GEOG 162 master5

At Confederation, what was Canada's approximate population? a) 1.5 million b) 3.5 million c) 5.5 million d) 7.5 million

3.5 million

what is Canada's population density?

3.7 person/km^2

46. In 2011, what was Montreal's population A. 1.4 million B. 2.1 million C. 2.7 million D. 3.8 million

3.8 million

In 2011, what percentage of Canada's GDP is produced by Ontario?

39.6 per cent

Which province contributes the most to Canada's GDP?

40% - Ontario

When did the rebellions in Upper and Lower Canada take place?

1837-1838

27. When was the Canadian Pacific Railway completed? A. 1858 B. 1867 C. 1871 D. 1885

1885

British Columbia - what year did the CPR connect BC to the rest of Canada?

1885

How has the physical environment of Canada influence settlement patterns?

because they settle in the southern area of Canada and mainly in the three cities - Vancouver, Toronto and Montreal

Atlantic Canada - Atlantic fisheries

commercial value: $1.5 billion 85% comes from shellfish

Atlantic Canada - Beothuk

native people to Newfoundland; the last died in 1829

the core is __________

rapidly growing

What are the second order cities in the Prairies?

Lethbridge, Red Deer, Medicine Hat, Brandon, Prince Albert, Moose Jaw

Western Canada - Chinook winds

strong winds that get warm and dry as they flow down a mountain

Western Canada - Alberta clippers

strong, rigid winds that produce blizzards

36. What proportion of Quebec's population lives in southern Quebec? A. Less than 50 per cent B. 65 per cent C. 78 per cent D. Over 90 per cent

Over 90 per cent

What proportion of Ontario's forestland is owned by the provincial government?

Over 90 percent

39. What is the most plausible explanation for British Columbia's declining salmon stocks? A. Overfishing B. Environmental pollution C. Declining fish size D. The increase in sport fishing

Overfishing

Atlantic Canada - T/F From 1996-2011 unemployment rates have decreased in Atlantic Canada

TRUE

What is a microclimate?

The climate of a very small area or restricted area, especially when this differs from the surrounding area.

Why has the economy of Northern Ontario suffered in recent years?

The housing crisis in the US reduced demand for Northern Ontario lumber. Demand for paper is diminishing (internet - news, billing, banking, etc.)

Ontario is the most highly urbanized province in Canada. True False

True

The lowest average annual precipitation occurs in the Territorial North. True False

True

The proportion of Canadians who indicated "French" as their mother tongue has decreased since 1951 True False

True

The rate of natural increase for Aboriginal Canadians is higher than the national average. True False

True

What was the aim of the National Policy (1879)?

a) Make bilingualism an official policy of the Canadian government b) Develop the St Lawrence Seaway c) Expand the east coast fishery d) Protect Canadian manufacturers

All of Canada's regions have had struggles with Ottawa. True False

True

In 2009, Ontario became a "have-not" province. True False

True

Norman Wells (latitude 65°N) has warmer July temperatures than St John's (latitude 43°N). True False

True

4 types of permafrost

alpine continuous discontinuous sporadic

What caused the Clay Belt in norther Quebec?

A glacial lake

Until recently Ontario's advantage in the productivity of its auto sector was offset by which of the following?

A high Canadian dollar

What are physiographic regions?

A large area of the Earth's crust that has common characteristics. Similar topographic features. Landforms have been shaped by a common set of geologic processes.

Which of the following best characterizes Atlantic Canada? a) A slowly growing region b) A rapidly growing region c) A core region d) A resource frontier

A slowly growing region

FN - non FN Faultine

Aboriginal peoples are dependent on the Canadian state Left in a state of poverty Widespread discrimination Immigration policies Loss of culture

44. What proportion of Canada's softwood timber stock is found in British Columbia? A. 10 per cent B. 25 per cent C. About 50 per cent D. More than 90 per cent

About 50 per cent

24. The most significant reason for long, narrow farms in the seigneurial system was to maximize which of the following? A. Fishing potential B. Population density C. Agricultural productivity D. Access to the water

Access to the water

40. Bombardier is Canada's leading firm in what industry? A. Dairy products B. Aerospace C. Textile D. Aluminum

Aerospace

Under the recently negotiated TPP, which Quebec industry is likely to be most affected?

Aerospace

Smog can lead to problems in the old and very young, what is being done about this in Ontario?

