geo hw 14

Water ________________ when it is heated, making the density _____________

expands decrease.

Assume the Earth has received 300,000 units of radiant energy. You have captured an organism that contains 6 units of radiant energy. To which trophic level does this organism belong?

trophic level 4

Temperatures in the deep oceans are ________ at low latitudes compared to high latitudes.

about the same

3. The Sun penetrates surface waters enough at _________________ to create a thermocline.

low latitudes

Assuming the Earth receives 100,000 units of radiant energy from the Sun, how much energy does phytoplankton capture to use for food?

2,000 units

Imagine you are swimming in the open ocean at a location near the equator. Based on the following data, can you determine how deep you would need to dive to reach a water temperature of 19°C? Seawater temperature at the surface: 24°C Thermocline at 300 and 1000 meters depths: 1°C decrease per 50 meters of depth

550 meters

Assume that the Earth receives 400,000 units of radiant energy from the Sun and phytoplankton has already consumed some of it. Zooplankton has now consumed the phytoplankton. How many units of radiant energy has the zooplankton received?

800 units

Zooplankton will experience a second bloom later on in the year. However, the conditions that create this second annual bloom will be slightly different than those of the first bloom. Describe what those might be and how they will affect the second bloom.

Although the amount of sunlight is decreasing, the overturning of the shallow thermocline brings more nutrients to the surface, resulting in a small peak in the amount of phytoplankton, which creates a small peak in the amount of zooplankton after a lag.

What factor can influence the maximum depth where photosynthesis can take place?

Clarity of seawater

Which of the following statements is best supported by the data in the NDVI and Chlorophyll folder?

In this dataset, Lake Erie has relatively higher levels of chlorophyll than the rest of the Great Lakes.

Which of the following pairings of Leaf Index layer to month is the most likely based on the data shown by the layers in the Leaf Index folder?

Leaf Index 1 = January, Leaf Index 2 = July

The most abundant salt in seawater is ________.

NaCl

What is the main difference between phytoplankton and zooplankton?

Phytoplankton produces food via photosynthesis whereas zooplankton must eat food.

Which of the following organisms would be considered benthic or benthos organisms?

coral marine worms

1. A cloudy euphotic zone would affect ___________ by restricting their ability to obtain sunlight for photosynthesis.

phytoplankton

Organisms, such as algae and bacteria, that drift with ocean currents are known as ________.

plankton

What kind of marine organisms are present in this figure?

plankton

The total amount of solid material dissolved in water is known as ________.

salinity

At which time(s) of year will the thermocline be upset, resulting in mixing of the different layers of water and nutrients?

start and end of summer

What is the ultimate energy source for all life on Earth?

the Sun

What is the thermocline?

the boundary between warm, nutrient-poor water and cold, nutrient-rich water

6. The euphotic zone accounts for ___________ space and distance in the ocean water.

vertical

Which of the following organisms would be considered nektonic or nekton organisms?

whale octopus

Which of the image layers in the Primary Productivity folder represents the latest month in the calendar year?

E

Polar regions have months of nonstop darkness in the winter, and months of sunlight in the summer. This greatly reduces the amount of photosynthetic organisms in these regions, organisms that rely upon sunlight to produce their energy. Productivity of photosynthetic organisms (the producers) are important because they synthesize complex organic molecules that other organisms require. Phytoplankton, such as microscopic diatoms, are: photosynthetic organisms that drift with ocean currents at the surface, or euphotic zone, where sunlight is strongest; considered producers because their cells convert light energy from the Sun to chemical energy that can fuel their own metabolism and other animals (consumers) when the producers are preyed upon; and organisms that cannot live in the aphotic zone, which are deeper waters where sunlight does not penetrate. Zooplankton, such as microscopic copepods, feed on phytoplankton, and their productivity patterns follow those of phytoplankton. Review the following graph which conveys data about biological productivity in polar regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Can you label the curves correctly for which relates to phytoplankton and which relates to zooplankton? Label other features on the graph.

1 )Red Line - Line for Phytoplankton 2) Blue Line - Line for Zooplankton This line follows the trend of red line of Phytoplankton. 3) Approximately November to February - Continuous Darkness 4) Approximately March to October - Continuous Sunlight Because this is Northern Hemisphere 5) Red Peak - Diatom Population Peaks, because they are primary producers with hep of sunlight 6) Blue Peak - Copepod Population Peaks

Review the following map and water samples. Samples A and B were taken from the Atlantic Ocean at two different locations. Samples C and D were taken from the Red Sea and the Baltic Sea. Unfortunately, the samples got mixed up in the lab. We know A and B were from the Atlantic Ocean and C and D are from the seas, but no one knows which locations. Can you determine where each sample was from? Use what you know about relative salinity and its global variation. Label the samples accordingly and complete the two sentences with labels that correctly describe seasonal sea ice melt and seawater freezing and the relationship to salinity. Samples were collected at the locations of the circles on the map.

