silicon. A. True B. False

B. False

The most useful diagnostic property of minerals is their color in hand sample. A. True B. False

B. False

________ lava flows have the highest viscosity. A. Andesitic B. Basaltic C. Rhyolitic

B. Rhyolitic

5. Minerals in geodes form spectacular euhedral crystals because . A. all of the elements incorporated in the crystals are in plentiful supply B. the crystals have abundant room to grow in their hollow surroundings C. minerals within geodes are always framework silicates D. minerals within geodes always contain iron

B. The crystal have abundant room to grow in their hollow surroundings

Basaltic lavas that solidify at the surface before flow ceases fracture irregularly, producing a sharp-surfaced lava rock named . A. pahoehoe B. a'a' C. pumice D. hyaloclasite

B. a'a'

15. With regard to minerals, hardness refers to . A. an ability to resist breaking when being struck with hammer B. an ability to resist being scratched by other substances C. an ability to resist chemical reactions with other substances D. an absence of cleavage

B. an ability to resist being scratched by other substances

Most commonly, felsic igneous rocks ________. A. contain more iron and magnesium than intermediate rocks B. are lighter in color than mafic rocks C. are darker in color than mafic rocks D. are found in oceanic crust

B. are lighter in color than mafic rocks

Of the three primary forms of subaerial volcanoes, consist of a simple, conical pile of tephra. A. stratovolcanoes B. cinder cones C. shield volcanoes

B. cinder cones

The presence of vesicles in an igneous rock is evidence that the source melt ________. A. had a mafic composition B. contained dissolved volatiles C. underwent fractional crystallization D. was stoping and assimilating wall rock

B. contained dissolved volatiles

Uplifted areas are subjected to weathering and erosion at the surface; this provides an example of ____________. A. unidirectional change B. cyclical change C. neutral feedback

B. cyclical change

If the volatile content of magma is increased, its viscosity will ________. A. increase B. decrease C. stay the same D. Volatile content has no effect on viscosity.

B. decrease

All other factors being equal (i.e., depth, volume, temperature, etc.), which type of igneous intrusion would cool fastest? A. pluton B. dike C. batholith D. All intrusions cool at the same rate.

B. dike

If a body of magma is subjected to fractional crystallization, the first rock that is expected to crystallize from the magma will be ________. A. identical in chemical composition to the magma B. more mafic than the magma C. more felsic than the magma D. The composition of the rock is not predictable.

B. more mafic than the magma

13. The silica tetrahedron that forms the backbone of all the silicate minerals is composed of silicon and what other element? A. magnesium B. oxygen C. iron D. carbon

B. oxygen

An irregular-shaped and blob-like igneous rock body that cooled beneath the surface of Earth is a ________. A. dike B. pluton C. sill D. laccolith

B. pluton

The extremely high ________ within Earth keeps the rocks solid. A. temperature B. pressure C. silica content D. water content

B. pressure

Which lava? - Little silica - Low viscosity

Basaltic lava

c

Basaltic lavas ____________. a. contain more iron and magnesium than rhyolitic lavas b. contain more silica than rhyolitic lavas c. are more viscous than rhyolitic lavas d. contain a greater proportion of trapped volatiles than rhyolitic lavas

b

Basaltic lavas which solidify at the surface before flow ceases fracture irregularly, producing a sharp-surfaced lava rock named ____________. a. pahoehoe b. aa c. pumice d. hyaloclasit

combined to form a supercontinent (he termed Pangaea)

Based on evidence from fossils, glacial deposits, and the fit of the continents, Wegener proposed continental drift that suggested all of the continents were once

With increasing altitude, the concentration of gases in our atmosphere

Becomes less dense

When did Mid-Cretaceous Transgressions occur?

Beginning of the Late Cretaceous

. Injecting hot fudge into ice cream is an appropriate analogy for which cause of magma melt? a. melting due to a decrease in pressure b. melting due to an addition of volatiles c. melting due to heat transfer from rising magma d. All of the above are correct.

C

43. Without igneous rocks, which of the following would not be significantly different on our planet? a. sea-floor spreading b. volcanic eruptions c. formation of deserts d. mountain building e. evolution of continents

C

5. All other factors being equal, intrusive rocks that form deep within Earth ____________ than intrusive rocks that cool near the surface. a. are more felsic b. contain a smaller proportion of volatiles c. cool more slowly d. cool more rapidly

C

A famous example of hot-spot volcanism occurs at ____________. a. the Aleutian Islands of Alaska c. the island of Hawaii b. the Andes Mountains d. Mt. St. Helens, Washington

C

A volcanic neck, such as that seen at Shiprock, New Mexico (below), is a(n) ____________. a. sheet-like intrusion that lies parallel to surrounding layers of sedimentary rock b. cooled layer of lava c. intrusion formed within a volcano d. sheet-like intrusion that cuts across preexisting layers

C

A volcano emits ash, which falls from the sky, settles in layers, and is eventually cemented. The resulting rock is termed ____________. a. pumice c. tuff b. granite d. ignimbrite

C

Explosive or voluminous eruptions may cause the volcano to collapse into the (now empty) magma chamber, producing a broad depression termed a ____________. a. crater c. caldera b. lahar d. fissure

C

Geologically, melts are equivalent to both ____________ and ____________. a. felsic magma; mafic magma b. felsic lava; mafic lava c. lavas; magmas d. fine-grained igneous rocks; coarse-grained igneous rocks

C

IMAGE Given the solidus and liquidus curves below, which location represents material that is partially melted? A B C D

C

If a body of igneous (source) rock is subjected to partial melting, the magma that is produced is expected to be ____________. a. identical in chemical composition to the source rock b. more mafic than the source rock c. more felsic than the source rock

C

If you were to find a caldera and crater of the same size and shape, how would you differentiate between them? a. Given time, the caldera will remain dormant, while the crater will not. b. No remnants of a volcanic shape will be present with the caldera, while they will be with the crater. c. Scoria will be found in the caldera but not in the crater. d. Ignimbrite will be found in the caldera but not in the crater.

C

Important volatiles in magmas include ____________. a. iron- and magnesium-rich minerals, such as olivine b. potassium and aluminum c. water and carbon dioxide d. trinitrotoluene and nitroglycerin

C

In 79 C.E., the citizens of Pompeii in the Roman Empire were buried by pyroclastic debris derived from an eruption of ____________. a. Mt. Olympus c. Mt. Vesuvius b. Olympus Mons d. Mt. St. Helens

C

Mt. Kilimanjaro and the Basin and Range Province are the result of _____________. a. converging plates c. rifting b. subducting plates d. None of the above are correct

C

Of the three primary forms of subaerial volcanoes, ____________ cover the largest areas. a. stratovolcanoes c. shield volcanoes b. cinder cones

C

Of the three primary forms of subaerial volcanoes, ____________ have the most gently sloping sides, due to the low viscosity of the basaltic lavas that form them. a. stratovolcanoes c. shield volcanoes b. cinder cones

C

Olympus Mons, the largest known volcano in the solar system, is an example of a _____________. a. stratovolcano c. shield volcano b. cinder cone

C

Radioactive isotopes, differentiation of Earth's iron core, gravity-driven compression, and meteoric bombardment all caused early Earth to ____________. a. glow brighter than the Sun c. be much hotter than at present b. be much cooler than at present d. be much more oblong than at present

C

The smoky cloud that rises from the vent of an actively erupting volcano is composed of ____________. a. smoke from wildfires inside the volcanic chimney b. smoke from wildfires on the outer slopes of the volcano that funnel into the crater c. fine volcaniclastic debris (ash) suspended in the air d. a continuous fountain of dark, basaltic lava

C

Volatiles refer to substances that ____________. a. crystallize most rapidly out of a melt b. melt immediately upon contact with a hot body of magma c. have a tendency to evaporate and are stable as gases

C

What is the importance of volcanism to our Earth system? a. It provides oxygen to the atmosphere. b. It regulates the core's temperature. c. It regulates pressure in the core. d. It creates new rock.

C

12. When in contact with hydrochloric acid, which mineral gives off bubbles of carbon dioxide gas? A. quartz B. halite C. calcite D. fluorite

C calcite

An earthquake occurs with an epicenter in the town of New Madrid, Missouri, in the interior of the North American Plate. Where might the hypocenter of this earthquake plausibly be found? A)in New Madrid (hypocenter and epicenter mean precisely the same thing) B)20 km south of New Madrid C)20 km beneath New Madrid D)200 km north of New Madrid

C)20 km beneath New Madrid

On December 26, 2004, a magnitude 9.3 earthquake generated a tsunami that devastated coastlines on the ___________ Ocean. A)Atlantic B)Arctic C)Indian D)Pacific

C)Indian

Early warning systems use computers to detect a nearby earthquake and send an emergency alert to warn of the event. Which seismic phase is the system detecting when it sends the alert? A)Love wave B)Rayleigh wave C)P-wave D)S-wave

C)P-wave

What kind of waves travel with a compressional motion? A)Love waves B)Rayleigh waves C)P-waves D)S-waves

C)P-waves

Which seismic wave phase causes the ground to roll like a wave? A)P-wave B)S-wave C)Rayleigh wave D)Love wave

C)Rayleigh wave

Much of the capitol city of Port-au-Prince was destroyed during the 2010 Haiti earthquake even though similarly sized earthquakes in other cities did very little damage. What caused so much damage during the Haiti earthquake? A)A tsunami wiped out the city B)Landslides covered large areas. C)The buildings were poorly built. D)The residents did not evacuate in time.

C)The buildings were poorly built.

Earthquakes that occur in a band called the ___________ can be used to track the motion of subducted oceanic lithosphere A)Wegener belt B)seismic gap C)Wadati-Benioff zone D)Richter zone

C)Wadati-Benioff zone

Making better ___________ is the best way to try to prevent earthquake damage. A)seismometers B)magnitude scales C)buildings D)seismograms

C)buildings

The quantity of motion that occurs along a fault is termed A)the fault gouge B)the fault gauge C)displacement. D)accumulation

C)displacement.

The ___________ the earthquake, the LESS severe the damage will be. A)larger the magnitude of B)longer the duration of C)farther you are from D)closer you are to

C)farther you are from

Earthquakes often occur along A)bedding planes B)terminal moraines C)faults D)river valleys

C)faults

A primary force opposing motion on all faults is A)covalent bonds B)gravity C)friction D)the Van der Waals force

C)friction

Wet and unconsolidated substrates are uniquely susceptible to ___________ during an earthquake. A)displacement B)collapse C)liquefaction D)faulting

C)liquefaction

The ___________ of a fault gives the average time between events. A)displacement B)exceedance probability C)recurrence interval D)annual probability

C)recurrence interval

Long-term prediction methods include(s) A)early warning systems. B)behavior of animals. C)seismic risk assessment. D)recognition of foreshocks.

C)seismic risk assessment.

Periods of intermittent sliding on a fault because of stress release during episodes of slip, followed by stress buildup to the point that the fault is reactivated, is termed A)chaotic faulting B)thrust faulting C)stick-slip behavior D)reverse faulting

C)stick-slip behavior

Generally, which type of earthquake waves travel with the slowest velocity? A)S-waves B)P-waves C)surface waves D)All earthquake waves travel at the same speed.

C)surface waves

At a minimum, how many seismic stations are necessary to locate the epicenter of an A)one B)two C)three D)four

C)three

A crater discovered in the Yucatan peninsula in Mexico appears to be the right age to be a result of an impact which brought about the extinction of numerous species at the end of the ____________ period. A. Silurian B. Jurassic C. Cretaceous D. Tertiary

C. Cretaceous

4. Natural glass is not considered a mineral because it . A. is not produced by geologic processes B. is organic C. does not have fixed crystalline structure D. can be made synthetically as well as being a naturally occurring substance

C. Does not have fixed crystalline structure

An increase through time in the proportion of heavy oxygen (18O) in a sequence of carbonate sediments implies ____________. A. the sediments are young enough to have been exposed to radiation from underground nuclear testing B. the organisms that secreted the carbonate favored 18O over the far more abundant 16O C. Earth was becoming warmer over time D. Earth was becoming cooler over time

C. Earth was becoming warmer over time

As compared to subaerial basaltic lavas, submarine basaltic lavas differ in that they . A. always produce violent pyroclastic debris flows B. produce large crystals of pyroxene and plagioclase C. form pillow-like mounds because they cannot flow as far from their source D. all of the above

C. form pillow-like mounds because they cannot flow as far from their source

With the increased amount of information that has been discovered in recent years, scientists have become increasingly certain that ____________. A. Earth's climate is not warming to any significant degree B. Earth's climate is warming due to variation in solar output; human inputs of atmospheric greenhouse gases have not had a significant influence C. Earth's climate is warming, and human inputs of atmospheric greenhouse gases are most likely responsible

C. Earth's climate is warming, and human inputs of atmospheric greenhouse gases are most likely responsible

________ melting occurs at subduction zones because the down-going plate ________. A. Heat transfer; is extremely hot B. Heat transfer; creates abundant friction C. Flux; contains abundant water D. Decompression; rises toward the surface

C. Flux; contains abundant water

9. The shininess of a mineral is a helpful diagnostic property termed . A. color B. specific gravity C. luster D. streak

C. Luster

In 79 C.E., the citizens of Pompeii in the Roman Empire were buried by pyroclastic debris derived from an eruption of . A. Mt. Olympus B. Olympus Mons C. Mt. Vesuvius D. Mt. St. Helens

C. Mt. Vesuvius

Basaltic lavas . A. contain less iron and magnesium than rhyolitic lavas B. contain more silica than rhyolitic lavas C. are less viscous than rhyolitic lavas D. contain a greater proportion of trapped volatiles than rhyolitic lavas

C. are less viscous than rhyolitic lavas

Explosive or voluminous eruptions may cause the volcano to collapse on the floor of the (now empty) magma chamber, producing a broad depression termed a . A. crater B. lahar C. caldera D. fissure

C. caldera

The hole in the ozone layer has been brought about by anthropogenic emissions of ____________. A. carbon dioxide B. methane C. chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) D. polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)

C. chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

Volcanic arcs form along ________ boundaries. A. transform B. transvergent C. convergent D. divergent

C. convergent

IMAGE The image below is of a ________. A. sill B. pluton C. dike D. batholith

C. dike

Which of the following types of global change is not part of a cycle of change, and thus irreversible? A. orogenic uplift B. melting and crystallization of sedimentary rock to form igneous rock C. evolution of life on Earth D. flooding of the continents due to global warming

C. evolution of life on Earth

8. For the majority of minerals, the streak color obtained when the mineral is scratched against a porcelain plate is . A. likely to be diagnostic only if the mineral is hard enough to scratch porcelain B. more variable than the color in hand sample among crystals C. less variable than the color hand sample among crystals D. always dark brown or black

C. less variable than the color hand sample among crystals

________describes the manner in which a mineral surface reflects light A. fracture B. hardness C. luster D. streak

C. luster

The formation of a hotspot is thought to be associated with ________. A. convergent boundaries B. divergent boundaries C. mantle plumes D. mid-ocean ridges

C. mantle plumes

Injecting hot fudge into ice cream and causing the ice cream to melt is an appropriate analogy for which cause of magma melt? A. melting due to a decrease in pressure B. melting due to an addition of volatiles C. melting due to heat transfer from rising magma D. melting due to an increase in pressure

C. melting due to heat transfer from rising magma

In general, if a body of igneous (source) rock is subjected to partial melting, the magma that is produced is expected to be ________. A. identical in chemical composition to the source rock B. more mafic than the source rock C. more felsic than the source rock D. The melt composition is not predictable.