- government committed to closing all coal power plants in province - Natural gas and nuclear plants will be replacing them - Hundreds of wind turbines have been created

What are the other environmental challenges with the oil sands?

- release of green house gases - scarred landscape - waste products deposited in tailing ponds - nearly 2 billion litres deposited into the toxic ponds everyday

What makes Alberta the largest provincial source of industrial emissions in Canada?

- the oil and gas basins under the sedimentary rock make Alberta the largest place for industrial emissions because it has the western sedimentary basin

What are the name origins for Alberta? Saskatchewan? Manitoba?

Alberta - Louise Carline Alberta (4th daughter of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert) Saskatchewan - derived from Cree word for "swift flowing water". Manitoba - derived from Cree word for "Lake of the prairies"

Western Canada - Western Canada makes up _______ of Canada's population

18%

Western Canada - when did Lork Selkirk settle in the Red River Valley

1810

when was Manitoba formed?

1817

14. When did the rebellions in Upper and Lower Canada take place? A. 1801 - 1802 B. 1837 - 1838 C. 1866 - 1867 D. 1887 - 1888

1837 - 1838

Territorial North - The Franklin expedition of the Northwest Passage.

1845

When was the British North America Act passed? a) 1841 b) 1867 c) 1876 d) 1893

1867

when did BC join confederation?

1871

30. When did Prince Edward Island join Confederation? A. 1867 B. 1873 C. 1878 D. 1885

1873

when did PEI join confederation?

1873

21. When did Newfoundland, as it was called then, join Confederation? A. 1867 B. 1893 C. 1949 D. 1967

1949

Ontario - Auto Pact year

1956-2001

Quebec - The years the 2 referendums happened in Quebec

1980 1995

Quebec - the year that Montreal replaced Toronto

1981

Which was the first census year in which Toronto's population surpassed that of Montréal? a) 1951 b) 1961 c) 1971 d) 1981

1981

when was Nunavut formed?

1999

How many of Canada's physiographic regions are found in Quebec?

4

What is the forestry situation in the Prairies?

75% of the production in the Prairies is located in Alberta. In Manitoba, the PAS is a site of a large pulp and paper mill.

Quebec - ______ live in urban centres

80%

Western Canada - what provinces are in Western Canada?

Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba

Where does lake effect clouds effect in Ontario?

All of Southern Ontario.

What does the name Ontario mean? When was it given to the area?

An Iroqouian word meaning "beautiful water". 1867.

20. Large amounts of submerged vegetation in Quebec's hydroelectric reservoirs create high levels of what? A. Acid rain B. Smog C. Methylmercury D. Polycyelic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)

Methylmercury

Large amounts of submerged vegetation in Quebec's hydroelectric reservoirs create high levels of what?

Methylmercury

The "baby boom" occurred in which time period? a) Mid-1910s to late 1930s b) 1920s to 1940s c) Mid-1940s to late 1960s d) 1970s to 1990s

Mid-1940s to late 1960s

What is the climate of the St Lawrence Valley?

Mild Continental

16. What is the climate of the St Lawrence Valley? A. Mild continental B. Marine temperate C. Dry temperate D. Mediterranean

Mild continental

The economic potential of northern Ontario's 'Ring of Fire' is linked to which industry?

Minerals

What industry is currently helping to strengthen the economy in northern Ontario?

Mining

The Great Lakes St. Lawrence climate zone is described as which of the following?

Moderate continental

Cities that are larger than capitals

Moncton Montreal Saskatoon Calgary Vancouver

Québec's high-tech industries are concentrated in or near which city? a) Sherbrooke b) Montréal c) Québec City d) Shefferville

Montréal

What are the two largest settlements in the Hudson Bay Lowlands? a) Churchill and Sudbury b) Timmins and Sudbury c) Moosonee and Churchill d) Sudbury and Moosonee

Moosonee and Churchill

What is mined in Northern Quebec?

Mostly iron ore, but also copper and gold.

What are the four provinces in Atlantic Canada?

New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, PEI, Newfoundland and Labrador; these 4 provinces have the lowest population of any province in Canada.

What are the three Maritime provinces?

New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, PEI.

41. Which of the Atlantic Provinces has the least amount of farmland? A. New Brunswick B. Newfoundland C. Nova Scotia D. Prince Edward Island

Newfoundland

Atlantic Canada - Where is Avalon Peninsula?

