Geo Final
Why do grid coordinate systems, such as UTM, use false origins? To avoid duplication errors. To help adjacent overlapping areas to have the same values in both zones. To help map the polar regions where meridians are close together and converge. To avoid the use of negative values.
To avoid the use of negative values.
Location-based services (LBS)
use real-time geo-data from a mobile device or smartphone to provide information, entertainment or security.
Which is a larger cartographic scale? 1 inch = 10 miles 1:27,000 1:100,000 None of the above.
1:27,000
Which scale is most likely to have the greatest detail? 1 inch = 1 mile 1:27,000 1:100,000,000 None, scale has nothing to do with map feature detail.
1:27,000
What is the equivalent bearing for the direction 'northeast'? a. 90 degrees b. 225 degrees c. 45 degrees d. 315 degrees
45 degrees
Which MGRS coordinate represents an area of 10m2 (10m accuracy)? 4QDK4962157249 (WGS84) 4QDK49625724 (WGS84) 4QDK496572 (WGS84) Zone 4N 449,620mE 2,457,230mN (WGS84) 22.219°, -159.488° (WGS84)
4QDK49625724 (WGS84)
The Universal Transverse Mercator grid system uses ______ zones, each ____° of longitude in width.
60, 6
Convert that azimuth (the answer to Question 9) to a compass azimuth for land navigation. a. 116.8° b. 275.8° c. 296.8° d. 95.8°
95.8°
Which of the following is a datum that uses the center of Earth as the reference point? UTM Mercator NAD 27 NAD 83
NAD 83
Which is not an example of a fiat feature? a. State border b. County boundaries c. River reach lines d. Interstate highway e. Contour lines
Interstate highway
Gerrymandering
A practice intended to establish a political advantage for a particular party or group by manipulating district boundaries. The resulting district is known as a gerrymander....
Monmonier's Eleven Rules for "polishing the cartographic image"
Be shrewdly selective Frame strategically Accentuate the positive If caught, have a story ready Minimize the negative Dazzle with detail Persuade with pap Distract with aerial photographs and historical maps Generalize creatively Enchant with elegance When all else fails, try bribery
Mapping data
Data type (discrete, continuous) Data level (nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio) Map features (point, line, area, volume) All contribute in determination what map type is most effective Symbology and cartographic style (e.g. color scheme, text fonts) are selected after the map type is chosen -cartogram
summary
Features on maps have dimension Data on maps have levels of measurement Different types of maps exist, often specific to a data type (e.g. nominal point) Map mapping methods possible for each type, since symbolization variants are many
Other Terms
Geography - the study of the physical features of the earth and its atmosphere, and of human activity as it affects and is affected by these, including the distribution of populations and resources, land use, and industries. Geoscience - the study of the Earth - its oceans, atmosphere, rivers and lakes, ice sheets and glaciers, soils, its complex surface, rocky interior, and metallic core. This includes many aspects of how living things, including humans, interact with the Earth. Topographic - relating to the arrangement of the physical features of an area Geospatial Intelligence
Directions on Maps
Orthodrome: line of true azimuth, Great Circle Loxodrome (aka Rhumb line): Constant azimuth; directional line that crosses each successive meridian at a constant angle ***projection matters
Spatial Strategies
Place recognition Ability to match the spatial memory of a place with new views of the same place Navigation strategy Policy or rules of thumb that can assist navigation Spatial memory Recallable visual or geographic facts or spatial relations available from long-term memory via learning experiences Mental maps Information integration Ability to synthesize information across multiple sources for use in decision making
Cartographic ethics
Producer vs. consumer responsibility All maps contain uncertainty but hold power All map design decisions are partly subjective A map is a set of errors that have been agreed upon
Air Navigation
Various maps and charts at scales from 1:12K to 1:2M Global coverage at 1:1M WAC; DoD 1:250K JOG Lambert conformal conic: Shows land only Corrected by Notice to Airmen (NOTAM) Overseen by FAA Includes graticule/restrictions/radio navigation by RDF
map uses:
(equal area projection)
Using the diagram, identify the correct form, type of projection, and associated distortion in the answer box. Discuss the graticule AND the Tissot circles as evidence for your answer.