Answer no 1 Location that experience seasonal sea water freezing have increased salinity in the surrounding seawater during that time. When water freezes, it form sea ice which expel out salt into surrounding water and increase the salinity of surrounding seawater. Answer no 2 Location that experience seasonal ice melting have decreased salinity in the surrounding sea water during that time. Answer no 3 Sample A which has high salinity content and taken from Atlantic ocean represent just east of the Bahamas Answer no 4 Sample B which has moderate to low salinity is represent off the West coast of Africa near the equator. Answer no 5 Sample C which has high salinity content is taken from Red Sea. Answer no 6 Sample D which moderate to low salinity content, is taken from Baltic Sea.

Productivity is largely controlled by the magnitude of sunlight and water mixing, which moves nutrients. The amount of mixing that can occur, in turn, is controlled by a layer of ocean water called the thermocline. This layer: is typically between 300 and 1000 meters, is characterized by the rapid change of water temperature with depth, is most pronounced in lower-latitude ocean waters, and prevents mixing of surface and deeper waters. Nutrients from cold waters below cannot get to the surface. The thermocline affects the biological productivity that was described in the introduction. The strength of the thermocline changes seasonally, meaning the magnitude of temperature variation throughout the layer change. Springtime is most productive because the Sun warms the water, but the thermocline has not yet strengthened following the previous winter. The lower summertime productivity results from summer waters heating, resulting in a thermocline that keeps deeper nutrient-rich waters from mixing with the surface waters. A weakening thermocline in the fall increases mixing. The thermocline is weakest in winter, permitting more mixing, although productivity is lowest during this time because there is little sunlight available to organisms. The affects of the thermocline are most pronounced in mid-latitude regions, where the thermocline strength changes seasonally. Along the equator in the tropics, the thermocline is present year round. Productivity is challenged in tropical oceans due to inaccessible nutrients in the cold waters below the thermocline. Which statements correctly explain why biological productivity in the tropical ocean is so meager when compared to biological productivity on land in tropical environments?

The permanent thermocline presents a barrier that keeps nutrients in deeper water from mixing with surface waters. Sunlight penetrates deep into the tropical ocean, warming the surface waters and creating stratification of water masses.

Which of the following statements is best supported by the data in the Insolation layer?

The regions of highest and lowest insolation in the contiguous United States are both located in the western part of the country.

When there is a spike in the number of phytoplankton, what will happen to the number of zooplankton?

There will be a corresponding increase in the number of zooplankton, but there will be a lag between their peak and that of the phytoplankton.

Both salinity and temperature affect ocean water density, but temperature has the bigger influence upon density. Seawater is warmest at the surface of the ocean. Water expands where it is warm, which decreases its density. This demonstrates that the two variables are inversely related—when one goes up, the other goes down. Review the graph below. The y axis shows ocean depth at a location near the equator. The depth of the ocean surface is zero. Label the two curves for ocean water temperature and density variation with depth. Label the other features on the graph.

green = density blue = temperature 1000-300 = thermocline 3000-600 = water at maximum density 3000-1000 = water temperature constant, few degrees above freezing blue and green = inversely related

5. Productivity in this area would become ____________.

low

Fish most commonly live ________.

near islands and continents

A _______ is a marine organism that swims throughout the water column.

nekton

3. Because phytoplankton are considered _____________, animals that feed on them would suffer when their productivity is low.

producers

At high latitudes, the Sun does not warm surface waters like it does in the tropics. Hence, water temperature stays constant with depth. In other words, no thermocline exists. This type of water column is said to be isothermal. Similar to temperature, density change with depth differs by latitude. A pycnocline is a layer of ocean water that changes density rapidly that also exists between 300 and 1000 meters depth. This is similar to the thermocline mentioned in the introduction, but when temperature is high, density is low, and vice versa. As you might expect, the pycnocline (pycno = density, cline = slope) is a low-latitude feature. High-latitude ocean waters are isopycnal, or constant in density throughout the entire water column. Just as the thermocline prevents mixing of surface waters with the water below, so does the pycnocline. Imagine a researcher aboard an oceanographic vessel collects samples from the water column, extending from the surface to 3000 meters depth. Sample analyses shows that the water is isopycnal. Which of the following statements correctly define what this means and why?

The sample analyses show there is no pycnocline present. The samples must have been taken from a location in the ocean at high latitude. The temperature of the water column is constant throughout its depth.

Seawater contains ________ of the natural occurring elements on earth. most a few about half all

all

4. Nonphotosynthetic organisms in the ____________ will not likely be as affected by thick clouds of sediment in the water.

aphotic zone

6. Both the thermocline and pycnocline present a _____________ to mixing between near surface waters and deep ocean depths.

barrier

5. In lower latitudes where a thermocline exists, as we drop down from the surface through ocean water, water density will ___________while water temperature will respond inversely.

increase

4. We expect a water column to be ___________ for density at high latitudes.

isopycnal

2. Water that is ______________ will be represented by a straight line on a graph showing variations in temperature with depth.

isothermal

Among the following choices, which would be an example of an apex predator?

killer whales humans

When the thermocline is periodically upset during the year, certain materials will be mixed that will result in the greatest productivity of phytoplankton. Which materials will have the greatest effect on these organisms when mixed?

nutrients and sunlight

2. As a result of this storm, ______________ could suffer from a reduced population of phytoplankton to feed on.

zooplankton