Geo Chapter 8.1-8.2
Colony
A territory that is legally tied to a sovereign state rather than being completely independent
the UK and France declared war when Nazis invaded Poland, that was clearly not a German-speaking state
After many years if appeasing the Nazis' expansion in Central Europe, _________________________
State: political unit, Nation: cultural unit
Difference between state and nation
It was the principal colonial power in Asia during the first half of the 12th century. It controlled Korean, Taiwan, several, smaller, Pacific Ocean Islands, an a portion of China. Colonial control ended in 1945 with Japan's defeat in WWII.
What Japan have to do with colonialism?
Was primarily in West Africa and Southeast Asia.
What are some examples of France territory?
comprised of 38 provinces, each using the same set of laws that had been created in Rome, massive walls helped the army defend many of the empires frontiers
What are some qualities of the Roman Empire?
Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania
What are the 3 Baltic States?
Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia
What are the 3 Caucasus states?
Belarus, Moldova, Ukraine
What are the 3 European States?
To promote Christianity, to extract useful resources and to serve as captive markets for their products, to establish relative power through the number of colonies claimed
What are the 3 reasons why European states established colonies elsewhere in the world?
Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan
What are the 5 Central Asian States?
Lithuanians: Roman Catholic and speak of the Baltic group within the Balto-Slavic group within the Balto-Slavic branch of the Indo-European language family. {} Latvians: Lutheran with a substantial Roman Catholic minority and they speak a language of the Baltic group. {} Estonians: Protestant (Lutheran) and speak a Uralic language related to Finnish
What are the cultural differences and distinct historical traditions of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania?
Russia took control of Crimea in 1783, and in 1921 it became an autonomous republic within the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, which in turn was a republic within the Soviet Union. In 1954, the Soviet government transferred responsibility for Crimea to the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republics. When the Soviet Union broke up in 1991, Crimea became an autonomous republic in the newly independent Ukraine. In 2014, Russia invaded Crimea and annexed it, claiming that the majority of the Crimean people, who are ethnic Russians, supported the action
What are the details of how Russia took over Crimea?
Mixed collection of nation-states and multinational states. The diversity of states offers geographers a good opportunity o understand the assets and challenges of differences in the ethnic composition of states.
What are the new states in the former Soviet Union clarified as and what does this do for geographers?
Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan are relatively stable nation states while Tajikistan is a nation-state that has suffered
What are the qualities of Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan?
UK and France
What are the two top overseas territory?
Europe; Africa
What continent has least amount of ethnic diversity and which continent had the most amount of ethnic diversity?
Polisario Front; behind a sand berm built by the Moroccan government
What controls the far eastern portion of Sahrawi Republic/Western Sahara and where?
A independent kingdom in the Caucasus. Converted to Christianity in 303 CE, they lived for many centuries as an isolated Christian enclave under the rule of Turkish Muslims
What did Armenians have control over about 3,000 years ago?
They opposed against it and have proclaimed an independent state that hasn't been recognized by other countries
What did most of the inhabitants think about Moldova's reunification with Romania?
DIstrubted northern Azerbaijani teritory to Russia and southern Azerbaijani territory to Persia (now Iran).
What did the 1828 treaty do for Azerbaijan?
Planted colonies on every continent including much of eastern and southern Africa, South Asia, the Middle East, Australia, and Canada.
What did the UK do as an overseas territory and what are some examples of UK territory?
They supported the nationalists during the Civil War, so many American opposed acknowledging that China was under control of the Communists. Consequently, the US continued to regard Nationalists as the official government of China until the 1970s, the United Nations voted to transfer China's seat from the Nationalists to the Communists
What did the US have to do for China?
The conversion of the 15 republics into 15 independent states which can be divided into 5 groups: Three Caucasus states, Three Baltic States, Three European States, Five Central Asian States, and Russia
What did the breakup of USSR in 1991 result into?
China and Taiwan as separate and sovereign states. But according to China and Taiwan's government, Taiwan isn't sovereign but a part of China.
What do people often get mistaken about China and Taiwan?
provide an important reminder that multinational states can be more peaceful than nation-states.
What do the five states in Central Asia do?
claims the territory and to prove it built a 2,700 kilometer wall around it to keep out rebels
What does Morocco have to do with Sahrawi Republic/Western Sahara?
Non-Self-Governing Territories
What does the United Nations classify 17 places as?
There was a war between the Nationalists and the Communists. After losing in 1940s, Nationalist leaders fled to Taiwan, and they proclaimed that they were still legitimate rulers of the entire country of China.
What happened during the Civil War in China?