(look back at maps)
Which diagram best represents a transverse Mercator projection?
(none)
What is another common way of communicating 35°50'15"N, 93°32'45"W? -35°50'15", -93°32'45" +35°50'15", +93°32'45" +35°50'15", -93°32'45" -35.8375°, +93.545833
+35°50'15", -93°32'45"
LBS Apps
-Store locators Proximity-based marketing Travel information Roadside assistance Mobile workforce management Fraud prevention
Identify and describe 3 techniques for representing 3-dimensions on a map.
1) Hachure: uses shading to represent topography and 3-D (TICK MARKS) 2) Shaded Relief: uses shadows to show topogaphy 3) Hillshade: uses the relative position of the sun to show shading of elevation and 3-dimension
What are the five map generalization techniques? (10 pts) Provide examples of three. (6 pts)
1) Selection ex: When looking at a map of a city, you can see multiple different back-roads and high-ways, as well as majors roads. However, when zooming out, only the major roads are selected to be shown to avoid crowding. 2) Simplification ex: When looking at a map of a city, you can see that a railway with a line that has short lines going perpendicular to it. However, for smaller scale map extent, those short lines disappear and the railroad becomes just a simpler, single line. 3) Exaggeration 4)Combination ex: There is a map of a small village which identifies every store in a shopping mall with separate point features. However, when making larger scale map extent, there is not enough room for the separate points, so the points combine to make one point, which just labels the mall as a whole. 5)Displacement
Using the Air Force Academy & Vicinity, 1:25,000 map, calculate the grid bearing from the cross on top of the Cadet Chapel to the Observatory south of Faculty Drive. (Note: do not measure the angle using a map protractor) a. 106.3° b. 286.3° c. 16.3° d. 196.3°
106.3°
Using one of the 'Air Force Academy & Vicinity' maps on the classroom whiteboard and the C-Thru map protractor, provide an MGRS grid to the cross on the Cadet Chapel (to 1 meter accuracy).
13SED 09500 +-5m (09495-09505) 17780 +-5m (17775-17785)
Which coordinate below shows a UTM coordinate? 14SND4120091826 41.44167°,−110.6875° 15N 776,810 mE, 2,224,150 mN 41° 26' 30"N, 110° 41' 15'W
15N 776,810 mE, 2,224,150 mN
Using one of the 'Air Force Academy & Vicinity' maps on the classroom whiteboard and an index card, what is the road distance in yards from the water tank in grid square 13SED0915 to the intersection of Academy Drive and Pine Drive.
1600 yards
Standard Products produced by NGA:
1:50,000, 1:100,000 Topographic Line Maps (TLMs) 1:250,000 Joint Operations Graphics (JOGs) 1:500,000 Tactical Pilotage Charts (TPCs) 1:1,000,000 Operational Navigation Charts (ONCs) 1:2,000,000 Jet Navigation Charts (JNCs) 1:5,000,000 Global Navigation and Planning Chart (GNC)
If the map projection uses a secant developable form it will have __ line(s) of tangency.
2
Spatial Reasoning
A mental decision-making, judgement, and understanding process that invokes spatial thinking
Geobrowsers
A search engine for the World Wide Web that conducts searches based on some characteristic of location Replaces map collections or Atlases Examples: National map viewer USGS Google Maps / Google Earth Nasa World wind Many, Many Many
What is a Geobrowser? A link associated with a Wiki page showing you all available map data of a location. A program that allows you to view distortion of different maps. The implementation of graphicacy upon a projection. A web interface to allow you to visualize geospatial data.
A web interface to allow you to visualize geospatial data.
Which of the following are examples of an isoline: a. isotherm b. isobar c. contour d. All the above. e. None of the above. f. Both a. and b.
All the above.