Newfoundland

Atlantic Canada - which Maritime province rejected the confederation proposal?

Newfoundland

25. Which province suffered the largest population decline from 1996 to 2011? A. Nova Scotia B. Prince Edward Island C. New Brunswick D. Newfoundland and Labrador

Newfoundland and Labrador

35. Voisey's Bay, Labrador has great potential for the production of which resource? A. Natural gas B. Coal C. Nickel D. Oil

Nickel

16. The Nass Valley is the homeland of which Aboriginal group? A. Haida B. Cree C. Nisga'a D. Ojibway

Nisga'a

What are the core and peripheries of the globe?

North America and Europe make up the core. Asia is a "semi-periphery".

20. Which province has the most temperate climate in Canada? A. British Columbia B. Ontario C. Nova Scotia D. New Brunswick

British Columbia

What is the Core/Periphery Model?

Concept where both parts are dependent on each other but the core (industrial heartland) dominates the economic relationship with its periphery (resource hinterland)

why is Canada known as a soft country?

Conflicts are usually resolved through compromise and not military power

Where is toxic contamination coming from?

Contaminated sediment. Leads to beach closures due to high bacteria count.

What is mined in Manitoba?

Copper (in Flin Flon) and nickel (in Thompson) - Canadian shield region

The first peoples arrived in North America approximately 100,000 years ago. True False

False

The purpose of Equalization programs is to address matters related to which of the following? a) Infrastructure provision b) Political representation c) Geographic isolation d) Fiscal disparity

Fiscal disparity

34. 'Draggers' are used in which industry? A. Agriculture B. Fishing C. Forestry D. Mining

Fishing

Canada can be divided into how many population zones, as described in Bone? a) Two b) Three c) Four d) Five

Four

22. Most of British Columbia's arable land is found in which river valley? A. Nechako B. Columbia C. Fraser D. Thompson

Fraser

50. Which company closed its plant in Sainte-Therese in 2002? A. Hydro-Quebec B. Bombardier C. Alcan D. General Motors

General Motors

Which company closed its plant in Saints-Therese in 2002?

General Motors

Territorial North - the vast majority of the people that live in Nunavut live are _________

Inuit

06. Why was the Nunavik Regional Government voted against in the 2011 referendum? A. The Quebec government denied that an Inuit regional government within Quebec was possible. B. Inuit leadership had not gained the confidence of the general population on this issue. C. Most of Quebec's Inuit did not support the James Bay Project. D. The people of Nunavik did not believe that political autonomy would respond to their needs, desires, and aspirations.

Inuit leadership had not gained the confidence of the general population on this issue.

Why is BC classified as a subcore?

Its economy is growing and diversifying. It is an upward transitional region due to its economic advancement in the knowledge-based economy.

42. Which of the following is not one of Halifax's advantages as an urban centre in Atlantic Canada? A. Its role as a naval base B. Its relatively large population C. Its deep, ice free harbour D. Its offshore oil and fishing industries

Its offshore oil and fishing industries

What are the 5 categories of physical geography?

Geology Physiography Climate Vegetation Soil

Doukhobors

German speaking Mennonites from Russia

What accounts for Canada's population growth? What accounts for population change?

Growth - immigration - urbanization - Canada's demography (cultural diversity) Population Change - increased by 1.9 million from 2006-2011 - births, deaths and migration - baby boom pushed the average annual rate of population to 3% - natural increase decreased and immigration increased - changes resulted in smaller families: towns/cities, women in labour force, and acceptance of family planning (pill)

Ontario - fastest growing cities in northern Ontario

Guelph, Oshawa, Toronto

Following the American War of Independence, where did the majority of Loyalists settle? a) The Maritimes b) Western Canada c) The Caribbean d) Louisiana

a) The Maritimes

What was the first permanent (European) settlement in Canada? a) Toronto b) Québec City c) St John's d) Halifax

b) Québec City

The term "staples trap" refers to the collapse of an economy based on which of the following? a) A weak tertiary sector b) Manufacturing overproduction c) Non-renewable resources d) Over dependency on manufacturing imports

d) Over dependency on manufacturing imports

British Columbia - the ____________________ influences climate, resource base, and transportation in BC

pacific ocean

British Columbia - the 2 physiographic regions in BC

the Cordillera the Interior Plains

British Columbia - the 2 climatic zones in BC

the Cordillera the Pacific

To what does the phrase "Canada's northern handicap" refer?

the area of the north that is not suitable for agriculture or settlement due to poor climate and permafrost

Western Canada is __________ transitional

upward transitional

What does Canada's population density look like and why?

