GEOG 101 - Test 3

The rate at which rocks weather depends upon

All of the above

Tiny clay particles in the soil that attract cations are called?

Colloids

A stream's flow rate is called

Discharge

Watersheds are defined by

Drainage divides

According to the textbook soil acidity caused by humans is one of the three major problems.

False

Soils are an interface between plate tectonics and the hydrological cycle

False

Steam-related processes are termed:

Fluvial

The four mechanical forces that act on the down-slope movement of geologic materials are

Gravity, friction, cohesion, pore water pressure

Frost wedging involves

Hydraulic action of water freezing between rocks

Which of the following ions are important for acidity (pH)?

Hydrogen

Knowledge of the Earth's interior is learned from...

Indirect evidence involving the analysis of seismic waves from earthquakes

The state of equilibrium in which different portions of the earth's crust adjusts through endogenic and exogenic processes to float atop the mantle.

Isostatic adjustment

Application of heat and pressure to existing rocks creates this rock type

Metamorphic

What is the most abundant chemical element in the Earth's crust?

Oxygen

The partially-weathered broken up layer of rock material resting on top of bedrock at the base of a soil profile is called

Regolith

Three types of rock-forming processes comprise the

Rock cycle

Which of the following is true?

The age of the sea floor increases with increased distance from a mid-ocean ridge.

The Hjulmstrom curve explains erosion, transport and deposition based on water velocity

True

The moltent material underneath the Earth's crustal plates is within the mantle

True

Which of the following lists of process are in the correct sequence as to their occurrence in nature?

Weather (entrainment), erosion, transportation, deposition

Which of the following plays a role in the shaping of Earth's surface?

All of the above (gravity, radioactive decay, action of wind, etc.)

Plate boundaries are associated with

All of the above (volcanoes, subduction, rifting, etc.)

Stream drainage patterns are determined by which of the following?

All of the following

The texture and structure of the soil dictate

Both B and C

Karst landscapes dominated by sink holes and caverns are created with this weathering process

Carbonation

Which of the following may act as a fluvial base level?

A and B only

A batholith represents an example of igneous intrusive rock implacement, usually made of granites

True

Red-colored earth materials generally are associated with oxidation

True

Soils are a dynamic natural body made up of fine materials covering earth's surface in which plants grow and are composed of both mineral and organic matters.

True

As the discharge of a stream increases, which of the following also happens?

Width, depth, and velocity all increase

After tropical deforestation occurs the tropical soils are subject to increased rates of ___________ from the higher precipitation regime, which leads to the vertical soil erosional process of _____________ in the upper soil horizons and therefore a deeper depositional process of _____________ in the lower soil horizons.

leaching, eluviation, illuviation

The degradation of landscape by weathering, erosion, and transportation will ultimately reduce the landscape down to:

Base level

Chemical weathering is greatest under which of the following conditions?

High mean annual temperature and precipitation

Where does erosion primarily occur along meandering rivers?

Outside of meander bends

A ___________ lake is the result of a meandering river having cutoff a meander bend leaving an abandoned channel.

Oxbow

The mass movement of earth material (as shown in an image for La Conchita, Ventura California) as a homogeneous unit that slips in an round arc shape in mass wasting is a

Rotational slump

______________ is a reduction in the internal resistance of the slope. The forces attempting to pull a mass downslope lead to an increase in _____________.

Shear strength; shear stress

Stream transport of materials involves all of the following except

Sheet flow

Weathering is the decomposition and disintegration of rocks in situ

True

The ability to transfer chemical cations between their surfaces and the soil solution to enable plant roots to take them up is referred to as

Cation-exchange capacity

Uniformitarianism assumes that

The same physical processes we see today are a key to understanding the processes that have operated over geologic time.

Endogenic processes are those that break down landforms

False

Distinct horizontal layers in soils are called?

Horizons

Compaction and cementing of eroded material is associated with which rock type?

Sedimentary

The major rocks of the earth's crust are classified into principal types based on

The manner in which rocks are formed

The catena sequence in soils is based on

parent material and landscape relief