Turkey and Soviet Union agreed to divide Armenia between them. Now, it is one of the most homogeneous countries in the region.
What happened in 1921 of Armenia?
North invaded into South, sparking a 3-year war that ended in a cease-fire
What happened in 1950 for Korea?
After defeat, Germany divided into 2 states and a massive forced migration of people in Europe, relocated many ethnic groups into the newly demarcated territory of the region's various nation-states
What happened in Europe after WWII?
The allies created an independent state of Armenia, but it was soon dismantled by its neighbors
What happened in WWI in Armenia?
During the 1990s, the Abkhazians fought for control of northwestern Georgia and declared Abkanzia to be independent state. In 2008, the Ossetians fought war with the Georgians that resulted in the South Ossetia portion of Georgia to be independent.
What happened in between Ossetians and Abkhazians in Georgia?
Germany's National Socialists (Nazis) claimed that all German-speaking parts of Europe constituted one nationality and should be unified into 1 state
What happened in the 1930s of Europe?
Ethnic identity became important in Europe. The multinational states of Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, and the Soviet Union were broken up into multiple states.
What happened in the 21st century of Europe?
Began in the 1400s, when the European explorers sailed westward for Asia but encountered and settled in the western Hemisphere instead. Eventually, the European states lost most of their Western Hemisphere colonies: Independence was declared by the US in 1776 and by most Latin American states between 1800 and 1824
What happened in the colonial era?
Earth's surface was organized into city-states, empires, kingdoms, and small land areas that controlled by a heredity class of nobles
What happened to Earth's surface prior to 1800s?
They suffered from a civil war between Tajiks who were former Communists, and an unusual alliance of Muslim fundamentalists and Western-oriented intellectuals.
What happened to Tajikistan?
It collapsed after a series of attacks by people living on its frontiers and internal disputes
What happened to the Roman Empire in the 5th century?
Kyrgyz and Uzbek; Both are Muslims who speak Altaic languages. The conflict between the two ethnicities led to the overthrow of successive presidents in the first decade of the 21st century as well as violence in 2010 that included charges of ethnic cleansing of hundreds of thousands of Uzbeks by Kyrgyz.
What is Kyrgyzstan mostly comprised of and what is the relationship between the two?
Belarus has made a peaceful transition from Soviet republic to independent nation-state, but Moldova and Ukraine have experienced ethnic tensions and have had open warfare.
What is a big difference between Belarus <-> Moldova and Ukraine?
Singapore: walls were boundaries of the city, and outside the walls, the city controlled agricultural land to produce food for urban residents
What is an example of a present-day city-state?
Czechoslovakia: split into Czechia and Slovakia in 1993; Yugoslavia: The breakup of Yugoslavia included a peaceful conversion of Slovenia in 1991 from a republic in multinational Yugoslavia to a nation-state
What is an example of a successful and failed nations state in Europe? (successful; failed)
Both achieved long-held aspirations of forming nation-states, but after their Independence from the Soviet Union, the two went to war over boundaries between them.
What is more info about the relationship between Armenians and Azerbaijanis?
Black and Caspian Seas; the mountains that separate Russia from Azerbaijan and Georgia
What is the Caucasus region situated between and what does it get its name from?
How the development of states in ancient times can be traced to a region of Southwest Asia, has formed an arc between the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean Sea, and made crossroads of Europe, Asia, and Africa.
What is the Fertile Crescent? (where have they developed states, formed an arc between, made crossroads of)
Kazakhstan is a relatively peaceful multinational states divided between Kazahs. While Kyrgyzstan is a multinational state that has suffered from ethnic conflict.
What is the difference between Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan?
Mesopotamia
What is the eastern end of the Fertile Cresent?
Vatican and Monanco; Nauru
What is the first and second smallest micro-state; what is the smallest island state?
Japan controlled the islands since 1890s, expect between 1940s and 1970s, when the United States administered them after defeating Japan in WWII. China and Taiwan claim that the islands historically belonged to China until the Japanese government illegally seized them in 1890s. And Japan's position is that China didn't state that it had sovereignty over the uninhabited islands back in 1890s, when Japan claimed them. To bolster their claims, China and Japan have both established air defense zones in the East China Sea with conflicting boundaries.
What is the history of controlling over the Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands?
Pitcairn Island; it is part of the UK.
What is the least-populated colony and what is it part of?
North Korea; ever since 1948
What is the world's poorest and most isolated countries and for how long?
Baltic states; On the Baltic Sea
What kind of states are Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania known as and where are they located?