One of the lowest in the world (3.7 persons per square kilometre) - Ontario and Quebec regions form a demographic core with 62% of Canada's population - Canada's core population lies in the Great Lakes

What is the agriculture situation in Atlantic Canada?

Only 5% of the land is suitable for agriculture in the maritimes, and 0.1% in Newfoundland and Labrador.

What is the most populous region in Canada?

Ontario

Which province has the largest population?

Ontario

Which are Canada's core regions?

Ontario and Quebec

29. What is the major city in British Columbia's interior? A. Vancouver B. Prince Rupert C. Prince George D. Kitima

Prince George

06. In 2009, which BC city recorded its highest volume of throughput since 1997, despite declining container traffic through other North American west coast ports? A. Vancouver B. Victoria C. Prince Rupert D. Port Hardy

Prince Rupert

Between 1999 and 2011, what trend occurred in Canadian motor vehicle production?

Production decreased significantly.

What are the language laws that are in place that have led to French remaining the primary language in the region?

Requires all businesses in the province to use French. This also has led to 75% of newcomers who do not know French or English to learn French.

Collective experience and shared aspirations lie at the head of which of the following? a) The core/periphery model b) Power of place c) Economies of scale d) Sense of place

Sense of place

Faultline IN Quebec

Separatists and federalists

The rocks that make up the Interior Plains were formed by sediments deposited by which of the following? a) Paleozoic rivers b) Continental glaciers c) Shallow inland seas d) Alpine glaciers

Shallow inland seas

38. What is the largest urban centre in the Appalachian Upland region of Quebec? A. Trois Rivieres B. Quebec City C. Schefferville D. Sherbrooke

Sherbrooke

What is the largest urban centre in the Appalachian Upland region of Quebec?

Sherbrooke

Where is the Niagara Fruit Belt?

Small area between Lake Ontario and Lake Erie it is a microclimate.

What are the sub-cores in Canada?

Smaller scale cores: - Vancouver - Edmonton/Calgary - Halifax

45. Which forest product export from British Columbia was the most valuable in 2005? A. Softwood lumber B. Paper and paperboard C. Pulp D. Newsprint

Softwood lumber

43. Halifax was founded in 1749 by whom? A. The Italians B. The British C. The French D. The Swiss

The British

18. Port Royal, the first permanent settlement in North America north of Florida was established in 1605 by whom? A. The English B. The French C. The Irish D. The Spanish

The French

What is the most populous region in Canada?

The Golden Horseshoe with 7 million people (named for shape around the West part of Lake Ontario)

What happened to the steel industry after WWII?

The demand for steel was reduced greatly, and the labour force was reduced, this left Cape Breton Island with a depressed economy.

What is regionalism?

The division of a large area into different parts. Some countries are more prone to regionalism than others.

What are the southern lakes more shallow than their northern counterparts?

The glaciers were not as thick or heavy to carve the lakes out once they reached the further south areas.

As a result of freer trade in the 1980s and 1990s, what trend occurred in American branch plants in Ontario? a) They increased in number. b) They decreased in number. c) They remained constant. d) They moved to western Canada.

They decreased in number.

What is the Staple Thesis?

This is the fact that the discovery, utilization and export of staple resources in Canada's vast frontier was linked to regional economic history. It was expected that eventually, economic diversification would take place, making peripheral regions less reliant on primary resources.

What is the regional exploitation theory of the core periphery model?

This is the theory the wealthy core exploits the natural wealth of the periphery leaving it impoverished.

In 1912, the addition of which Territory more than doubled Quebec's area?

Ungava

Prior to 1834, what was the name of Toronto?

York

Territorial North - provinces in the Territorial North

Yukon, Northwest Territories, Nunavut

stubble field

a field in which a crop has been harvested and leaves behind short stalk

For Britain, what was the advantage of the union of its North American colonies?

* A better chance for their political survival against the growing economic and military strength of the United States * A reduction in British expenditures for the defense of its North American colonies * An improved environment for British investment

Application of Friedman's core/periphery model to Canada

* A rapidly growing resource-based hinterland (BC and Western Canada) * A resource frontier (Territorial North) * A slow growing region based on a declining resource base (Atlantic Canada)

Reasons for Canada's regionalism

* North-south orientation of physiographic regions * Vast size * Patterns of historic development and relationship with Aboriginal peoples

What does the term "hollowing out" refer to?