C. more felsic than the source rock

17. Which of the following is NOT a mineral? A. quartz B. diamond C. petroleum D. gold

C. petroleum

Currently, global warming appears to be most strongly affecting the climate and wildlife of ____________ regions. A. equatorial B. temperate C. polar D. deep sea

C. polar

Of the three primary forms of subaerial volcanoes, have the most gently sloping sides, due to the low viscosity of the basaltic lavas which form them. A. stratovolcanoes B. cinder cones C. shield volcanoes

C. shield volcanoes

The presence of liquid water on Earth's surface is ____________. A. unremarkable; many other bodies in the solar system have liquid water B. unique within the solar system, but is an inherent feature of Earth that would be found regardless of the Earth-Sun distance C. unique within the solar system; liquid water would not have developed had Earth been much closer to or farther from the Sun

C. unique within the solar system; liquid water would not have developed had Earth been much closer to or farther from the Sun

Which of the following processes may be responsible for short-term cooling, yet in the long term favors warm, greenhouse climate? A. atmospheric carbon dioxide B. formation of extensive ice sheets C. volcanism D. formation of large continents located near the poles

C. volcanism

How does carbon cycle through the various Earth systems?

Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere dissolves in the ocean to form carbonate (and bicarbonate) ions. These ions are removed by a variety of organisms to produce calcite and aragonite skeletons, which collect as fragments and grains at the bottom after the organisms die, eventually forming limestone. Carbon dioxide can also be removed, either directly from the atmosphere or from solution in the ocean, through biogenic photosynthesis, to produce organic carbon. Organic carbon may become incorporated into the rock record in shale, oil, and coal, but some may be released to the environment through animal respiration and flatulence. Weathering of silicate rocks removes atmospheric carbon dioxide, producing bicarbonate ions. Burning fossil fuels releases atmospheric carbon dioxide, as do volcanic eruptions.

Describe how carbon dioxide-induced global warming takes place, and how humans may be responsible. What effects might global warming have on the Earth System?

Carbon dioxide is called a greenhouse gas because, much like the glass of a greenhouse, it allows solar radiation to reach the Earth, but traps the infrared radiation that the Earth emits to outer space. Because of its relative abundance, carbon dioxide is the most significant of the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Humans are likely responsible for increased atmospheric carbon dioxide (and resultant greenhouse warming); human burning of fossil fuels emits carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, and the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide over the past two centuries is too rapid to have been caused by geologic processes. Effects of global warming on the Earth System include sea-level rise, the breakup of polar ice shelves, the melting of glaciers, a reduction in sea ice formation, shifts in patterns of precipitation and climate belts, changes in the range distributions of animals, imperilment of polar wildlife, stronger storms (including hurricanes), and disruption of oceanic currents (which may bring further climatic change, including the cooling of high latitudes).

Where did most of the features of the present-day Rocky Mountains result from?

Cenozoic phase of the Laramide Orogeny

c

Change in shape, induced by stress, is termed ____________. a. plastic deformation b. pressure release c. strain d. metamorphosis

c

Clay minerals within a buried body of slate are recrystallized at high temperatures and pressures to form mica, producing a rock called phyllite; this is an example of ____________. a. diagenesis b. erosion c. metamorphism d. weathering

a tendency to break along planes of weakness

Cleavage in minerals refers to

Describe the process of cloud formation

Clouds form when moist, warm rising air cools and expands in the atmosphere

What type of environment is the Navajo Sandstone in?

Coastal Dune Environment

Give some examples of events that cause catastrophic change.

Comet or asteroid impact, mass extinctions, explosive or hyperactive volcanism, and sudden episodes of global warming or cooling can alter climate rapidly with disastrous results.

c

Compared to low-grade metamorphic rocks, high-grade rocks ____________. a. always contain more quartz and feldspar b. are produced closer to the surface, high in the stratigraphic column c. are produced at greater temperatures and pressures d. are produced at cooler temperatures, but greater pressures

passive margins

Continental coastlines that occur within the interior of a tectonic plate are called

Whether an eruption will primarily produce lava flows or pyroclastic debris is influenced by the ____________. a. viscosity of the lava c. proportion of volatiles within the lava b. composition of the lava d. All of the above are correct.

D

The mountain building events of the west coast that began in the Jurassic and continued into the Cenozoic are collectively called the _______________ Orogeny

Cordilleran

Of the three primary compositional layers of the Earth (Crust, mantle, core), which is the densest layer

Core

agree that continental drift occurs; the mechanisms that drive drift are at work in the ocean basins and upper mantle and were unknown in Wegener's time

Currently, most geologists

. Why are igneous rocks important? a. They provide information about the mantle. b. They can be used to reconstruct tectonic activity. c. They host important mineral deposits. d. All of the above are correct.

D

A dike is a(n) ____________. a. sheet-like intrusion that lies parallel to surrounding layers of sedimentary rock b. cooled layer of lava c. intrusion formed within the magma chamber of a volcano d. sheet-like intrusion that cuts across preexisting layers

D

As compared to mafic igneous rocks, all felsic igneous rocks ____________. a. cool and solidify more quickly c. solidify at higher temperatures b. cool and solidify more slowly d. solidify at lower temperatures

D

Coarse-grained granite is most similar in mineral composition to fine-grained ____________. a. andesite c. komatiite b. basalt d. rhyolite

D

Consult the figure below. If you found deposits of tuff at an ___________ igneous setting, you could conclude that the lava had a ___________ viscosity content. a. intrusive; high c. extrusive; high b. intrusive; low d. extrusive; low

D

Consult the figure below. Large igneous provinces can cause ______________. a. sea-level rise c. extinction b. climate change d. All of the above are correct.

D

If a volcano erupted and its resultant lava flowed to a great distance at a relatively fast rate, what properties would you expect of the lava? a. high temperature b. volatile-rich c. mafic d. Both a and b are correct. e. All of the above are correct

D

If you determine the composition of an igneous rock, you can deduce a number of things about the rock's origin. Which one of these is NOT one of those things? a. the rate at which it cooled c. the original source of the magma b. the environment in which it formed d. the exact age of the rock

D

Igneous rocks ____________. a. are formed through the freezing of melt b. can be produced at the surface of the Earth as well as deep below the surface c. are the most common type of rocks within Earth d. All of the above are correct.

D

In regard to the cooling of molten rock, a __________ volume and a __________ shape cools faster. a. larger; spherical c. smaller; spherical b. larger; pancake d. smaller; pancake

D

Not all magmas have the same initial composition. Which of the following is LEAST likely to cause variation in the composition? a. source of magma c. amount of magma mixing b. amount of partial melting d. depth in the Earth

D

Pahoehoe ____________. a. forms when a basaltic lava flow ceases flowing and solidifies simultaneously b. has a smoother texture than a'a' c. is easier to walk on than a'a' is d. All of the above are correct.

D

Pillow lavas are associated with ____________. a. continental rhyolitic eruptions c. submarine rhyolitic eruptions b. continental basaltic eruptions d. submarine basaltic eruptions

D

The characteristic "rotten egg" smell of many active volcanoes is derived from ____________. a. iron and magnesium within lava c. stale water within the magma chamber b. carbon dioxide gas d. hydrogen sulfide gas

D

The formation of magma within Earth is NOT caused by which of the following processes? a. decompression (drop in pressure) b. addition of volatiles c. transfer of heat from adjacent magma or very hot rocks d. loss of volatiles to the atmosphere

D

Viscosity depends on ____________. a. temperature c. silica content b. volatile content d. All of the above are correct.

D

Felsic magma generally forms in ________.

continental crust

Which of the following is NOT a factor controlling the cooling rate of magma? a. depth of intrusion c. presence of circulating groundwater b. shape and size of magma body d. All of the above are factors

D

Which of the following pictures of volcanoes is not the result of a convergent boundary? A. B. C. D.

D

An increase in size of one unit of magnitude translates to ___________ times the ground motion. A)1 B)2 C)32 D)10

D)10

The vast majority of earthquakes occur A)associated with isostatic rebound B)near hotspots C)along passive margins D)along all types of plate boundaries.

D)along all types of plate boundaries.

The larger the ___________ of the wave, the MORE severe the damage will be. A)travel-time curve B)epicenter C)seismometer D)amplitude

D)amplitude

Earthquakes can often produce ___________ by breaking gas lines A)landslides B)flooding C)sinkholes D)fires

D)fires

S-waves are unable to pass through the Earth's outer core, which indicates that the outer core is A)a void space within the Earth B)compositionally different from the mantle. C)composed of an ultra-dense solid. D)liquid

D)liquid

A newspaper editorial columnist this week writes a scathing attack on the scientific consensus concerning global warming. His position is that global warming is not occurring, and his supporting evidence is the fact that Sheboygan, Wisconsin, had a record low temperature (in 150 years of record keeping) on February 6 last winter. Which statement(s) about the editorial is/are correct? A. Assuming the columnist is correct in reporting the record low temperature, then indeed he is correct in his assertion that global warming is not occurring. B. The columnist is confusing weather (day to day and seasonal variation in temperature, humidity, precipitation, and air pressure) with climate (variability in these factors over time scales of decades or longer). C. The columnist does not understand that scientists do not expect global warming to produce a gradual uniform increase in temperature for every locality on every day of the year. Geologically rapid warming is expected to increase air and sea temperature averaged across the planet throughout the year (measured over time spans of decades to centuries), but it will also bring shifts in weather patterns that could locally cause extreme heat or cold, drought, or intense flooding. D. Both B and C are correct.

D. Both B and C are correct.

IMAGE Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the extrusive igneous rock obsidian? A. It is composed of volcanic glass. B. It possesses conchoidal fracture. C. It is typically felsic in composition. D. It likely cooled very slowly.

D. It likely cooled very slowly.

The single property that can be used to identify any mineral is? A. Cleavage B. Color C. Luster D. None of the above

D. None of the above

19. The color of a mineral in powdered form is termed . A. color B. specific gravity C. luster D. streak

D. Streak

Hot-spot volcanoes ___ A. can arise from the ocean floor B. can arise on continents C. may arise in the interior of lithosphere plates D. all of the above

D. all of the above

Which of the following is an important long-term (acting over spans of tens of millions of years) factor in global climate change. A. decrease in albedo due to aerosols from volcanic eruptions B. variation in Milankovitch orbital parameters C. variation in the abundance of sunspots D. atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide

D. atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide

Viscosity controls how ________. A. hot the fluid is B. fast a rock will melt C. quickly the fluid cools D. fast a fluid flows

D. fast a fluid flows

The formation of magma within Earth is NOT caused by which of the following processes? A. decompression (drop in pressure) B. addition of volatiles C. transfer of heat from adjacent magma or very hot rocks D. loss of volatiles to the atmosphere

D. loss of volatiles to the atmosphere

18. The single property that can be used to identify any mineral is . A. color B. luster C. cleavage D. none of the above; multiple properties must be used to diagnose a mineral

D. none of the above; multiple properties must be used to diagnose a mineral

Which of the following processes removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere? A. exhalation by animals B. burning of coal and other fossil fuels C. volcanism D. photosynthesis

D. photosynthesis

The basalt erupting at the top of a MOR forms? A. a'a' B. columnar joints C. lava tubes D. pillow lavas

D. pillow lavas

Ash, and larger fragments of pumice are all examples of ________. A. intrusive igneous rocks B. hot spots C. volatiles D. pyroclastic debris

D. pyroclastic debris

Coarse-grained granite is most similar in mineral composition to fine-grained ________. A. andesite B. basalt C. gabbro D. rhyolite

D. rhyolite

During most of the Mesozoic, Earth was ____________. A. about as warm as today B. covered in extensive continental glaciers C. about as warm as the Holocene climatic optimum D. significantly warmer than at any time within the last few million years

D. significantly warmer than at any time within the last few million years

Viscosity does NOT depend on ________. A. temperature B. volatile content C. silica content D. volume of the magma

D. volume of the magma

primarily on the margins of tectonic plates

Deformed (bent, stretched, or cracked) lithosphere occurs

False

Diamond and graphite are both polymorphs of pure silicon.

b

Differential stress will cause crystals to align in a preferred orientation unless the crystals are ____________. a. primarily mica b. platy c. equant d. elongate

very hot

Differentiation of the core from the mantle early in Earth's history was possible because the planet was________at the time

The shape of the Earth's magnetic field is approximately that of a

Dipole

How does Karst topography change over time?