Which country does not have a major GNSS? a. United States b. Russia c. Canada d. India e. China
Canada
Nominal Data/Maps
City names Features by type, e.g. picnic area, mine shaft Soil types, surface geology, land use Roads by number (I-5, Highway 101) Districts by number or name Neighborhoods Street names
Isochrone Maps:
Connecting All Points of Equal Travel Times
Data continuity
Data (and geographic units) can be: Discrete Value is only associated with one place or area Value is uniform within the area Value can be associated with a feature Continuous Value exists at any place in a "field" Values can be measured at places Surface continuity can be inferred -discrete map, continuous map
What is the best approximation of the earth's shape? Note: Semi-minor axis is between the N&S poles. Ellipsoid with Semi-major axis = 6378.13km & Semi-minor axis = 6356.75km Ellipsoid with Semi-major axis = 6356.75km & Semi-minor axis = 6378.13km Ellipsoid with Semi-major axis = 6356.75km & Semi-minor axis = 4378.13km Ellipsoid with Semi-major axis = 4378.13km & Semi-minor axis = 6356.75km
Ellipsoid with Semi-major axis = 6378.13km & Semi-minor axis = 6356.75km
In terms of cartographic generalization, how does displacement impact a map? a. Less important features are omitted b. Adjacent features are merged c. Features are made larger than their actual area d. Features are adjusted to avoid spatial conflict e. Lines are made smoother
Features are adjusted to avoid spatial conflict
Defining "Geospatial"
Geo - of the earth Spatial - tied to place, location Geospatial Information - data associated with a specific location on earth
Which is the most precise model of the earth? Sphere Oblate Spheroid Geoid Ellipsoid
Geoid
What is the intellectual skill needed to communicate with maps, charts, graphs, photos, and visual tools on mobile devices? Cartometry Literacy Graphicacy Numeracy Oracy
Graphicacy
You and your best friends are planning for an epic Spring Break for AY 2019. Provide at least two key planning questions that are good examples of spatial thinking?
How do we navigate through the Grand Canyon? Which river do we take when kayaking in Savannah order to arrive at the Atlantic Ocean? (5/5)
Spatial Thinking
Human's ability to reason and solve problems using maps, graphics, and images -(concepts, representation, reasoning)
Define the term map extent.
Map extent describes the extent of latitude and longitude displayed on the map. It shows how far the longitude goes and the latitude (5/5 points)
3 Positive Goals of Travel
Minimizing travel time (price of fuel) Maximizing Safety Choosing a route that has the least amount of miles traveled
Ordinal data
Mohs scale of mineral hardness Results of a horse race with no times Psychology and other social sciences, e.g. attitudes like preference, conservatism or prejudice ESCI scores
Navigating along a great circle
Need to convert compass bearing to true north Azimuth = bearing Course vs. bearing
Describe cartometric intersection. (7 pts) Describe the steps involved. (7 pts)
Not measuring distances, measure magnetic azimuths, convert to grid azimuths, plot GAs and intersection is unknown point
Interval Data
Numerical scale, but arbitrary zero e.g., meters above sea level Raw population Dollars "Counts", census data, crime stats John Snow's Cholera Deaths in London 1854 -graduated symbol and proportional symbol
Data Dimensions
Point (0) Line (1) Area (2) Volume (3) Data types map onto cartographic symbols
Types of "lying" maps
Promotion Claiming Viewpoint Wartime -promotion using maps, promoting business -claim: texas republic, reclaiming ottoman empire -viewpoint: gerrymandering -wartime propaganda
Data Types
Qualitative - data has classifications that vary in type not quantity Quantitative - data that has a magnitude Levels of Measurement: Nominal: Has name or class only Ordinal: Has rank only Interval: Has value on arbitrary scale (e.g., sea level, Fahrenheit) Ratio: Has value on scale with absolute zero value (e.g. Kelvin)
Ordinal maps
Ranked classes e.g. Village, Town, City Roads (Jeep trail, unsurfaced road, minor road, highway) Zones classed by slope class (0-2%, 2-5%, 5-10%, etc) Priority or status maps -Ordinal Areal: Fire risk
National Geospatial Intelligence Agency (NGA)
Responsible for navigation safety and map standards
Which of the following proves that the earth is an oblate spheroid and not perfectly round? The further south you travel, the lower the north star appears on the horizon. That one degree of latitude is not the same number of meters everywhere. The shadow of the Earth on the moon during a lunar eclipse. Ships disappearing over the horizon.