* The decline of the manufacturing workforce * Closure of manufacturing plants * Offshore relocation of manufacturing

Arctic Lands

- 10% of Canada - permafrost - complex composite of plains, plateaus, and mountains - 3 subregions

Cordillera

- 16% of Canada - formed by tectonic plates - mountains, valleys, plateaus - rocky mountains

Atlantic Canada - Treaty of Utrecht

- 1713 - granted French fishers the right to fish on shores

Appalachian Uplands Region

- 2% of Canada - northern section of Appalachian mountains - worn down by erosion

Interior Plains

- 20% of Canada - valley - oil and gas - stable geographical region

Hudson Bay Lowlands

- 3.5% of Canada - thin cover of marine sediments from Atlantic ocean - permafrost is widespread - small human settlement

Why is their negotiations for a regional government in Nunavik?

- 90% of pop is inuit - almost all residents live in 15 settlements along coast - would be elected parliamentary style cabinet and council - responsible for health care and education - government centre in Kuujuaq - Quebec remains to have jurisdiction and provides funding

Why is trade with the US essential in Ontario?

- >80% of Ontario's exports go to US - Production of natural resources greater than Canadian market can consume - Automobile trade accounts for 30% of all trade with the US - The majority of Ontario's export cross over the Detroit river or the St. Clair river

Demographics of Northern Quebec?

- Aging population - Net migration - especially young - few immigrants - growing cree and inuit populations

Atlantic Canada - climatic regions in Atlantic Canada

- Atlantic - Subarctic - Arctic

Which region would you expect to have a stronger sense of place? Why? Why is "sense of place" important to understanding Canada as a nation?

- Atlantic Canada because it has kept its history and culture alive. - recognize the regions and place of home

Canada in the Global world

- Canada is realigning itself to take advantage of the power shift to Asia and make new trade opportunities - diversification of trade is top priority

How would you describe Canadian urbanization trends in the twentieth century? Describe the hierarchical urban system of Canada. Identify and describe Canada's five extensive urban regions.

- Canada is very urbanized - built into census metropolitan areas (CMAs) - the hierarchical urban system ?

Territorial North - the physiographic regions of the Territorial North

- Canadian Shield - Interior Plains - Arctic Lands - Cordillera

What are the main components of the mining industry in Northern Ontario?

- Canadian Shield contains: gold, nickel, silver, and copper - Metallic mineral production in Ontario leads that of all other provinces and territories - Minerals are a non-renewable resource that depletes over time -- therefore, mining communities can have a short lifespan

What were some of the implications on specific regions of the National Policy?

- Canadians couldnt purchase cheaper American products - It favoured further growth of Ontario and Quebec manufacturing (transportation costs minimized here) - It had a negative impact on the West as they had to buy expensive Canadian goods but sell their staples to America for cheap

What are the major ports in the great lakes system (by size)? - There are 10.

- Chicago - Toronto - Detroit - Cleveland - Buffalo - Milwaukee - Hamilton - Toledo - Windsor - Thunder Bay

Atlantic Canada's unemployment is often the highest in Canada and they are heavily dependent on Ottawa for support, why?

- Division into four small provinces discourages an integrated economy - Some of the natural resources in the area have been exhausted (coal, iron) or overexploited (cod). - The population is widely dispersed and consists of small markets - The distance from major markets has suppressed the manufacturing base

What is the current state of mining in BC?

- Exporting mineral deposits from BC challenge because most mines are far from ocean ports - A shale deposit in Northeastern BC contains a vast quantity of Natural gas - Infrastructure improvements needed to export it more efficiently to Asian markets

The rural population of the Prairies have declined since 1940, why?

- Farms became larger and more mechanized leading to lower population density - Most farms were dominated by grain (no livestock = minimal staffing)

What has manufacturing developed so greatly in Ontario?

- Geographic advantage (close to the US) - Trade restriction (the National Policy) - Size of domestic market

What were the two core aboriginal culture regions at the time of European contact?

- Huronia - Iroquois

What are the results of the geographic proximity of Labrador and Quebec?