Dissolution of bedrock forming a bowl shaped depression. It causes sinkholes, bridges, disappearing streams, etc.

When does the North American continent emerge/when can we call it the North American continent?

During the late Triassic and Jurassic

d

Dynamothermal (regional) metamorphism ____________. a. takes place at cool temperatures and low pressure b. takes place at cool temperatures but high pressure c. is another name for thermal metamorphism d. is another name for dynamothermal metamorphism

a

Dynamothermal (regional) metamorphism occurs when ____________. a. rock becomes buried deeply during continental collision and mountain building b. regression of the sea leads to erosion of sedimentary cover atop a body of rock c. the upper surface of a body of rock develops a thick soil profile d. a pluton causes metamorphism in a small surroun

c

Dynamothermal (regional) metamorphism produces ____________. a. foliated rocks only b. nonfoliated rocks only c. both foliated and nonfoliated rocks q

If magma did not move up from where it was formed, which of the following would be true? a. No new oceanic crust would be made. b. Volcanoes would not erupt. c. Plates would not move. d. Both a and b are correct. e. All of the above are correct

E

To monitor magma activity in a volcanic area, geologists measure A. earthquake activity B. changes in heat flow C. changes in shape D. increases in gas emission and steam E. all of the above

E. all of the above

To monitor magma activity in a volcanic area, geologists measure ____ A. earthquake activity B. changes in heat flow C. changes in shape D. increases in gas emission and steam E. all of the above

E. all of the above

Describe how Earth's atmosphere has evolved over time and describe our current atmosphere

Early atmosphere was probably mostly carbon dioxide, with little to no oxygen. As earth cooled, the water vapor condensed and formed the oceans we have today

Over 2,000 years ago, an ancient Greek astronomer concluded (correctly) that the

Earth orbits the Sun in a circular orbit

Earth's surface is protected from solar wind and cosmic radiation by ________.

Earth's magnetic field

Earth's surface is protected from solar wind and cosmic radiation by _________.

Earth's magnetic field

Scientists believe that the Moon formed due to a large planetesimal colliding with the Earth because it has a composition similar to ________.

Earth's mantle

T/F? All changes within the Earth system are unidirectional and cannot be reversed.

False

T/F? Cyclical global change includes the formation of core, mantle, and crust from a homogeneous mixture, a state to which one day Earth will return.

False

T/F? Due to global warming, the Earth is now warmer than it ever has been in geologic history.

False

T/F? Nearly all biological and chemical systems on Earth are disconnected and are best studied in mutual isolation.

False

Types of eruptions?

Effusive and explosive

the presence of an earthquake belt

Every plate boundary can be recognized by

Phreatomagmatic eruptions are: explosive (pyroclastic) effusive (dominated by lava flow)

Explosive

c

Explosive or voluminous eruptions may cause the volcano to collapse on the floor of the (now empty) magma chamber, producing a broad depression termed a ____________. a. crater b. lahar c. caldera d. fissure

Give some examples of how humans have changed the Earth.

Extraction of rock and groundwater, overhunting and overfishing, destruction of forests and grasslands, and pollution of the air, streams, and oceans have led to subsidence, an increase in mass wasting, famine, high rates of biotic extinction, acid rain, smog, a hole in the ozone layer, and so on.

Motion along all faults is either strike-slip or dip-slip; combinations of these two types of displacement are never found together in a single fault. Question options: TRUE FALSE

FALSE

What were the Cretaceous Facies related to the Servier Orogeny?

Facies of the Western Cretaceous Interior Seaway shows the facies relationship to the Sevier orogenic belt

A single mineral can take on many different internal structures (i.e. internal atomic arrangements) and still be considered the same mineral

False

All crystaline rocks are igneous-True/False

False

All of the earth's internal heat was acquired very early in its history through meteoric impact and differentiation of the core. The earth's interior loses heat to space but does not currently receive heat through any known process- True/False

False

All volcanic eruptions pass through the crater at the volcanic summit-True/False

False

Igneous rocks include rocks deposited on lava flows by running water-True/False

False

In metamorphic rocks some melting is always required-True/False

False

Lithification is a metamorphic process-True/False

False

Magma, Petroleum, and Cubic Zirconia are minerals

False

One of the reasons volcanic eruptions are so deadly is that there is no way to predict where an eruption will occur in the near future-True/False

False

Quartz is a mafic mineral

False

Rhyolitic "flow" isn't silicic?

False

Why is felsic magma much more likely to produce an explosive eruption?

Felsic magma has a high viscosity, which will tend to stick in and clog volcanic conduits.

What is the Laramide Orogeny and when did it occur?

Final phase of the Cordilleran Orogeny in the Late Cretaceous to Early Cenozoic

b

Flattened-clast conglomerate would most likely be found ____________. a. in an aureole around a cooled igneous intrusion b. at the eroding base of an ancient collisional mountain range c. at depth within the mid-ocean ridge system d. within a meteorite impact crater

c

Foliated metamorphic rocks possess ____________. a. leafy plant fossils (ancient foliage) b. a homogenous texture resulting from randomly oriented grains c. a planar fabric consisting of mineral grains in preferred orientations or preferred patterns of association (banding) d. minerals precipitated directly from sea water

less variable than the color hand sample among crystals

For the majority of minerals, the streak color obtained when the mineral is scratched against a porcelain plate is

a

Force per unit area is termed ____________. a. stress b. strain c. power d. work

When was the Gulf of Mexico formed?

Formed as North America separated from South America during the Late Triassic and Early Jurassic

Describe the formation of a fjord

Formed when a glacier retreats, water then fills and forms narrow steep sided inlet

How are fossils used to infer ages of rocks?

Fossils and layers of rocks are placed in order from youngest to oldest, which is called relative dating. They also use radiometric dating which allows us to find the actual age of fossils and rocks

What is an unconformity?

Gaps in geologic rock records due to erosions

What processes control the rise and fall of sea level on Earth?

Global sea level is primarily controlled by the volume of glacial ice on continents, which has a negative effect, and the volume of mid-ocean ridge volcanoes, which has a positive effect. At times of rapidly moving plates (abundant mid-ocean-ridge volcanism), an increase in excess carbon dioxide leads to a stronger greenhouse effect, warming the ocean and melting glaciers (if any are present), which raises sea level by adding ocean water. Rapid volcanism also produces thick mid-ocean-ridge volcanic chains, which displace water onto the continents. Conversely, when sea-floor spreading rates are low, ridge volume is small and the atmospheric level of carbon dioxide is also low. The resultant reduction in the greenhouse effect favors the formation of continental glaciers, freezing out water that is now unavailable to the ocean.

What was a characteristic of the breakup of Pangea during the Cretaceous period?

Globally high sea level due to increased rifting and heat flow

a

Gneiss typically forms under higher pressures than hornfels. a. true b. false

What happened during the late Triassic and Jurassic to Pangaea?

Gondwana starting breaking apart

Contrast icehouse and greenhouse conditions.

Greenhouse climate is warmer than that of today's (especially at the poles), and is characterized by high atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide and relatively high sea level, with no continental glaciers at the poles. In contrast, icehouse conditions are colder, with permanent ice present at the poles and relatively low levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide and low sea level.

Regions of the sea floor with present day positive magnetic anomalies were formed during times when the Earth's magnetic field

Had normal polarity

a

Hawaiian-style effusive eruptions are a greater threat to property than to human life. a. true b. false

d

Hot-spot volcanoes ____________. a. can arise from the ocean floor b. can arise on continents c. may arise in the interior of lithospheric plates d. all of the above

What do radiometric dates from igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks tell us?

How long ago the world and rocks formed and changed over time

Increase

If a body of magma becomes more felsic, its viscosity will:

Inclusions and components

If inclusions and components are found in a formation, then the inclusion is older than the formation that holds them

Decrease

If the volatile content of magma is increased, its viscosity will:

How does relative humidity change temperature? Does cold air hold more or less moisture?

If water vapor content stays the same and temperature drops, the relative humidity increases and vice versa. Cold air holds less moisture

All of the above: Are formed through the freezing of melt Can be produced at the surface of the Earth as well as deep below the surface Are the most common types of rocks within Earth

Igneous rocks

Describe how igneous rocks are classified

Igneous rocks are classified by their chemical and mineral composition. Also can be classified by texture or grain size

water and carbon dioxide

Important volatiles in magmas include

c

In 79 C.E., the citizens of Pompeii in the Roman Empire were buried by pyroclastic debris derived from an eruption of ____________. a. Mt. Olympus b. Olympus Mons c. Mt. Vesuvius d. Mt. St. Helens

d

In a ____________ fault, the fault plane is nonvertical and the hanging-wall block moves downward relative to the footwall block. a. detachment b. normal c. reverse d. thrust

expanding

In agreement with the Big Bang theory, our Universe is

b

In the formation of gneiss from granite, the distinctive compositional bands form due to ____________. a. crystals migrating within the rock b. crystals dissolving, and atoms and ions migrating and reorganizing as new crystals c. crystals melting, with new crystals solidifying in color bands d. the bizarre and seemingly unknowable nature of the blueschist metamorphic facies

Earth orbits around the Sun

In the heliocentric model

a continental coastline that coincides with a plate boundary

In the terminology of plate tectonics, an active margin is

iron

In the whole Earth, the four most common elements are oxygen, silicon, magnesium, and

The age of the oceanic crust ____________ with increasing distance from a mid-ocean ridge

Increases

What are Mid-Cretaceous Transgressions?

Incursion from the Gulf area, joining the Arctic waters to create an enormous Cretaceous Interior Seaway

By Mass, the four most abundant elements in the Earth are oxygen, silicon, magnesium, and

Iron

Unlike the lithosphere, the asthenosphere

Is relatively weak, and flows readily

What are examples of terranes?

Island Arcs, Seamounts, Oceanic Ridges

c

It is possible for offset along an oblique-slip fault to have both ____________ components. a. normal and reverse b. right-lateral and left-lateral c. normal and left-lateral

What is significant about the Morrison Formation?

It's the world's richest Jurassic dinosaur fossil assemblage

What happened in the Nevadan Orogeny and when did it occur?

Jurassic/Cretaceous Period Eastward subduction of oceanic crust, formation of huge batholiths that are known as Sierra Nevada, Southern California, Idaho, and Coast Range batholiths

What is an example of a thrust fault that happened in the Sevier Orogeny?

Keystone Thrust Fault

The Dust Bowl of the 1930s was created by what phenomenon?

Lack of vegetation

What is a dessert?

Land that is extremely arid with little rainfall, vegetation, and no surface water

What are stromatolites and why they are important?

Layered mounds, columns, and sheet-like sedimentary rock. Go from lakes, to rivers, to even soils

Original horizontality

Layers of sediment are originally deposited horizontally because of gravity. Important when coming to folding and tilting of strata

Lateral continuity

Layers of sediment initially extend laterally

What types of rocks are typically present is regions where caves exist?

Limestone, marble, gypsum, and dolomite

What is the difference between Mature soil and Immature soil?

Mature soil has a well developed soil profile indicating environmental conditions have been relatively stable over an extended time span. Immature soil lacks horizons altogether, the soil building has been going on for only a short time, and it is characteristic of steep slopes where erosion continually strips away the soil, preventing full development.

b

Metamorphism brings changes in mineral arrangement and the texture of rocks, but it never leads to new mineral assemblages. a. true b. false

d

Metamorphism may be induced by ____________. a. contact with a hot pluton b. contact with hot groundwater c. heat and pressure associated with deep burial d. all of the abov

d

Metamorphism, in broadest terms, involves ____________. a. the settling of crystals in a melt as it cools b. the sorting of grains by size, as is accomplished by rivers and beach waves c. cementation of loose grains and precipitation of new minerals into pore spaces d. changes in mineralogy and texture in response to heat and stress

a

Meteorite impacts have been known to induce metamorphism of sediments and rocks. a. true b. false

Describe the process of carbon 14 dating :

Method of age determination that depends upon the decay to nitrogen of carbon 14

Is a complex silicate, has perfect one-directional cleavage, occurs as two varieties: biotite and muscovite, is formed of thin, elastic flakes

Mica

What is a primary difference between phyllite and schist? Group of answer choices

Mica crystals within schist are larger than those within phyllite.

What is the Sundance Sea?

Mid-Continental Sea in North America, flooded twice in the interior of western North America

Marine magnetic anomaly belts (on oceanic basaltic crust) run parallel to

Mid-ocean ridges

Our Sun belongs to a galaxy known as

Milky Way

Chemistry, specifically the anions within the chemical formula.

Minerals are classified into groups primarily on the basis of:

the crystals have abundant room to grow in their hollow surroundings

Minerals in geodes form spectacular euhedral crystals because

What percent of the Pacific Coast from Alaska to Baja California consisted of accreted terranes?

More than 25%

d

Most terrestrial volcanic glass ____________. a. is highly silicic in composition b. is coarse grained c. consists of microscopic crystals d. freezes from lavas with low viscosity

b

Motion along all faults is either strike-slip or dip-slip; combinations of these two types of displacement are never found together in a single fault. a. true b. false

c

Mount St. Helens killed a geologist studying the volcano because ____________. a. the geologist disregarded orders to keep a safe distance from the vent b. the eruption produced a greater volume of ash than anyone predicted c. a landslide produced a lateral blast of volcaniclastic debris that no one anticipated d. lahars swept down all sides of the volcano and buried all towns within 100 km

The famous "year without a summer" occurred due to the eruption of ________.

Mount Tambora, Indonesia

What is the Cordilleran Orogeny?