That one degree of latitude is not the same number of meters everywhere.
Why was the Bedford Level experiment important to geodesy?
The Bedford Level experiment was important to geodesy because it helped prove that the earth was round. By showing that the point along the river changed when distance from that point changed, there was evidence that the earth was not flat because otherwise the angle would not have changed. (4/5 points)
In the feature model, what are the basic units of abstraction? a. The basic units are points, lines, and polygons. b. The basic units are field measurements. c. The basic units are the verbal, graphic, and RF scales. d. The basic units are the projection properties. e. The basic units are title, legend, and the declination diagram.
The basic units are points, lines, and polygons.
Which answer best conceptually describes a GNSS? a. Upon receiving a signal from a device, each of three satellite responds with the coordinates of the device. b. The device receives information from at least four satellites which it uses to compute its coordinates based on its internal clock and trilateration. c. At least three satellites receive a signal from the device. With their known locations, they use trilateration to find the position of the device, and each reports the coordinates, which the device receives and error-checks. d. Four GNSS satellites are in constant communication with the device, calculating its location; the device checks this input from at least three satellites to improve accuracy. e. Upon receiving a signal from a device, at least four satellites communicate to check the location, and the closest SV responds back with the coordinates of the device.
The device receives information from at least four satellites which it uses to compute its coordinates based on its internal clock and trilateration.
What would happen to the graticule if a cylinder of paper were wrapped around the equator of a transparent globe with a light source at its center? The parallels would form converging arcs. The meridians would form straight lines. The meridians would converge at the poles. The meridians would radiate outward from the center of the map. The parallels would form concentric circles.
The meridians would form straight lines.
Spatial Literacy
The minimum skill level of spatial reasoning and thinking compatible with daily life -(graphicacy)
Ratio data
Thematic map showing values Values must scale from an absolute zero Units are normally scientific values or ratios of them e.g., watts/square meter Includes rates of change Can be shown as isolines, can be classed, even though data are continuous -insulation, quantitative flows, choropleth maps
Types of Maps
Thematic maps vs. reference maps Thematic maps show data data have levels and dimension Map legends are key to understanding a thematic map Symbols can be point, line, area (sometimes volume) Data shown comes from levels of measurement - nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio -Well designed maps don't mix types and levels
What is the significance of a line of tangency on a projection? The projection is equivalent. There is no distortion on these lines. The aspect is azimuthal. The developable surface is cylindrical.
There is no distortion on these lines
Which 2 datums are most likely to have similar MGRS coordinates? NAD 83 and NAD 74 NAD 27 and NAD 83 WGS 84 and NAD 83 WGS 84 and WGS 72
WGS 84 and NAD 83
An equatorial planar tangent projection has _____________________. a line of tangency at the equator a point of tangency on the equator a line of tangency along the prime meridian a point of tangency at one of the two poles
a point of tangency on the equator
The three common developable forms used in map projections are: conic, cylindrical, quadrahedronal azimuthal, triangular, quadrahedronal azimuthal, cylindrical, conic
azimuthal, cylindrical, conic
Measuring lengths and bearings of lines on maps is called: a. cartography b. geography c. orienteering d. cartometry
cartometry
Which is not one of the 3 cartographic transformations? Coordinate system Scale Symbology Projection
coordinate system
A horizontal datum is already built into our common map coordinate systems, therefore it is unnecessary to identify the datum when sharing coordinates with another map user.
false
MGRS, unlike UTM, is accurate at large scale because it has one line of tangency which is also its central meridian
false
The EU's Galileo GNSS currently provides the most accurate, globally available system because it has employed the most sophisticated transmitters, overcoming most common GNSS errors.
false
The one exception to the map projection 'rule' that no flat map can be both absolutely conformal and equivalent is a Transverse Mercator.