- Hydroelectricity (produced in Labrador) must be transmitted through Quebec - Iron ore mined in Labrador is shipped to the port of Sept-Iles, Quebec - The Labrador-Quebec Highway connects Labradors biggest city (Goose Bay) to the Quebec provincial highway system.

What are the advantages to the Niagara Fruit Belt?

- Lacustrine soil - deposited by an ancient lake when the glaciers melted. - Moderated climate by the two lakes (longer frost-free season in fall) - The Niagara escarpment protects the area from harsh winds

Since 1940 cities and towns have grown but villages have seen declines in population, why?

- Lower rural population = less business for villages - New highways tend to bypass villages - Trucks and car use plus an expanded road network - Rationalization of road and rail systems - infrequently used transportation corridors shut down

Why is British Columbia classified as a "rapidly growing region"?

- Needs migrate workers - diversifying economy - moving from an export country which it was before

Recently what has boosted the maritime economy?

- Offshore petroleum deposits - Exporting energy to New England - Wealth returning to the area from commuters to Alberta's oil sands

What caused a shift in the Prairies that led to high natural resource extraction?

- Oil price increased significantly in 1970s - US demand for oil and gas increased at this time - Technological advances allowed for oil to be extracted from the oil sands, increasing output

What are the defining characteristics of Atlantic Canada's climate?

- Proximity to Atlantic Ocean results in high amounts of cloud cover, fog, and precipitation - The cold labrador current keeps the winters cold enough for heavy snowfall - Winter storms that move across the continent gain moisture from the Atlantic Ocean thus intensify as they move over the region (Nor'easters)

What are the characteristics of periphery regions?

- Purchase finished goods from the core - Resource based economy - Geographically large - Rural and sparsely populated

Why were both Quebec and Atlantic Canada hesitant about joining 'Canada'?

- Quebec did not want to lose its language and culture - Atlantic did not want to lose its connection over the water

What are the characteristics of a core region?

- Receive raw materials from the periphery - Manufacturing is a common industry - Geographically small - Diverse Economy - Urban and densely populated - Home to corporate headquarters

What were the "failed policies" that led to the marginalization of Aboriginal peoples?

- Royal Proclamation: British Alliance formed 1763 - Haldimand Grant: first major Indian land grant - Indian Act 1876: isolating Indian tribes - Residential schools - Aboriginal Peoples define in the Constitution Act of 1982 - Metis Rights: 1870 Ottawa land grants - Treaty Rights: reserve land - Modern Treaties: a comprehensive land claim agreement

Despite recent downturns Ontario's economy is still the central economy of Canada. Why?

- Size of Population - Median personal income well above national average - Greatest clusters of cities, universities and technological/research centres - Central location within North America

What are the main components of the forestry industry in Northern Ontario?

- Softwood (from coniferous trees) main export - Majority is crown (government owned) - Single resource towns common - Evergreen forestry agreements in place (AAC) government owns and leases it to companies, gives them AAC (annual allowable cut)

What is regional geography?

- The study of the geography regions and the interplay between physical and human geography, which results in an understanding of human society, its physical geographical underpinnings and a sense of place. - is the need to break large areas of the earth's surface into smaller regions that make sense to both geographers and people in the area

Why is regionalism so prevalent in Canada?

- Vast geographic size - Varied physical geography - Different patterns of historical settlement - Different cultures and languages - Uneven population distribution - Considerable power of the provinces

What are the environmental issues associated with the iron and steel industry in Cape Breton?

- Waste products from the Sydney Steel Company were housed in the Sydney tar ponds - Toxic chemicals began leaking into a nearby creek and seeping into basements - Research indicated that those in the vicinity had higher cancer rates - The clean up of the Sydney tar ponds are the site of the biggest environmental clean up project in Canada (from 1998-2012 $400 million dollars)

Atlantic Canada - The Lower Churchill Project

- a hydro development project - expensive - transmission line with 2 undersea cables

Clifford Sifton

- advertised the last best west - accomplished goal - turned attention of people central Europe, Scandinavia, Russia - immigrant man

What are the main characteristics of the human geography in Northern Ontario?

- aging population - net out-migration especially with the young - very few immigrants - small but increasing aboriginal population - rocky terrain makes for difficult transport and discourages settlement - vast majority is located along 2 corridors

What is a culture region?

- an area within which the population has a common set of attitudes, economic and social practices, and values - 7 within Canada

Atlantic Canada - Nalcor Energy Corporation

- an energy crown corporation created by the Newfoundland/Labrador government in 2007 - responsible for Labrador Hydro, Churchill Falls, oil and gas

What must you describe about region in a provincial context?