Mountain building activity that began during the Jurassic and Continued into the Cenozoic, series of individually named, but interrelated, mountain-building events

b

Mountain ranges are associated with modern and ancient convergent plate boundaries, but do not form in association with either divergent or transform plate boundaries. a. true b. false

b

Mountain ranges are important sites for the formation of igneous and metamorphic rocks, but do not have any apparent relationship with the formation of sedimentary rocks. a. true b. false

What is an estuary and how is it related to sea level change?

Mouth of a large river, where the tide meets the stream

At a convergent plate boundary, two opposed plates

Move toward one another

c

Movement along faults often produces sharply angled rock fragments termed ____________. a. fault gouge b. rock flour c. fault breccia d. slickensides

and pressure both increase

Moving into the interior of Earth, temperature

b

Mt. Everest, the tallest mountain in the world, is located on the continent of ____________. a. Africa b. Asia c. North America d. Europe 2. An episode of mountain building is termed a(n) ____________. a. orogeny b. phylogeny c. aureole d. slickenside 3. Mountain rang

a

Mt. Fuji in Japan is an example of a ____________. a. stratovolcano b. cinder cone c. shield volcano

does not have fixed crystalline structure

Natural glass is not considered a mineral because it

What is an example of a dune formed during the Triassic and Jurassic periods?

Navajo Sandstone in Zion National Park

Summarize global wind patterns and their causes

Near equator - flow one way Near poles - flow opposite way Caused by global circulation

Describe how distance from an ocean affects climate

Near ocean - climate generally stays the same year-round Far from ocean - climate varies seasonally

b

Net chemical change in metamorphic rock induced by reaction with hot groundwater is termed ____________. a. foliation b. metasomatism c. anachronism

What were the three phases of the Cordilleran Orogeny starting from oldest to youngest?

Nevadan, Sevier, and Laramide

What problems are associated with over-pumping and excessive groundwater withdrawal?

Pumping water out of the ground faster than it can be replenished could potentially cause it to dry up. This can cause land to become more expensive and make drilling a lot more difficult. Also water quality could go down

a

Pele's hair ____________. a. consists of thin strands of basaltic volcaniclastic debris b. acquire aerodynamic torpedo-like shapes during flight out of the volcanic vent c. forms only at the leading edge of basaltic lava flows d. was instrumental in scoring the winning goal to defeat Uruguay in the 1958 World Cup finals

a

Phreatomagmatic eruptions are ____________. a. explosive (pyroclastic) b. effusive (dominated by lava flows)

b

Phreatomagmatic eruptions take place when ____________. a. volatiles effervesce prior to lava flow b. water enters the magma chamber and forms steam c. basaltic lava clogs the chimney d. lava or pyroclastic debris erupt by bursting through the sides of the volcano

Why does physical weathering speed up the processes of chemical weathering?

Physical weathering produces fresh surfaces for chemical weathering to attack.

d

Pillow lavas are associated with ____________. a. continental rhyolitic eruptions b. continental basaltic eruptions c. submarine rhyolitic eruptions d. submarine basaltic eruptions

Which of the following is a reason why wet soils tend to have more organic material than dry soils?

Plants and microbes need water to live so they can aid decomposition.

Distinguish porosity and permeability, provide examples of materials with high and low values of each:

Porosity: Percentage of void space in a rock Permeability: Ability to allow fluid to pass through it Sandstone has high porosity Limestone has high permeability

c

Precambrian metamorphic rocks are exposed at the surface ____________. a. on Mars and Venus, but nowhere on Earth b. at places in continental interiors termed platforms c. at places in continental interiors termed shields d. at the bottom of the deep sea

What are cycads?

Preserved logs of gymnosperms, especially conifers and plants

Explain how atmospheric pressure changes with altitude:

Pressure decreases with increasing altitude

Explain the relationship between pressure and temperature. What is adiabatic heating and cooling?

Process of reducing heat through a change in air pressure caused by volume expansion

magma is found beneath the Earth's surface, whereas lava has reached the surface.

The difference between lava and magma is that:

When Laurasia and Gondwana separated during the Triassic period, what happened in terms of modern day continents?

Separation of North America from Africa, then rifting of North America and South America

Types of Volcanos?

Shield Composite Cone lava dome

Summarize the igneous rocks textures and describe how the texture relates to the cooling history of the rocks :

Slow cooling allows large crystals to form, fast cooling allows small crystals to form

The stream of charged particles given off by the Sun, which prevented the accumulation of hydrogen and helium during the formation of the terrestrial planets, is called

Solar wind

What was happening to the Western Region of North America during the Jurassic Period of the Mesozoic?

Sonoma Orogeny and thrusting

increases

The age of oceanic crust ________ with increasing distance from a mid-ocean ridge.

drifting of the North American continent

The apparent polar-wander path obtained from magnetite crystals in basalts on the North American continent is now interpreted to be the result of

False

The apparent polar-wander paths for continents indicate actual position of the paleopole.

150 km

The average thickness of continental lithosphere is about

All matter in the Universe was once confined to a single point.

The big bang theory states that

d

The blueschist facies is a metamorphic realm of ____________. a. high temperature and pressure b. low temperature and pressure c. high temperature but relatively low pressure d. high pressure but relatively low temperature

cosmology

The branch of science that studies the structure and history of the Universe is

b

The central portion of high curvature on a fold is termed the fold ____________. a. limb b. hinge c. midsection d. thorax

d

The characteristic "rotten egg" smell of many active volcanoes is derived from ____________. a. iron and magnesium within lava b. carbon dioxide gas c. stale water within the magma chamber d. hydrogen sulfide gas

Streak

The color of a mineral in powdered form is termed:

False

The deep ocean floor is flat and nearly featureless

c

The development of a preferred orientation of large, flaky mica crystals within metamorphic rock is termed ____________. a. slaty cleavage b. phyllitic luster c. schistosity d. compositional banding

b

The difference between tephra and tuff is that ____________. a. tephra is created in ash falls, whereas tuff is created in pyroclastic flows b. tephra is unlithified, whereas tuff is lithified c. tephra is always silicic, whereas tuff is always basaltic d. all of the above

b

The distinction between joints and faults is that ____________. a. faults are joints that are greater than one square meter in areal extent b. faults are fractures along which displacement has occurred; displacement does not occur along joints c. joints are fractures along which displacement has occurred; displacement does not occur along faults d. there is no distinction; the two terms are synonymous

Why do we have seasons

The earth is tilted so regions are closer to the sun at different points in the year

Discuss how urbanization can change flood lag time, duration and discharge:

The effect of urbanization, and the change of land increases the possibility of floods. Changes to streams can limit their capacity to convey floodwaters

Lava Tubes

The empty space left when a lava tunnel drains

b

The eruption of Mount St. Helens in 1980 was the greatest explosive eruption in the last two hundred years of world data. a. true b. false

Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune

The gas-giant, or Jovian, planets are

How does grain sorting and angularity influence porosity?

The greater the angularity, the greater the possible porosity. The larger grains will cause more of an impact when going to fit

b

The greatest hazard to human life associated with volcanoes is ____________. a. flowing lava b. volcanic gas c. falling ash d. pyroclastic flows

d

The hot-spot track associated with the Hawaiian Islands and Emperor Seamounts ____________. a. shows that the Pacific Plate has been stationary over the last 30 million years b. occurs along a divergent plate boundary c. occurs along a convergent plate boundary d. shows that the Pacific Plate has been moving northwest for the last 30 million years

d

The lithification of material from a pyroclastic flow forms a rock called ____________. a. metabasalt b. ignimbrite c. migmatite d. tuff

crust and the uppermost part of the mantle

The lithosphere is composed of the

asthenosphere

The lithosphere lies directly above the

What is the wave base?

The maximum depth at which a water waves passage causes significant water motion. When under the wave base, sediments are not stirred by wave motions. About half of the wave length

denser

The metal alloy that makes up the core of the Earth is_______________ as compared to the rocky mantle

d

The mineral assemblage within metamorphic rock is ____________. a. always identical to that found within the protolith b. dependent only on the mineral assemblage of the protolith c. dependent only on the temperature and pressure of formation d. dependent on both the mineral content of the protolith and the temperature and pressure of formation

silicates

The most abundant minerals belong to a chemical group termed the

False

The most useful diagnostic property of minerals is their color in hand sample

Which of these statements is FALSE?

The movement of the magnetic poles is much greater than the movement of the continents.

b

The outer portion of a craton, where deformed rocks are covered by sediments, is termed the ____________. a. shield b. platform c. convergent margin

What is the ozone hole, and how does it affect us?

The ozone hole is a large opening in the stratospheric ozone layer over Antarctica (a smaller hole sits atop the Arctic) caused by the reaction of ozone with anthropogenic chlorofluorocarbons.

c

The preexisting rock which is subsequently altered to form a metamorphic rock is termed a ____________. a. parent rock b. source rock c. protolith d. premetarock

c

The process of high-grade metamorphic rocks being altered to form low-grade metamorphic rocks is termed ____________ metamorphism. a. foliated b. prograde c. retrograde d. dynamic

d

The process of low-grade metamorphic rocks being altered to form high-grade metamorphic rocks is termed ____________ metamorphism. a. foliated b. prograde c. retrograde d. dynamic

How do paleoclimatologists study ancient climate change?

The record of sedimentary rocks can be used to decipher ancient climate change, because certain rocks are characteristic products of specific environments; further, fossils provide environmental clues because many organisms have narrow environmental tolerances. Oxygen isotope ratios in ice and carbonate sediments provide a proxy for average temperatures. Ancient air bubbles may reveal atmospheric carbon dioxide levels (and thus the effectiveness of Earth's greenhouse). Variations in growth rings and recorded human history can be used to infer climate change in the very recent past.

b

The region of thermally metamorphosed rock surrounding a cooled pluton is called a(n) ____________. a. shear zone b. aureole c. oriole d. oleo

What was the Sevier Orogeny?

The second phase of the Cordilleran Orogeny, thrusting that occurred progressively farther east

dipole (such as that produced by a bar magnet)

The shape of Earth's magnetic field is approximately that of a

luster

The shininess of a mineral is a helpful diagnostic property termed

b

The sides of a fold, where curvature is at a minimum, are termed ____________. a. branches b. limbs c. axial planes d. hinges

oxygen

The silica tetrahedron that forms the backbone of all the silicate minerals is composed of silicon and what other element

none of the above; multiple properties must be used to diagnose a mineral

The single property that can be used to identify any mineral is

c

The smoky cloud that rises from the vent of an actively erupting volcano is composed of ____________. a. smoke from wildfires inside the volcanic chimney b. smoke from wildfires on the outer slopes of the volcano that become funneled into the crater c. fine volcaniclastic debris (ash) suspended in the air d. a continuous fountain of dark, basaltic lava

solar wind

The stream of charged particles given off by the Sun is called

incorporates and explains both sea-floor spreading and continental drift

The theory of plate tectonics

7 to 70 km

The thickness of Earth's crust varies from

least near the mid-ocean ridges and thickens away from the ridges

The thickness of oceanic lithosphere is

b

Volcanoes are entirely detrimental to the planet and human civilization, offering no benefits to humankind. a. true b. false

What is a half-life?

The time it takes for the radioactivity of a specified isotope to fall to half of its original vlaue

along mid-ocean ridges

The youngest sea floor occurs

a

Theoretically, there is no reason why mountains substantially taller than Mt. Everest might not one day arise on Earth. a. true b. false

Uniformitarianism

Theory that changes in the earths crust during geological history have resulted from action of continuous and uniform processes

a

Thermal (contact) metamorphism occurs ____________. a. in areas surrounding igneous intrusions b. only where gneiss is in contact with schist c. as consequence of the sinking of a broad region to great depth d. only at the surface, where rock is in contact with the atmosphere

According to the figure below, Earth's magnetic poles move constantly. About how far from the geographic poles do the magnetic poles move?

They remain in the high latitudes

What is the Sonoma Orogeny?

Thrusting of oceanic and island arc rocks eastward against the craton margin

False

Topaz, with Mohs hardness of 8, is twice as hard as fluorite, with Mohs hardness of 4.

What are the periods of the Mesozoic?

Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous

"All lava is magma is truer than "all magma is lava"-True/False

True

A'a' lava flows typically form further from the vent than pahoehoe lava flows.

True

Bedrock covered in oil is not an outcrop of rock-True/False

True

Compaction and cementation is a sedimentary process-True/False

True

Hawaiian style effusive eruptions are greater threat to property than to human life - True/False

True

Hawaiian-style effusive eruptions are a greater threat to property than to human life. T/F

True

True or false: As large amounts of magma moves up from below, more gases and steam will vent from the volcano.

True

Very early in earth's history, it was so hot that the surface was likely entirely molten-True/False

True

c

Two common metamorphic rocks that typically lack foliation are ____________. a. slate and phyllite b. gneiss and migmatite c. quartzite and marble d. schist and metaconglomerate

True

Two distinct minerals may have the same chemical formula

discrete layers of lithosphere that are vertically stacked one atop the other

Under the theory of plate tectonics, the plates themselves are

What is a coral reef and where do they form?

Underwater ecosystem held together by calcium carbonate structures. Most reefs are built by stony coral

What are some of the likely scenarios for the long-term future of the Earth?

Unless destroyed by impact, Earth will be consumed by the red giant stage of our Sun's evolution, approximately 5 billion years from now.

True

Very early in Earth's history, it was so hot that the surface was likely entirely molten

Have a tendency to evaporate and are stable as gases

Volatiles refer to substances that

a

Volcanic bombs are ____________. a. pyroclastic blocks that acquire aerodynamic shapes during flight out of the volcanic vent b. explosive bodies of lava with high volatile content c. cinders that explode upon impact with the ground d. used by geologists to set off small eruptions in volcanoes that are deemed potentially dangerou

Describe the formation of the following features: Wave-cut bench, sea-stack, sea arch

Wave-cut bench: narrow flat area often found at the base of a sea cliff or along shorelines. Created by erosion of waves Sea-stack: steep vertical column of rock near coast. Formed by wave erosion, also by wind and water Sea arch: natural arch eroded out of a cliff by marine processes

What was happening on the East Coast of North America in the Mesozoic?