false
Visualization of the third dimension (elevation) of a mapped area is a fairly recent technique and requires a computer and monitor.
false
We use the Geographic Coordinate System in land navigation due to its ease of use and high level of accuracy in large scale military maps.
false
Contours ___________ and represent height__________. a. are hachures; relatively b. form great circles; above or below sea-level c. are isobars; absolutely d. have set intervals depending on the scale of the map; above a vertical datum e. are one way to represent topology; of the landform
have set intervals depending on the scale of the map; above a vertical datum
network types
hybrid, bus, star, ring, mesh, tree
Which contour line type is labeled with its elevation? a. carrying contours b. closed contour loops c. index contours d. supplemental contours e. None of the above; it depends on the contour interval and the scale of the map.
index contours
Which positioning technique is practiced if a cadet identifies his location on a map from standing at a road intersection, then finding it on the map and then reading the grid? a. resection b. intersection c. inspection d. back azimuth e. GLONASS
inspection
To determine the elevation of a point between contour lines requires ___________. a. extrapolation b. interpolation c. exaggeration d. simulation
interpolation
Choosing a route that has the least amount of miles traveled -enroute navigation
maximum use of e-3 navigation equipment by flying great circle routes -Random Area Navigation (RNAV)/direct routing may be flown according to FLIP -Great Circle Route. The shortest distance between two points on a globe is not always a straight line— it's an arc called a great circle.
network components
nodes and links
The aspect of a map projection is __°, __° or __°. 15, 30, 90 0, 45, 90 0, 15, 30 None of the above.
none of the above
Select the answer that is not a component of a datum? Origin Projection Orientation Ellipsoid parameters
projection
Push LBS
push message (weather bureau) control devices (elevator, personal computers)
Calculating your position by measuring the azimuth to two locations you can identify on a map and in the real world you is called _____________, while determining an unknown location by determining the azimuth from two known locations is called _________________? a. resection, intersection b. identification, intersection c. intersection, resection d. resection, inspection
resection, intersection
You are comparing a standard military 1:50,000 scale map to the 1:250,000 map covering the same region. What are the most critical to least critical generalization techniques used to decrease scale? a. symbolization, selection, exaggeration b. symbolization, elimination, enlargement c. selection, simplification, displacement d. prioritization, symbolization, enlargement
selection, simplification, displacement
Which was an important element of Eratosthenes size of the earth computation? Compass Theodolite Astrolabe Shadow
shadow
Dykstra's algorithm
shortest path between nodes maximize your time
The level of required map generalization has an inverse relationship to map scale.
true
To accurately map a location in all three dimensions, the cartographer needs both a horizontal and vertical datum.
true
According to the "Rule of Vs", when a stream crosses a contour line on a map, the contour line makes the shape of a V facing ________ (hint: the direction the V is pointing). a. downstream (where the water is headed) b. south c. upstream (where the water is coming from) d. north e. backwards
upstream (where the water is coming from)
Numerical data: Interval or Ratio
• Interval data places values along a regular numeric scale (arbitrary zero) - Supports addition/subtraction - Temperature, pH, elevation, raw population data • Ratio data places values along a regular scale with a meaningful zero point - Supports addition, subtraction, multiplication, division - Rainfall, median rent • Displayed using many options in Quantities
Nominal data
• Names or uniquely identifies objects - State names - Owner of parcel - Tax ID number - Parcel ID Number • Each feature likely to have its own value • Usually portrayed on a map as Single Symbol with labels or Unique Values
Nominal data: Categorical
• Places features into defined number of distinct categories • Category names may be text or numeric • Portrayed by Unique Symbols
Ordinal data
• Places features into ranked categories or along an arbitrary scale - Low, Medium, High slope - Village, Town, City - Assistant, Associate, Full professor -Grade A,B,C,D,F -Portrayed as Unique Symbols but choosing variations in symbol size or color to indicate increase
Networks
• Planar; lines do not cross • Non-planar; every node to every node; redundancies -Links can be symmetric (work both ways), and non-symmetric