- area - economy - demographics - physical geography

Why is Atlantic Canada classified as a "slow growing region"?

- at one point was a core region for fish, but the resources have been depleted

Why does Bone state that Canada and the US have "two different geographies"?

- based in the geographic area and the area that is available to settle and support agriculture - changes the population densities of these places based on where people settle

Territorial North - whaling

- began in the 16th century - hunting for whales - led to wintering over, alcoholism, dependency, and disease

Atlantic Canada - Resources that have been exhausted

- coal - iron - northern cod

British Columbia - what are the mountain ranges in British Columbia?

- coast mountains - columbia mountains - cascade mountains - cassiar mountains - skeena mountains - ominica mountains - insular mountains - rocky mountains - hazelton mountains

Atlantic Canada - cod fishery

- collapsed from overfishing - failed due to 1. estimates of cod stocks by Department of Fisheries 2. strong pressure to meet cod quotas 3. Canada had no control over foreign fishing along the nose/tail of Grand Banks

What are some of the recent trends in terms of changes to Canada's Aboriginal population?

- demographic direction for the Aboriginal population is the opposite - a rapidly expanding and very youthful population - 2% to 6% of the population

Ontario - environment in Ontario

- dependent on coal-burning plants - waste is polluting the Great Lakes

What is the difference between "ethnicity" and "culture"?

- ethnicity is a socially defined category of people who identify with each other based on common ancestral, social, cultural or national experience. Language is a key component. - culture is the sum of attitudes, habits, knowledge, and values shared by members of a society and passed on to their children.

What are the opposing arguments regarding the Northern Gateway Pipeline project?

- first nations and environmental organizations are strongly opposed feating that a bitumen spill could cause irreparable damage to the land and sea

second people

- french/british colonizers - first step to colonization of Canada

Ontario - Northern Ontario

- hinterland - sluggish economy - high unemployment - forest and mining industries

key social issues in Canada

- homelessness - gang warfare - urban sprawl - widening gap between rich and poor

Territorial North - Frobisher's Early European Expedition

- in 1576 - Martin Frobisher went on an expedition and reached Baffin Island - Frobisher got hit by an arrow - the team captured 3 Inuit and brought them to Europe as proof of discovery - The Inuit died in Europe of illness

Atlantic Canada - Sydney Tar Ponds

- in Nova Scotia - composed of tar and a wide variety of chemicals like arsenic and lead - as a result of Sysco -- waste discharged into a stream and leaked into the Muggah Creek from heating coal at high temperatures (1980s) - people have been complaining about orange goo leaking in their basements

Ontario - Southern Ontario

- industrial core - wheat - most of Ontario's population lives in Southern Ontario

What are the physical characteristics of the Interior Plains in terms of surface landforms and underlying geologic structure?

- is a vast and geologically stable sedimentary plain that covers nearly 20% of Canada's land mass - wedged between the Canadian Shield and Cordillera extending from the Canada-US border to the Arctic Ocean - beneath the surface of the interior plains, valuable deposits of oil and gas are in sedimentary structures called basins - huge glacial lakes were formed in a few places

What is the evidence of the impact of glacial processes on the surface of the Canadian Shield? Name and describe the evidence.

- is the widespread of Drumlins and Eskers. Drumlins are low elliptical hills composed to till. Eskers are long narrow mounds of sand and gravel deposited by meltwater streams found under a glacier. There are also glacial striations- scratchers in the rock surface caused by larger rocks embedded in the slowly moving ice sheet. - The event was the last ice age that caused glacial erosion.

What are the goals of regional geography?

- is to find out what makes a region "tick" through an understanding that will gain a fuller appreciation - how people shape the environment

Western Canada - Describe the Canadian Shield in Western Canada

- it has extreme temperatures (-30 to +30) - extends over 1/3 of northern Manitoba and Saskatchewan

Territorial North - why has the rest of Canada never paid attention to the Territorial North?