Weathering of the Appalachians, sediment- filled fault block basins as result of rifting, lava flows and intrusion of sills

False

Wegener's evidence for a united Pangaea was so compelling that virtually all geologists agreed with the idea of continental drift during his lifetime.

he could not conceive of a valid mechanism that would cause continents to shift positions

Wegner's idea of continental drift was rejected by American geologists because

What was happening to the Western Region of North America during the Late Jurassic Period of the Mesozoic?

Westward movement of North America over the Farallon Plate, subduction zone, leading to Cordilleran Orogeny; related emplacement of batholiths, Keystone Thrust Fault in Nevada, accretion of terranes

c

What was unusual about the 1986 disaster around Lake Nyos in Cameroon? a. a volcanic eruption involved a lateral blast of volcaniclastic debris that no one anticipated b. pyroclastic flows buried surrounding villages, reminiscent of Pompeii 1900 years earlier c. volcanically derived carbon dioxide gas bubbled from the lake and suffocated people and animals nearby d. a slurry of lava and lake water flowed rapidly outward from the lake and buried surrounding villages

Intrusive relationships

When an igneous intrusion cuts across a formation of sedimentary rock, it can be determined that the igneous rock is younger

calcite

When in contact with hydrochloric acid, which mineral gives off bubbles of carbon dioxide gas?

Intrusive Igneous Rocks

When magma crystallizes,__________ are formed.

False

When rock is melted within Earth, typically the entire volume of rock is transformed from a solid state to a liquid.

What happens to a radioactive isotope when it decays?

When the nucleus of an atom possesses either too many or too few neutrons compared to the number of protons it becomes unstable. Unstable nuclei split up which is called radioactive decay

collision and mountain formation

When two bodies of continental lithosphere are pushed together at a convergent boundary, the result is

c

Within a single mountain range, ____________. a. only low-grade metamorphic rocks are likely to be found b. only high-grade metamorphic rocks are likely to be found c. it is possible to find a variety of metamorphic rocks produced in distinct facies, including high-, low-, and intermediate-grade rocks

where do we have a volcano is the US?

Yellowstone national park

Are Pyroclastic flow silicic?

Yes

Superstition

Youngest layer on top, oldest layer on the bottom

Describe the motion of sediment grains in a longshore current

Zig Zag pattern. Waves push the grain up perpendicular to the shore, the long shore pulls it down along the shore

Which layer of the Earth has the greatest density? a. core b. mantle c. crust

a. core

a

____________ commonly serves as a protolith in the formation of marble. a. Limestone b. Sandstone c. Shale d. Slate

b

____________ commonly serves as a protolith in the formation of quartzite. a. Limestone b. Sandstone c. Shale d. Slate

c

____________ commonly serves as a protolith in the formation of slate. a. Limestone b. Sandstone c. Shale d. Slate

The lithosphere is composed of the ____________. a. crust and the uppermost part of the mantle b. crust only c. crust, mantle, and outer core d. top 100 m of sediments and sedimentary rocks

a. crust and the uppermost part of the mantle

What factors explain short-term climate change?

a. The abundance of sunspots (cool spots on the surface of the Sun, which may represent magnetic storms) varies over the course of a decade or so, and may affect total incident solar radiation. Recently, some researchers have suggested changes in the rate of influx of cosmic rays may also have an effect. b. Earth's orbital shape, magnitude of tilt, and direction of tilt vary over Milankovitch cycles with periods in the tens of thousands of years. These parameters influence whether glaciers are likely to descend over the continents or melt. c. Earth's albedo can be increased by an increase in aerosols (such as volcanic ash), cloud cover, surface ice, or the spread of deserts and grasslands over land that was once forested. d. Ocean currents may change course, altering the hydrologic system that brings warmth to some areas and cold, dry conditions to others. e. Abrupt changes in concentrations of greenhouse gases can also cause short-term climate change.

What are the possible causes of long-term climate change?

a. The sizes and positions of the continents are important. For large continental glaciers to grow, it is favorable to have large continents in regions near the poles; small continents bathed in tropical oceans favor greenhouse conditions. b. Volcanoes emit carbon dioxide, which adds to the greenhouse effect. c. Uplifted areas are sites of intense weathering, and chemical weathering draws down atmospheric carbon dioxide. d. Limestone, coal, organic-rich shale, and oil contain carbon, so when produced in vast quantities and buried, they keep carbon from reaching the atmosphere as carbon dioxide. Carbon burial is a check on the greenhouse effect. e. The appearance or extinction of certain life forms may also impact climate by either adding carbon dioxide to the atmosphere or removing it.

A sill is a. a sheetlike intrusion that lies parallel to surrounding layers of sedimentary rock b. a cooled layer of lava c. an intrusion formed within the magma chamber of a volcano d. a sheetlike intrusion that cuts across preexisting layers

a. a sheetlike intrusion that lies parallel to surrounding layers of sedimentary rock

The rate of motion of a lithospheric plate with respect to a stationary hot spot is termed ____________. a. absolute plate velocity b. relative plate velocity

a. absolute plate velocity

Faults that have moved recently or are likely to move in the future are referred to as ____________. a. active b. reverse c. normal d. passive

a. active

A tsunami is ____________. a. an earthquake-generated sea wave that can sometimes destroy coastal cities thousands of kilometers from its source b. a sloshing of water back and forth within a lake or bay c. the tendency of wet, clay-rich soils to behave like a liquid during an earthquake d. the amount of change in elevation of local sea level caused by a surging wave

a. an earthquake-generated sea wave that can sometimes destroy coastal cities thousands of kilometers from its source

During a journey to the center of the Earth, one would experience temperature ____________. a. and pressure both increasing b. and pressure both decreasing c. increasing, but pressure staying nearly the same d. remaining remarkably constant, but pressure increasing

a. and pressure both increasing

Coarse grained diorite is most similar in mineral composition to fine grained a. andesite b. basalt c. komatiite d. rhyolite

a. andesite

Earthquake waves that pass through the interior of Earth are termed ____________. a. body waves b. interior waves c. R-waves d. surface waves

a. body waves

Generally, which type of earthquake waves travel fastest? a. body waves b. interior waves c. R-waves d. surface waves

a. body waves

Body waves include ____________. a. both S- and P-waves b. P-waves only c. both L- and R-waves d. both surface and interior waves

a. both S- and P-waves

The distinction between the crust and the mantle is primarily on the basis of a difference in ____________; the distinction between the lithosphere and the asthenosphere is primarily on the basis of a difference in ____________. a. chemistry (mineral content); degree of physical rigidity b. degree of physical rigidity; chemistry (mineral content) c. color; chemistry (mineral content) d. chemistry (mineral content); chemistry as well

a. chemistry (mineral content); degree of physical rigidity

Is a laccolith a. concordant or b. discordant as an intrusion?

a. concordant

As compared to the rocks that make up the crust, Earth as a whole is ____________. a. considerably more dense b. considerably less dense c. slightly less dense d. about the same density

a. considerably more dense

PeleOs hair a. consistes of thin strands of basaltic pyroclastic debris b. acquires aerodynamic torpedo like shapes during flight out of the volcanic cent c. forms only at the leading edge of basaltic lava flows d. was instrumental in scoring the winning goal to defeat Uruguay in the 1958 World Cup finals

a. consistes of thin strands of basaltic pyroclastic debris

Basaltic lavas a. contain more iron an d magnesium than rhyolitic lavas b. contain more silica than rhyolitic lavas c. are more biscous than rhyolitic lavas d. contain a greater proportion of trapped volatiles than rhyolitic lavas

a. contain more iron an d magnesium than rhyolitic lava

Large, thick, nonvolcanic mountain belts, like the Himalayas, have features associated with ____________ plate boundaries. a. convergent b. divergent c. transform

a. convergent

The volcanoes of the Cascades Mountains are related to melting of rock associated with a ____________ plate boundary. a. convergent b. divergent c. transform

a. convergent

Medium- and deep-focus earthquakes occur along ____________. a. convergent-plate boundaries only b. divergent-plate boundaries only c. transform-plate boundaries only d. All of the above are correct.

a. convergent-plate boundaries only

As compared to coarse grained igneous rocks, all fine grained igneous rocks a. cool and solidify more quickly b. cool and solidify more slowly c. solidify at higher temps d. solidify at lower temps

a. cool and solidify more quickly

From left to right, correctly label each section of this slice of the Earth. a. crust, upper mantle, transition zone, lower mantle, liquid outer core, solid inner core b. transition zone, crust, liquid outer core, solid inner core, upper mantle, lower mantle c. transition zone, crust, upper mantle, lower mantle, liquid outer core, solid inner core d. crust, liquid outer core, transition zone, solid inner core, upper mantle, lower mantle

a. crust, upper mantle, transition zone, lower mantle, liquid outer core, solid inner core

Under the theory of plate tectonics, the plates themselves are ____________. a. discrete pieces of lithosphere at the surface of the solid Earth that move with respect to one another b. composed only of continental rocks that plow through the weaker oceanic rocks c. very thick (approximately one-quarter of Earth's radius) d. discrete layers of lithosphere that are vertically stacked one atop the other

a. discrete pieces of lithosphere at the surface of the solid Earth that move with respect to one another

Rhyolitic lavas a. do not flow as far from the vent as basaltic lavas do b. cool much more slowly than basaltic lavas do c. are associated with volcanoes that almost never emit pyroclastic debris d. all of the above

a. do not flow as far from the vent as basaltic lavas

At transform plate boundaries ____________. a. earthquakes are common but volcanoes are absent b. volcanoes are common but earthquakes do not occur c. both earthquakes and volcanoes are common

a. earthquakes are common but volcanoes are absent

The point on Earth's surface directly above the point where an earthquake occurs is termed the ____________. a. epicenter b. eye of the fault c. hypocenter (focus) d. vertex

a. epicenter

All discovered faults are likely to experience earthquakes in the next few hundred years. a. false b. true

a. false

All portions of the mid-ocean ridge system have a well-defined axial trough (central rift). a. false b. true

a. false

The only igneous rocks produced at the mid-ocean ridges consist of basalt. a. false b. true

a. false

Virtually all of the deaths attributed to major earthquakes have resulted from the collapse of buildings. a. false b. true

a. false

Which type of magma has the greatest silica content a. felsic b. intermediate c. mafic d. ultramafic

a. felsic

At continental rifts, vast bodies of basaltic lava flow forth from fissures, forming a. flood basalt b. pyroclastic flows c. ash fall tufts

a. flood basalt

Earth's magnetic field is generated by the ____________. a. flow of the liquid outer core b. magnetic minerals within the crust c. convective flow of the mantle d. flow of the liquid inner core

a. flow of the liquid outer core

Hawaii is an example of ____________. a. hot-spot volcanism b. volcanic island arc c. transform margin d. mid-ocean ridge volcanism

a. hot-spot volcanism

If a body of magma becomes for felsic, its viscosity will a. increase b. decrease c. stay the same

a. increase

The densest layer of Earth is the ____________. a. inner core b. outer core c. mantle d. crust

a. inner core

When magma crystallizes, ____ are formed. a. intrusive igneous rocks, b. volatiles c. extrusive igneous rocks d. pyroclastic debris

a. intrusive igneous rocks

The Moho ____________. a. is found deeper underneath continents than under oceans b. lies at uniform depth everywhere it is found in Earth c. is found well below the crust/mantle boundary d. is found deeper underneath oceans than under continents

a. is found deeper underneath continents than under oceans

Most terrestrial volcanic glass a. is highly silicic in composition b. is coarse grained c. consists of microscopic crystals d. freezes from lavas with low viscosity

a. is highly silicic in composition

A fast moving flow consisting of a mixture of water and volcaniclastic debris is termed a a. lahar b. glowing avalanche c. flood basalt d. stratovolcano

a. lahar

_______ commonly serves as a protolith in the formation of marble.

a. limestone

Sandy substrate is susceptible to ____________ during an earthquake. a. liquifaction b. displacement c. collapse d. faulting

a. liquifaction

People have speculated about Earth's interior since ancient times. The astronomer Nevil Maskelyne estimated Earth's ____________ in 1776, whereas the author Jules Verne described the interior of the Earth as a series of interconnected ____________ in 1864 and the physicist Emil Weichert determined that Earth's interior must contain ____________ in 1896. a. mass; caverns; metal b. weight; caverns; metal c. weight; dungeons; rocks d. circumference; dungeons; rocks

a. mass; caverns; metal

Due to fractional crystallization and assimilation of surrounding host rock, most magmas that rise slowly through the crust evolve chemically to become a. more felsic b. more mafic c. dominated by nonsilicate minerals

a. more felsic

At a divergent plate boundary (shown below), two opposed plates ____________. a. move away from one another b. move toward one another c. slide past one another

a. move away from one another

In Bowen's discontinuous reaction series, the first mineral to crystallize from a mafic melt is a. olivine b. plagioclase c. pyroxene d. quartz

a. olivine

Continental coastlines that occur within the interior of a tectonic plate are called ____________. a. passive margins b. inert margins c. active margins d. internal margins

a. passive margins

Stoping by magmas occurs when a. pieces of surrounding country rock are broken off and assimilated b. the magma stops flowing and starts to solidify c. the magma becomes fully solidified to form intrusive rock d. the magma alters a thin rind of surrounding country rock

a. pieces of surrounding country rock are broken off and assimilated

Hot-spot tracks result from moving _____________. a. plates b. asthenosphere c. mantle plumes d. hot spots

a. plates

Periods of intermittent sliding on a fault as a result of the release of stress during episodes of displacement, followed by stress buildup to the point that the fault is reactivated is termed ____________. a. stick-slip behavior b. chaotic faulting c. reverse faulting d. thrust faulting

a. stick-slip behavior

Mt Fuji in Japan is an example of a a. statovolcano b. cinder cone c. shield volcano

a. stratovolcano

Of the three primary forms of subaerial volcanoes, _ consist of alternating layers of tephra and solidified lava. a. stratovolcanoes b. cinder cones c. shield volcanoes

a. stratovolcanoes

Of the three primary forms of subaerial volcanoes, _ which sometimes referred to as composite volcanoes a. stratovolcanoes b. cinder cones c. shield volcanoes

a. stratovolcanoes

Seismic retrofitting is the process of __________. a. strengthening existing buildings and structures b. mapping areas prone to earthquakes c. predicting earthquakes d. releasing energy

a. strengthening existing buildings and structures

The primary difference between lithospheric and asthenospheric mantle that gives rise to numerous divergent patterns of physical behavior, is ____________. a. temperature (the lithosphere is cooler than the asthenosphere) b. physical state (the lithosphere is solid; the asthenosphere is liquid) c. chemical composition (the lithosphere is mafic; the asthenosphere is felsic) d. chemical composition (the lithosphere is felsic; the asthenosphere is mafic)

a. temperature (the lithosphere is cooler than the asthenosphere)