The war concerned possession of Artsakh, an enclave within Azerbaijan that is inhabited primarily by Armenians but placed under Azerbaijan's control by the Soviet Union during the 1920s. A 1994 cease-fire has left Artsakh technically part of Azerbaijan, but in reality it acts as an independent republic.
What occurred in the war for boundaries between Armenians and Azerbaijanis?
Tested nuclear weapons and long-range missiles, even though the country lacks the ability to provide its citizens with food, electricity, and other basic needs
What was North Korea used for?
To divide Europe into a collection of nation-states, using the language as the principal criterion for identifying ethnic groups
What was the goal of allied leaders in Europe?
Armenia and Azerbaijan are both statistically good nation-states, but they fought over demarcating boundaries between two ethnic groups. Georgia is a multinational state experiencing uprising and independence movements by several of its ethnic groups.
What was the status of Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia?
Territories that are uninhabited and inhabited that considers to have a considerable autonomy in self-governing; Puerto Rico, Greenland, Hong Kong and Macao
What were the conditions the UN didn't allow as colonies and what are examples?
They are ethnically indistinguishable from each other, and Moldova was part of Romania until the Soviet Union seized it in 1940. When Moldova changed from a Soviet republic to an independent country in 1992, many Moldovans pushed for reunification with Romania, both to reunify the ethnic group and to improve the region's prospects for economic development
Whats the relationship between Moldovans and Romanians?
WWII
When African and Asian colonies become more independent?
From Russians when they were isolated from each other after invasions and conquests by Mongolians, Poles, and Lithuanians beginning in the 13th century
When did Belarusians and Ukrainians become distinct ethnicites?
Europe; After WWI, which engulfed nearly all of Europe, leader of victorious countries met at the Versailles Peace Conference to redraw the map of Europe.
When did the concept of nation-states first develop and how?
Between the end of WWI in 1918 and 1940, when the former Soviet Union annexed them under an agreement with Nazi Germany
When was Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania independent countries?
China, Taiwan, and Japan; East China Sea
Where are Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands claimed by and where were they located?
Between Russia to the east and European democracies to the west
Where is Belarus and Moldova situated?
Southwest Asia and North Africa
Where were that first states that were emerged?
After the US and the former Soviet Union defeated Japan in WWII, the victors divided it.
Why is Korea split between each other?
The territory is occupied by a particular ethnicity never corresponds precisely to the boundaries of countries
Why is there never a perfect nation-state?
Nation
a large group of people who are united by common cultural characteristics
city-states-
a sovereign state that comprises a town and the surrounding countryside
Colonialism
an effort by one country to establish settlements in a territory and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles on that territory
State
political unit ruled by an established government that has control over its internal and external/foreign affairs
Nation-state
state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular nation
BORDER BORDER BORDER BORDER BORDER BORDER BORDER BORDER BORDER BORDER
BORDER BORDER BORDER BORDER BORDER BORDER BORDER BORDER BORDER BORDER
defined boundaries/territories, independent country, sovereignty over land and people within boundaries
Characteristics of States
With the breakdown of the Soviet Union, Russia is now the world's largest multinational state. Russia classifies ethnicties primarily by language family. Russia's constitution grants autonomy over local government affairs to around 2 dozen of the most numerous ethnicities. Local government units with large ethnic population are allowed to designate the ethnic language as an official language in addition to Russia.
How did Russia become a multinational state and what is its overall status as one?
Prospects for a stable nation-state were favorable in independent Ukraine because it possessed economic assets such as coal deposits, a steel industry, and proximity to wealthy countries of Western Europe.
How did the breakup of the Soviet Union affect Ukraine?
Sovereignty
Independence from control of its internal affairs by other states
2 states: Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North) and the Republic of Korea (South); are still the same nationality
Korea: 1 state or 2? One nationality?
Western Sahara, French Polynesia, and New Caledonia
Out of the 17 colonies the United Nations mentioned, what are the top 3 most extensive and populous?
An autonomous until within the Kingdom of Denmark, runs its internal affairs, but Denmark controls foreign affairs and defense
Qualities of Greenland
Hong Kong was a colony of the UK until it reverted to China in 1997, and a year later Portugal returned its colony of Macao. The two have some autonomy in economic matters, but China controls foreign affairs and defense
Qualities of Hong Kong and Macao
A commonwealth of the US, citizens of the US but don't participate in US elections or have a voting member of Congress
Qualities of Puerto Rico
mulitinational state
State that contains more than one nation
least diversity; nation-states
States with the ________ ________ would be the best examples of __________
Micro-states
States with very small land areas
Self-determination
The concept that nations have the right to govern themselves
city-states
The first states to evolve in Mesopotamia were known as _________