The boundary between the crust and the mantle is marked by a seismic-velocity discontinuity called ____________. a. the Moho b. the Edsel c. Lyell's surface d. the crantle

a. the Moho

The number of lithospheric plates on the Earth has been variable through geologic time. Hundreds of millions of years ago, there were plates that no longer exist today. a. true b. false

a. true

Gases that are abundantly emitted by volcanoes include a. water vapor, carbon dioxide, and sulfur dioxide b. oxygen, ozone, and water vapor c. oxygen, hydrogen, and neon d. carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and oxygen

a. water vapor, carbon dioxide, and sulfur dioxide

As compared to a slowly spreading mid-ocean ridge, a rapidly spreading ridge is ____________. a. wider b. more silicic in lava composition c. narrower

a. wider

Hot spots can occur ____________. a. within either continental or oceanic plates b. only within continental plates c. only when the thickness of the crust is less than 10 km d. only within oceanic plates

a. within either continental or oceanic plates

Which of these parts of the deep-ocean floor is flat and nearly featureless?

abyssal plain

B-horizon

accumulation of clay transported from above

volcanos that are erupting or likely to soon

active volcano

Distinctive rock sequences on South America terminate at the Atlantic Ocean but reappear on the continent of:

africa

During a journey to the center of the Earth, one would experience temperature ________.

and pressure both increasing

What flow is this? - Higher silica content and thus greater viscosity - Cannot flow as easily as basaltic lava - Because the lava moves slowly the outside flow has time to solidify and as it moves it breaks.

andensic

this lava flow is too viscous to flow far, and tends to break up as it flows

andesitic lava flow

A fold shaped like an elongate arch is a(n) ____________. Question options: anticline basin dome syncline

anticline

Extrusive igneous rocks

aphanitic texture

Dissolution occurs when minerals ________.

are dissolved into water

Broad, sediment-covered continental shelves are found along ____________. a. active margins b. passive margins

b. passive margins

Bowen's continous reaction series describes the crystallization behavior of a single mineral a. olivine b. plagioclase c. pyroxene d. quartz

b. plagioclase

A blob like igneous rock body that has cooled beneath the surface of Earth is called a a. guyot b. pluton c. lava flow d. andesite

b. pluton

Slab pull occurs because subducting slabs are ____________. a. hotter, and therefore more dense, than surrounding asthenosphere b. cooler, and therefore more dense, than surrounding asthenosphere c. cooler, and therefore less dense, than surrounding asthenosphere d. less mafic, and therefore less dense, than surrounding asthenosphere

b. cooler, and therefore more dense, than surrounding asthenosphere

If the volatile content of magma is increased, its viscosity will a. increase b. decrease c. stay the same

b. decrease

The shape of Earth's magnetic field is approximately that of a ____________. a. monopole b. dipole (such as that produced by a bar magnet) c. torus, a donut-shaped ring parallel to Earth's equator

b. dipole (such as that produced by a bar magnet)

Is a dike a. concordant or b. discordant as an intrusion?

b. discordant

The quantity of offset that occurs along a fault is termed ____________. a. the fault gauge b. displacement c. accumulation d. fault gouge

b. displacement

Iceland is one of the few places in the world that is both above sea level and situated atop a ____________ plate boundary. a. convergent b. divergent c. transform

b. divergent

The lithosphere of the Earth is generally thinnest at and near ____________ plate boundaries. a. transform b. divergent c. convergent

b. divergent

Mid-ocean ridges are ____________. a. convergent plate boundaries b. divergent plate boundaries c. transform plate boundaries

b. divergent plate boundaries

Nonviolent eruptions characterized by extensive flows of basaltic lava are termed a. pyroclastic b. effusive c. explosive

b. effusive

All lithospheric plates are approximately the same size and contain a combination of oceanic and continental crust. a. true b. false

b. false

In a hot-spot volcanic island chain, such as the Hawaiian Islands, all islands possess active volcanoes simultaneously and therefore the risks of volcanic hazards are about the same for all islands. a. true b. false

b. false

Sliding motion along transform faults caused the segments of the mid-ocean ridges to become dislocated with respect to one another. a. true b. false

b. false

Virtually all of the sediment atop a downgoing plate becomes subducted into the mantle along with the plate. a. true b. false

b. false

The velocities of seismic waves traveling from earthquake foci ____________. a. monotonically increase with depth, at a consistent rate of acceleration b. generally increase with depth, occasionally making abrupt jumps termed seismic velocity discontinuities c. monotonically decrease with depth, at a consistent rate of deceleration d. are uniform throughout all layers of Earth

b. generally increase with depth, occasionally making abrupt jumps termed seismic velocity discontinuities

As compared to ultramafic rocks, mafic rocks have a ____________. a. lesser proportion of silica b. greater proportion of silica c. greater proportion of iron and magnesium atoms

b. greater proportion of silica

Short-term predictions of earthquake behavior ____________. a. are primarily based on the behavior patterns of farm animals b. have been largely unreliable c. are correct approximately 50% of the time d. have saved millions of lives in the past decade alone

b. have been largely unreliable

Consult the figure below. How water reacting with crustal rock is the basis for what type of metamorphism?

b. hydrothermal

A body of gneiss is subjected to heat and forms a melt. later the melt cools and crystallizes to form a(n) _______.

b. igneous rock

The lithifiication of material from pyroclastic flow forms a rock called a. metabasalt b. ignimbrite c. migmatite d. tuff

b. ignimbrite

Consult the figure below. A mineral within a metamorphic rock that can be used to provide a narrow constraint on the temperature and pressure of formation of the rock is termed a(n)

b. index mineral

In the whole Earth, the four most common elements are oxygen, silicon, magnesium, and ____________. a. copper b. iron c. lead d. zinc

b. iron

Unlike the lithosphere, the asthenosphere ____________. a. has a density similar to the core b. is able to flow over long periods of time c. is relatively cool d. varies in thickness from place to place

b. is able to flow over long periods of time

In 1902, a famous, deadly volcaniclastic flow killed thousands of people on the Caribbean island of a. puerto rico b. martinique c. aruba d. jamaica

b. martinique

When rock is partially melted, the chemistry of the melt is a. more mafic than the original chemistry of the rock b. more felsic than the original chemistry of the rock c. identical to the original chemistry of the rock d. completely unpredictable

b. more felsic than the original chemistry of the rock

If a body of magma is subjected to fractional crystallization, the rock that results is expected to be a. identical in chemical composition to the magma b. more mafic than the magma c. more felsic than the magma

b. more mafic than the magma

At a convergent plate boundary (shown below), two opposed plates ____________. a. slide past one another b. move toward one another c. move away from one another

b. move toward one another

If, during an earthquake, a footwall slides upward relative to a hanging wall, the fault is termed ____________. a. reverse b. normal c. thrust d. strike slip

b. normal

Topographically, most of the ocean floor is made up of ____________. a. ocean trenches (5-12 km below sea level) b. ocean plains (2.5-4.5 km below sea level) c. submarine mountains (less than 2.5 km below sea level)

b. ocean plains (2.5-4.5 km below sea level)

Hydrocarbons, such as petroleum and natural gas, are classified as ____________. a. minerals b. organic materials c. alloys d. fluid rocks

b. organic materials

Pegmatites, which occur in dikes, are unusual among shallow intrusive rocks in that they _ a. possess porphyritic texture b. possess exceptionally coarse grains c. are mineralogically identical to the extrusive rock basalt d. are glassy, cooling so rpaidly that crystals do not have time to form

b. possess exceptionally coarse grains

Evidence of paleomagnetism can be found in ________.

basalt that has cooled from lava, any rock with magnetic minerals present, sedimentary rocks where minerals form from ion-bearing groundwater

Deformed (bent, stretched, or cracked) lithosphere occurs ____________. a. randomly over the surface of Earth b. primarily on the margins of tectonic plates c. primarily within the interiors of tectonic plates

b. primarily on the margins of tectonic plates

Surface waves ____________. a. are the first waves to arrive at a seismograph station after an earthquake b. produce most of the damage to buildings during earthquakes c. travel more rapidly than body waves d. are the first waves initially produced in an earthquake

b. produce most of the damage to buildings during earthquakes

Summed over the entire surface of Earth, ____________. a. the rate of lithospheric production at ridges is greater than the rate of lithospheric consumption at subduction zones b. rates of lithospheric production and consumption are equal c. the rate of lithospheric consumption at subduction zones is greater than the rate of lithospheric production at ridges

b. rates of lithospheric production and consumption are equal

The mid-ocean ridges are elevated above the surrounding sea floor because ____________. a. the lithospheric plates are thickest at the ridges so they stand up taller b. ridge rocks are hot and therefore of relatively low density c. ridge rocks are mafic, whereas the ocean basin crust consists of ultramafic rock d. rising ocean currents leave a vacuum above the ridge

b. ridge rocks are hot and therefore of relatively low density

________ commonly serves as a protolith in the formation of quartzite.

b. sandstone

Vertical motion seismographs record earthquakes through the production of a squiggly diagram called a ____________. a. wave sheet b. seismogram c. camera lucida d. pictogram

b. seismogram

As lithosphere cools to the sides of a mid-ocean ridge, it begins to ____________. a. rise with respect to material located closer to the ridge axis b. sink with respect to material located closer to the ridge axis

b. sink with respect to material located closer to the ridge axis

An aurora (shown below) is produced when ____________. a. swamp gases rise upward from the arctic tundra b. solar wind particles are directed toward the poles and excite atmospheric gases c. radiation in the Van Allen belts can be seen on a clear, cold night d. lightning travels from cloud to cloud rather than cloud to ground

b. solar wind particles are directed toward the poles and excite atmospheric gases

Which of the following is most representative of Earth's hydrosphere? a. lakes and rivers only b. surficial freshwater, the oceans, groundwater, and atmospheric water c. a layer of hydrogen gas in the outer reaches of the atmosphere d. the oceans, but not rivers or lakes

b. surficial freshwater, the oceans, groundwater, and atmospheric water

The geotherm is the rate of change of a. pressure with depth in Earth's interior b. temp with depth in earth's interior c. temp with altitude in earth's atmosphere d. temp with latitude on earth's surface

b. temp with depth in earth's interior

The difference between tephra and tuff is that a. tephra is created in ash falls, whereas tuff is created in pyroclastic flows b. tephra is unlithified, whereas tuff is lithified c. tephra is always silicic, whereas tuff is always basaltic d. all of the above

b. tephra is unlithified, whereas tuff is lithified

According to the figure below, every plate boundary can be recognized by ____________. a. the presence of active volcanoes b. the presence of an earthquake belt c. a deep chasm that can be seen from space d. None of the above are correct.

b. the presence of an earthquake belt

The San Andreas Fault zone in southern California is an example of a ____________ plate boundary. a. convergent b. transform c. divergent

b. transform

Movement on a fault may occur without generating earthquakes. a. false b. true

b. true

Subducted slabs have never been detected below the Wadati-Benioff zone. a. false b. true

b. true

Beneath a blanket of sediments, oceanic crust is primarily composed of ________

basalt

The most common minerals within Earth are ____________. a. oxides b. hydroxides c. silicates d. carbonates

c. silicates

Which list properly orders metamorphic rocks from lowest to highest grade?

c. slate, phyllite, schist, gneiss

If a fault is nearly vertical in orientation and the two walls of rock on opposite sides slide past one another horizontally, the fault is termed ____________. a. thrust b. normal c. strike slip d. reverse

c. strike slip

Of the three primary forms of subaerial volcanoes, _ have the most gently sloping sides, due to the low viscosity of the basaltic lavas which form them. a. stratovolcanoes b. cinder cones c. shield volcanoes

c. shield volcanoes

Of the three primary forms of subaerial volcanoes, _ are the largest in area a. stratovolcanoes b. cinder cones c. shield volcanoes

c. shield volcanoes

The smoky cloud that rises from the vent of an actively erupting volcano is composed of a. smoke from wildfires inside the volcano chimney b. smoke from wildfires on the outer slopes of the volcano that become funneled into the crater c. fine volcaniclastic debris suspended in the air d. a continouus fountain of dark, basaltic lava

c. fine volcaniclastic debris suspended in the air

On average, continental crust is approximately ____________ as oceanic crust. a. equally thick b. half as thick c. five times as thick d. 20 times as thick

c. five times as thick

Rocks resulting from thermal (contact) metamorphism will not possess ____________.

c. foliation

As compared to subaerial basaltic lavas, submarine basaltic lavas differ in that they a. always produce violent pyroclastic debris flows b. produce large crystals of pyroxene and plagioclase c. form pillow like mounds because they cannot flow as far from their source d. all of the aboce

c. form pillow like mounds because they cannot flow as far from their source

A silica-rich igneous rock that has coarse crystals and which makes up much of the continental crust is ____________. a. gabbro b. basalt c. granite d. peridotite

c. granite

Volatiles refer to substances that a. crystallize most rapidly out of a melt b. melt immediately upon contact with a hot body of magma c. have a tendency to evaporate and are stable as gases

c. have a tendency to evaporate and are stable as gases

The Hawaiin island chain is an example of a a. island volcanic arc b. continental volcanic arc c. hot spot island chain d. stratovolcano assembly

c. hot spot island chain

The theory of plate tectonics ____________. a. incorporates continental drift but not sea-floor spreading b. incorporates sea-floor spreading but not continental drift c. incorporates and explains both sea-floor spreading and continental drift d. does not incorporate sea-floor spreading or continental drift

c. incorporates and explains both sea-floor spreading and continental drift

At a subduction zone, the downgoing (subducting) plate ____________. a. may be composed or either oceanic or continental lithosphere b. is always composed of continental lithosphere c. is always composed of oceanic lithosphere

c. is always composed of oceanic lithosphere

Difference between lava and magma?

c. is found beneath Earth's surface, whereas lava has reached the surface

Continental lithosphere ____________. a. contains no crustal material, consisting solely of lithified upper mantle b. is denser than oceanic lithosphere c. is thicker than oceanic lithosphere d. contains more mafic rocks than oceanic lithosphere

c. is thicker than oceanic lithosphere

The lithosphere of Earth can be bent and broken, but will not flow because it ____________. a. contains radioactive elements b. is too dense c. is too cool d. is too old

c. is too cool

Within a single mountain range, __________.

c. it is possible to find a variety of metamorphic rock produced in distinct facies, including high-, low-, and intermediate-grade rocks

Geologically, melts are equivalent to both a. felsic and mafic magmas b. felsic and mafic lavas c. lavas and magmas d. fine grained and coarse grained igneous rocks

c. lavas and magmas

Earthquakes are a result of ____________. a. mantle upwelling b. a sudden change in atmospheric pressure c. lithosphere-plate movement d. erosion

c. lithosphere-plate movement

The difference between lava and magma is that a. magma is light in color and lava is dark b. magma usually has mafic composition an lava usually has felsic composition c. magma is found beneath the Earth's surface, whereas lava has reached the surface d. magma flows more quickly than lava

c. magma is found beneath the Earth's surface, whereas lava usually has reached the surface

At a subduction zone, the overriding plate ____________. a. is always composed of continental lithosphere b. is always composed of oceanic lithosphere c. may be composed of either oceanic or continental lithosphere

c. may be composed of either oceanic or continental lithosphere

A buried body of shale is subjected to differential stress (directed pressure), cause clay minerals to realign and produce slate; this is an example of ___________.

c. metamorphism

A primary difference between phyllite and schist is that ___________.

c. mica crystals within schist are larger than those within phyllite

In 79 CE, the citizens of Pompeii in the Roman Empire were buried by pyroclastic debris derived from an eruption of a. mt. olympus b. olympus mons c. mt. vesuvius d. mt. st. helens

c. mt. vesuvius

Presently, Earth's atmosphere is dominated by which two gases? a. hydrogen and oxygen b. carbon dioxide and methane c. nitrogen and oxygen d. nitrous oxide and sulfur dioxide

c. nitrogen and oxygen

Ophiolite sequences are important to geologists because they preserve ____________. a. deep mantle material b. continental crust c. oceanic crust d. asthenosphere

c. oceanic crust

Tectonic plates might consist of ____________. a. continental lithosphere only b. oceanic lithosphere only c. oceanic or continental lithosphere or a combination of both d. either oceanic or continental lithosphere, but not both

c. oceanic or continental lithosphere or a combination of both

All else being equal, an earthquake that strikes in the eastern United States would produce shaking that would be felt ____________ than one that occurred in the western United States. a. over a lesser distance b. over the same distance c. over a greater distance

c. over a greater distance

The preexisting rock that is subsequently altered to form a metamorphic rock is termed a __________.

c. protolith

Olympus Mons, the largest known Volcano in the Universe, is an example of a a. stratovolcano b. cinder cone c. shield volcano

c. shield volcano

A triple junction, like the one shown below, is a place on Earth's surface where ____________. a. three volcanoes form a tight, triangular cluster b. the boundaries of three lithospheric plates meet to form an elongate surface c. the boundaries of three lithospheric plates meet at a single point d. glacial ice, continental rocks, and the ocean can be found together

c. the boundaries of three lithospheric plates meet at a single point

How many seismic stations are necessary to find the epicenter of an earthquake? a. one b. four c. three d. two

c. three

If, during an earthquake, a hanging wall slides upward relative to a footwall, the fault is termed ____________ if the fault is shallow (much closer to horizontal than vertical). a. normal b. reverse c. thrust d. strike slip

c. thrust

If you were measuring the elevation of a mountain, you would be measuring variation in ____________, whereas if you were doing the same on a mid-ocean ridge, you would be measuring variation in ___________. a. bathymetry; isostasy b. topography; isostasy c. topography; bathymetry d. bathymetry; topography

c. topography; bathymetry

Segments of the mid-ocean ridge system are offset. Between the offset segments we observe ____________. a. a second series of ridges, perpendicular to the main set b. deep ocean trenches c. transform faults d. None of the above are correct.

c. transform faults

The atmosphere can be divided into several distinct layers. Name from ground up. a. stratosphere, troposphere, mesosphere, thermosphere b. stratosphere, troposphere, thermosphere, mesosphere c. troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere d. troposphere, stratosphere, thermosphere, mesosphere

c. troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere

A volcano emits ash, which falls from the sky, settles in layers and is eventually cemented. The resultant rock is termed a. pumice b. granite c. tuff d. ignimbrite

c. tuff

Substances that can be transformed to a gas at relatively low temperatures are termed ____________. a. glasses b. melts c. volatiles d. mineraloids

c. volatiles

What was unusual about the 1986 disaster around Lake Nyos in Cameroon a. a volcanic eruption involved a lateral blast of volcaniclastic debris that no one anticipated b. pyroclastic flows buried surrounding villages, reminiscent of the burial of Pompeii 1900 years earlier c. volcanically derived carbon dioxide gas bubbled from the lake and suffocated people and animals nearby d. a slurry of lava and lake water flowed rapidly outward form the lake and buried surrounding villages

c. volcanically derived carbon dioxide gas bubbled from the lake and suffocated people and animals nearby

Important volatiles in magmas include a. iron and magnesium rich minerals b. potassium and aluminum c. water and carbon dioxide d. ricrinitrotoluene and nitroglycerin

c. water and carbon dioxide

When in contact with hydrochloric acid, which mineral gives off bubbles of carbon dioxide gas?

calcite

Explosive or voluminous eruptions may cause the volcano to collapse on the floor of the (now empty)

caldera

forms after major eruptions, the center of the volcano collapses creating a circular depression up to thousand meters across and hundred meters deep

caldera

volcanic depression; magma chamber empties and volcano collapses

calderas

Limestone reefs and salt deposits are important rocks in the reconstruction of earth history because they:

can be used to infer the ancient climate of the earth. they are deposited in environments that are restricted to warm climate

The thickness of the Earth's crust varies from ____________. a. 5 to 500 km b. 1 to 10 km c. 100 to 500 m d. 7 to 70 km

d. 7 to 70 km

Lithification, the process by which sediments are turned into sedimentary rocks, includes ________.

compaction and cementation

Which of the following processes CANNOT occur in the formation of metamorphic rock?

complete remelting of the rock, followed by solidification to form a new rock

As compared to the rocks that make up the crust, Earth as a whole is ____________.

considerably more dense

Basaltic lava: - contain more iron and magnesium than rhyolitic lavas - contain more silica than rhyolitic lavas - are more viscous than rhyolitic lavas - contain greater proportion oftrapped volatiles than rhyolitic lavas

contain more iron and magnesium than rhyolitic lav

The nucleus of most atoms?

contains protons and neutrons

The greatest earthquake ever recorded by seismographs occurred in 1960 in Chile and measured ____________ on the seismic-moment magnitude scale. a. 9.0 b. 10.0 c. 10.5 d. 9.5

d. 9.5

Aftershocks following a major earthquake ____________. a. may continue for days after the initial earthquake b. are mostly much smaller than the original earthquake c. may occur on the same fault as the original earthquake, or a different fault d. All of the above are correct

d. All of the above are correct

Wegner saw Pangea as a jigsaw puzzle where the puzzle pieces were:

continents

What is not the result of plate tectonics?

convection in the outer core

As compared to the asthenosphere, the lithosphere is ________.

cooler and less able to flow

could be just a vertical pipe or a rock crack, conduits for the lava flow

crater

bowl shaped depression atop a volcano

craters

The lithosphere is composed of the ____________.

crust and the uppermost part of the mantle

In the formation of gneiss from granite, distinctive compositional bands form because of

crystals dissolving, with atoms and ions migrating and reorganizing as new crystals

Hot, liquid rock beneath the surface of the Earth is termed ____________. a. volatiles b. lava c. brimstone d. magma

d. magma

The protolith subjected to metamorphism __________.

d. may belong to any of the three primary rock type

The thickness of oceanic lithosphere is ____________. a. greatest near the mid-ocean ridges and thins out away from the ridges b. uniformly 100 km c. greatest at the geographic poles and least near the equator d. least near the mid-ocean ridges and thickens away from the ridges

d. least near the mid-ocean ridges and thickens away from the ridges

Long-term prediction of earthquake behavior ____________. a. is based on past earthquake activity b. works on the principle that zones of past seismicity will be active in the future c. includes the notion of seismic gaps—places where an earthquake is "overdue" d. All of the above are correct.

d. All of the above are correct.

The metallic content of Earth's core is ____________. a. likely similar to what has been found in metallic meteorites b. partly liquid and partly solid c. an iron alloy (mostly iron with a few other elements mixed in) d. All of the above are correct.

d. All of the above are correct.

Earth's surface is protected from solar wind and cosmic radiation by ____________. a. a large, metallic shield launched into orbit by NASA in the 1960s b. a powerful stream of ions emitted by the Sun c. Earth's gravitational field d. Earth's magnetic field

d. Earth's magnetic field

Which of the following is NOT an example of sediment? Select one: a. sand b. ground-up seashells c. cobbles on a beach d. None of the above are correct.

d. None of the above are correct.

Leftovers from the protoplanetery disk that formed our Solar System after the Big Bang can be found where? a. Interplanetary space b. Kuiper belt c. Heliosphere d. Oort cloud

d. Oort cloud

Which national park is home to a large volcanic caldera formed through a very large explosive eruption 630,000 years ago? a. Acadia b. Carlsbad Caverns c. Great Smoky Mountains d. Yellowstone

d. Yellowstone

A dike is a. a sheetlike intrusion that lies parallel to surrounding layers of sedimentary rock b. a cooled layer of lava c. an intrusion formed within the magma chamber of a volcano d. a sheetlike intrusion that cuts across preexisting layers

d. a sheetlike intrusion that cuts across preexisting layers

Earthquakes are most frequent near coastlines that are termed ____________. a. geodesic margins b. passive margins c. aseismic margins d. active margins

d. active margins

The image below shows ___________, where a hot liquid rises into a cooler material, and heat then conducts from the hot liquid into the cooler material. a. conduction b. convection c. radiation d. advection

d. advection

Hot spot volcanoes a. can arise form the ocean floor b. can arise on the continents c. may arise in the interior of lithospheric plates d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Igneous rocks a. are formed through the freezing of a melt b. can be produced at the surface of the earth as well as deep below the surface c. are the most common type of rocks within earth d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Obsidian a. is volcanic glass b. possesses conchoidal fracture c. typically is felsic in composition d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Pahoehoe a. forms when basaltic lava flows cease flowing and solidify simultaneously b. has a smoother texture than aa c. is easier to walk on than aa is d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Whether an eruption will primarily produce lava flows or pyroclastic debris is influenced by a. the viscosity of the lava b. the composition of the lava c. the proportion of volatiles within the lava d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Which of the following is part of the process that leads to the exhumation of metamorphic rocks? a. isostatic rebound of earth's surface b. mountain belts collapsing c. erosion d. all of the above are correct

d. all of the above are correct

Metamorphism may be induced by_________. a. contact with a hot pluton b. contact with hot groundwater c. heat and pressure associated with deep burial d. all of the above are correct

d. all of the above are correct.

Metamorphism, in broadest terms, involves_________.

d. changes in mineralogy and texture in response to heat and stress

Which of the following processes CANNOT occur in the formation of metamorphic rock?

d. complete remelting if the rock, followed by solidification to from a new rock

The mineral assemblage within metamorphic rock is _____________.

d. dependent on both the mineral assemblage of the protolith and the temperature and pressure of formation

A surface along which rock on opposed sides is offset by earthquake-induced slip is called a ____________. a. joint b. fold c. wall d. fault

d. fault

A primary force opposing motion on all faults is ____________. a. gravity b. Van der Waal's force c. magnetic attraction among iron-rich minerals d. friction

d. friction

At any point along the surface of an oblique (nonvertical) fault, the ____________. a. footwall lies to the left of the hanging wall b. hanging wall lies to the left of the footwall c. footwall lies vertically above the hanging wall d. hanging wall lies vertically above the footwall

d. hanging wall lies vertically above the footwall

The region of space that contains the material of our Solar System (shown below) is termed the ____________. a. cryosphere b. Oort cloud c. lithosphere d. heliosphere

d. heliosphere

Hot spots are caused by ____________. a. factors that remain completely unknown at this time b. unusually dense concentrations of radioactive isotopes at various points in the crust c. friction due to the lithosphere sliding atop the asthenosphere d. hot plumes of mantle material that rises up through cooler, denser surrounding rock

d. hot plumes of mantle material that rises up through cooler, denser surrounding rock

The point within Earth where an earthquake takes place is termed the ____________. a. epicenter b. vertex c. eye of the fault d. hypocenter (focus)

d. hypocenter (focus)

As compared to the density of the asthenosphere, the oceanic lithosphere is ____________. a. always more dense b. always less dense c. initially more dense at the age of formation, but eventually becomes less dense d. initially less dense at the age of formation, but eventually becomes more dense

d. initially less dense at the age of formation, but eventually becomes more dense

The formation of magma within earth is not caused by which of the following processes? a. decompression b. addition of volatiles c. transfer of heat from adjacent magma or very hot rocks d. loss of volatiles to the atmosphere

d. loss of volatiles to the atmosphere

Oceanic lithosphere thickens away from the mid-ocean ridge primarily due to ____________. a. the addition of new crust due to sedimentation b. the addition of new crust due to hot-spot volcanism c. reasons that geologists cannot determine at present d. the addition of new lithospheric mantle as a result of cooling

d. the addition of new lithospheric mantle as a result of cooling

According to Archimedes' principle of buoyancy, an iceberg sinks until _____________. a. the total mass of the water displaced equals 80% of the mass of the iceberg b. about 60% of the iceberg is underwater c. the total mass of the iceberg is underwater d. the total mass of the water displaced equals the total mass of the whole iceberg

d. the total mass of the water displaced equals the total mass of the whole iceberg

At the earth's surface, potassium feldspar react with water to form clay; this is an example of __________.

d. weathering

The Wadati-Benioff zone is a belt of earthquakes found ____________. a. within an otherwise stable continental interior b. within an overriding plate at a subduction zone c. along mid-ocean ridges d. within a downgoing plate at a subduction zone

d. within a downgoing plate at a subduction zone

1. Ways to decrease pressure?

decompression melting

Mafic magmas form at mid-ocean ridges by

decompression melting and at hot spots.

Continental crust rises higher because it is less _____________ than oceanic crust.

dense

As compared to continental crust, the rocks that make up oceanic crust are ____________.

denser

The metal alloy that makes up the core of Earth is ________, as compared to the rocky mantle.

denser

Whether an eruption will primarily produce lava flows or pyroclastic debris is NOT influenced by the ________ the source magma.

depth and resistance time of

Metamorphism occurs at temperatures between ________ and ________.

diagenesis; melting

The design and concept of sea floor spreading was designed by who?

dietz and hess

The shape of Earth's magnetic field is approximately that of a ________.

dipole (such as that produced by a bar magnet)

the shape of earths magnetic field is approximately that of a

dipole, such as that produced by a bar magnet

Mid-ocean ridges are ____________.

divergent plate boundaries

Natural glass is not considered a mineral, because it?

does not have a fixed crystalline structure

not erupted for thousands of years but can still erupt

dormant

The apparent polar-wander path obtained from magnetite crystals in basalts on the North American continent is now interpreted to be primarily the result of ________.

drifting of the North American continent

A hot body of rock is more likely to exhibit ____________ than is a cold body of rock. Question options: brittle behavior ductile behavior

ductile behavior

Columnar joints form when ________

during the final stages of cooling, a lava flow contracts, forming tall polygonal fractures

Humans first realized that the Earth was spherical

during the time of Aristotle in ancient Greece

________ metamorphism affects the greatest volumes of rock and produces the greatest variety in metamorphic rock types.

dynamothermal (regional )

in the heliocentric model

earth orbits around the sun

At transform plate boundaries ____________.

earthquakes are common, but volcanoes are absent

Nonviolent eruptions characterized by extensive flows of basaltic lava are termed ________.

effusive

which eruption mainly produce lava flow?

effusive eruption

where does rhyolitic lava accumulate?

either above the vent in a dome-like mass or in short and bulbous flows

Pyroclastic falls?

ejected fragments that fall through the air

The elevation of a mountain is slowly decreased by weathering and ________.

erosion

According to the Big Bang theory, our Universe is ________.

expanding

Felsic magma tends to form ________ eruptions.

explosive and effusive

which eruption mainly produces clouds and pyroclastic debris?

explosive eruptions

never erupt again

extinct

Volcanic =

extrusive

The smoky cloud that rises from the vent of an actively erupting volcano is composed of ____________.

fine volcaniclastic debris (ash) suspended in the air

The cloud that rises from the vent of an actively erupting volcano is composed of ________.

fine volcanoclastic debris (ash) suspended in the air

magma erupting along a linear tear

fissure

Slaty cleavage, schistosity, and compositional banding are all examples of ________.

foliation

What type of weathering are you likely to find occurring in areas with cold climates?

frost wedging

why does lava blast in an explosive eruption?

gas-pressure builds up

The rate at which the temperature of the Earth increases with depth is called the _________________ gradient.

geothermal

Pillow Lava

glass encrusted basalt blobs that form when magma extrudes on the seafloor and cools very quickly

Pyroclastic flows?

go downhill or spread downhill laterally under gravity

Clastic sedimentary rocks are primarily classified on the basis of ________.

grain size

Regions of the sea floor with positive magnetic anomalies were formed during times when Earth's magnetic field ________.

had normal polarity

Regions of the sea floor with negative magnetic anomalies were formed during times when Earth's magnetic field ________.

had reversed polarity

Which common mineral is found in most kitchens?

halite

Properties used in mineral identification include

hardness streak cleavage luster

All basalts younger than 700,000 years old ________.

have normal magnetic polarity

Wegners idea of continental drift was rejected by American geologists because:

he could not conceive of a valid mechanism that would cause continents to shift positions

As large amounts of magma moves up from below, more ___

heat is brought near the surface.

b

hermal (contact) metamorphism produces ____________. a. foliated rocks only b. nonfoliated rocks only c. both foliated and nonfoliated rocks

explosive eruptions have what kind of lava?

high-viscosity lava (andesitic and rhyolitic)

Because of the Doppler effect, a light- or sound-emitting object moving toward you has a ________ compared to a stationary object.

higher frequency

The Hawaiian island chain is an example of a(n) ________.

hot spot island chain

The Hawaiian island chain is an example of a(n) ____________.

hot-spot island chain

Hawaii is an example of ____________.

hot-spot volcanism

By far the most common elements in the Universe and in our Solar System are ________.

hydrogen and helium

At a subduction zone, the downgoing (subducting) plate ____________.

is always composed of oceanic lithosphere

Thermal (contact) metamorphism occurs ____________.

in areas surrounding igneous intrusions

The age of oceanic crust ____________ with increasing distance from a mid-ocean ridge.

increases

With increasing distance from a mid-ocean ridge, the age of oceanic crust ________.

increases

The densest layer of Earth is the ________.

inner core

Chemical weathering involves the breakdown of material due to ________.

interaction with water and air

Plutonic =

intrusive

The Moho ____________.

is found deeper underneath continents than under oceans

Most terrestrial volcanic glass ____________.

is highly silicic in composition

If we mentally align the continents to fit Wegners concept of Pangea evidence of late Paleozoic glacial deposits:

is much more readily explained than in the modern continental configuration

________ commonly serves as a protolith in the formation of marble.

limestone

The thickness of oceanic lithosphere is ____________.

least near the mid-ocean ridges and thickens away from the ridges

For the majority of minerals, the streak color obtained when the mineral is scratched against a porcelain plate is

less variable than the color in hand sample among crystals

For the majority of minerals, the streak color obtained when a mineral is scratched against an unglazed porcelain plate (i.e. a streak plate) is?

less variable than the color in hand samples among crystals of the same mineral

E-horizon

light colored mineral particle. Zone of eluviation and leaching

Foliation is the alignment of ________ in a metamorphic rock.

minerals

zone of fractured rock that contains a large quantity of magma

magma chamber

If you were using both a compass and a map marked with latitude and longitude to navigate, you might note the angle difference between your compass and what is marked on the map, called ________.

magnetic declination

What does an ordinary compass indicate?

magnetic north

Marine magnetic anomalies result from seafloor spreading in conjunction with ________.

magnetic polarity reversals

Where Earth's magnetic dipole intersects with the surface of the planet is called the ________.

magnetic pole

Which mineral is integral to paleomagnestim?

magnetite

4. Ways to decrease pressure?

mantle plumes

Evidence that the South American and African continents were once joined includes evidence from their coastlines such as:

matching fossil distributions

Predicting eruptions what is example of change in heat flow:

melting slow on volcano summit "might" suggest a future eruption

A buried body of shale is subjected to differential stress, causing clay minerals to realign and produce slate. This is an example of ________.

metamorphism

Marine magnetic anomaly belts run parallel to ________.

mid-ocean ridges

A-horizon

mineral matter mixed with some humus

Rhyolitic lava flow is ____

most viscous of all lavas

In 79 C.E., the citizens of Pompeii in the Roman Empire were buried by pyroclastic debris derived from an eruption of ________.

mount Vesuvius

At a convergent plate boundary, two opposed plates ____________.

move toward one another

Clay minerals within a slate are changed into mica minerals due to the application of heat to a rock. This is an example of ________ Group of answer choices

neocrystallization

Presently, Earth's atmosphere is dominated by which two gases?

nitrogen and oxygen

ocean-ocean divergence =

ocean ridge

The most recently formed portion of any crystal is always found

on its outer edges

The discovery that each continent had different and separate polar-wander paths such as those in the figure below proved that ________

only the continents move

Minerals utilized by humans as a source of metal are termed

ore minerals

An episode of mountain building is termed a(n) ____________. Question options: orogeny phylogeny aureole slickenside

orogeny

Which type of weathering process is happening to materials when they rust?

oxidation

The silica tetrahedron that forms the backbone of all silicate minerals is composed of silicon and what other element?

oxygen

andesitic and felsic magmas originate from

partial melting of subducting mafic ocean crust which has had water added to it assimilation of pieces of continental crust, which is usually felsic.

Mafic (basaltic) magmas originate from ____

partial melting of ultramafic rock in the mantle.

C-horizon

partially altered parent material

Which rock composes the Earth's mantle?

peridotite

According to the figure below, marine magnetic anomalies lay roughly ________ to mid-ocean ridges.

perpendicular

Intrusive igneous rocks

phaneritic texture

Which basaltic lava flow is under water?

pillow lava

The primary difference between breccia and conglomerate is that conglomerate ________.

possesses more rounded grains than breccia

Preexisting rock that is subsequently altered to form a metamorphic rock is termed a ________.

protolith

Ash, cinders, and blocks are all types of ________.

pyroclastic debris

A mixture of air, hot ash, and pumice lapilli that rushes down the side of a volcano in a scalding avalanche is termed a(n) ________.

pyroclastic flow

volcanic hazards

pyroclastic flows lahar ash fall/clouds tsunami climate change acid rain

A mineral that commonly shows conchoidal fracture is

quartz

Two common metamorphic rocks that typically lack foliation are ________ and ________.

quartzite; marble

Whereas the crust-mantle boundary represents a change in rock type, the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary is due to a change in the _____________ of the material.

rheology

Which lava flow has the highest viscosity?

rhyolitic

Hotspots are produced by mantle plumes that are composed of mafic magma; however, Yellowstone is a hotspot that erupts more explosively because the hotspot ________.

rises through the continental crust

terrestrial planets are mainly composed of

rock and metals

Dynamothermal (regional) metamorphism occurs when ________.

rock becomes deeply buried during continental collision and mountain building

Pahoehoe is?

ropy

________ commonly serves as a protolith in the formation of quartzite.

sandstone

Of the three primary forms of subaerial volcanoes, ____________ have the most gently sloping sides, due to

shield volcanoes

A fine-grained clastic sedimentary rock that splits into thin sheets is ________.

shale

what type of volcano is this? -broad -hawaii -above hot spots

shield volcano

Most rock-forming minerals are

silicates

The most common minerals within Earth are ________.

silicates

Volatile materials can exist as a gas at Earth's surface. Which of the following is NOT a volatile material?

silicon

Biochemical limestones are dominated by carbonate mud and fragments of ________.

skeletons of marine invertebrates made of calcite and aragonite

Which list properly orders metamorphic rocks from lowest grade to highest grade?

slate, phyllite, schist, and gneiss

As compared to mafic igneous rocks, all felsic igneous rocks ________. cool and solidify more quickly cool and solidify more slowly solidify at higher temperatures solidify at lower temperatures

solidify at lower temperatures

In Wegners evidence for continental drift continents were proposed to fit together such as:

the east coast of South America with the lower west coast of Africa

The Eyjafjallajokull eruption of 2010 was particularly disruptive to air traffic because

the jet stream was passing over Iceland at the time

Every plate boundary can be recognized by ____________.

the presence of an earthquake belt

Whether an eruption will primarily produce lava flows or pyroclastic debris is influenced by ____________.

the proportion of volatiles within the lava the viscosity of the lava the composition of the lava all answers are possible

By deep-sea drilling, the Glomar Challenger proved the theory that if the model of seafloor spreading was correct, then seafloor sediment should be ________ and ________ as one moves away from the spreading axis.

thicker; older

What is significant about the Navajo Sandstone?

thickest and most prominent of the Jurassic cross-bedded sandstones

If the climate in an area has very little rainfall, what would be the characteristics of the soil in the area?

thin, with very little organic material

Evidence that glaciers once covered an area might include:

till, and striations

where is a hot spot?

top of a mantle plume, where temperatures can cause melting

Grains become rounded primarily during ________.

transportation

Earth's geothermal gradient is the rate of temperature change incurred by ________.

traversing down within Earth's interior

Earth's geothermal gradient is the rate of temperature change incurred by ____________.

traversing down within Earth's interior

ocean-continental convergence=

volcanic arcs on land

ocean-ocean convergence=

volcanic island arcs

Ash, cinders, and blocks are all types of ____________.

volcaniclastic debris

an opening(vent) in the crust through molten rock(magma) reaches the surface

volcano

What happens to the volcanos shape as magma moves up?

volcano will actually bulge

The map below depicts earthquakes, which primarily coincide with areas where ________

volcanoes also regularly occur

hot-spots=

volcanos within the plate interior

The geocentric model was developed during the time of the ancient Greeks. This model

was held to be true by thinkers throughout the Middle Ages, up until the Renaissance