- it was little value in agriculture - remote location - Ottawa was very busy with other provinces where most people lived - the fur trade in the North depended on Aboriginal peoples living on the land it was not a "priority" region and received min. attention from Ottawa

Canadian Shield

- largest physiographic region - 50% the country's land mass - rocky - glacial erosion - stores metallic resources

Great Lakes - St Lawrence Lowlands

- less than 2% of Canada - small but important - main concentration of people

Atlantic Canada - the agriculture industry

- limited - arable land is rare and constitutes less 5% of land in the Maritimes

Atlantic Canada - The Annapolis Valley

- low-lying area in Nova Scotia - surrounded by rugged, rocky land

Atlantic Canada - lobster fishery

- makes 62% of total value of Maritimes fishery - used to be for the poor, now it is highly priced and desired

What are some of the factors that have spawned tourism industry in BC?

- natural beauty - cosmopolitan urban centres - Whistler hosting 2010 Olympics - Cruise ships bound for Alaska stopping on BC coast

first people

- old world hunters - migrated into heart of north america

Atlantic Canada - equalization payments

- payments made to less wealthy provinces by the federal government - helps Newfoundland and Labrador

Why is immigration important to Canada in the early twenty-first century?

- population increase = economic growth - newcomers add valuable members to the workforce - refugees who are fleeing oppressive sociopolitical conditions

third people

- post confederation - new immigrants

Describe the impact of the Baby Boom in Canada.

- pushed the average annual rate of population increase to 3% - a country where seniors outnumber children is uncharted territory facing Canada - predicted trend is driven by 3 factors: 1) a decreased fertility rate 2) an increase in life expectancy 3) the aging baby boomers - relying on health care and assistant living

Atlantic Canada - why is it hard for economic development to flourish in Atlantic Canada?

- the political division of Atlantic Canada into 4 provinces discourages the emergence of an integrated economy - many resources have been exploited for too long and have been exhausted - the population is widely dispersed - distance from national and global markets stifled is manufacturing base

Territorial North - why were Inuit starving to death?

- they could not find any caribou - pushed the government to take action and relocate Inuit

Territorial North - megaprojects

- usually costs more than $1 billion and take several years to complete - recent megaproject: diamond mining

Atlantic Canada - climate in Atlantic Canada

- warm summers and cold winters - it varies due to the frequent meeting of continental air masses with marine air masses - dominant weather is cool, cloudy, foggy, and rainy

Territorial North - the Territorial North contributes to ______ of Canada's GDP

0.5%

____ in ____ of people in Canada are foreign born

1 in 5

What are the three key characteristics of a physiographic region with reference to the Canadian Shield? Identify and briefly describe each.

1) It extends over a large, contiguous area with similar relief features. Ex. Canadian Shield extends over nearly half of the country's landmass. 2) Its landform has been shaped by a common set of geomorphic processes. Ex. Molten rock solidified into the Canadian Shield. 3) It processes a common geological structure and history. Ex. Canadian Shield along the shoreline of Hudson Bay

What are the four population zones? What regions and cities do they include?

1) core zone - sparsely populated - Toronto 2) Secondary zone - moderately populated - Vancouver 3) Sparsely populated zone - Fort McMurray 4) Empty Zone - isolated settlements - Labrador city

What are three possible solutions for Canada's environmental issues as described by Bone?

1) establish more protected areas and parks 2) more stringent regulations that will reduce damage to the environment caused by both new and existing projects 3) "going green" - including recycling waste products, moving towards electric automobiles, and increasing the production of electricity from natural sources such as solar and wind over coal

Territorial North - population distribution

1. 40% live in one of the capital cities 2. 27/28 communities in Nunavut on the coast

What did Quebec do to improve the environment?

1. All energy from hydroelectric power 2. Lowest emitter of GHG of any province (w PEI) 3. Gas is an extra 8 cents / litre - money used to maintain hydro

What are the 3 types of non-Francophones in Quebec?

1. Anglophones - Mainly in Montreal 2. Allophones - (mother tongue not english or French) - Montreal 3. Aboriginals - Mainly cree and inuit in Northern Quebec

Western Canada - the 3 oil sands fields

1. Athabasca 2. Peace River 3. Cold Lake

What were the four major political movements that spawned in the Prairies as a result of dissatisfaction with Ottawa?

1. CCF (Co-operative Commonwealth Federation) - currently known as the NDP 2. Social Credit Party - fundamentalist and religious philosophy; prime popularity in early 1900s 3. Reform Party - founded by Preston Manning in Alberta and he was the only person to ever lead the party. Became official opposition in Ottawa and changed its name to the Canadian Alliance 4. Canadian Alliance - Led by Preston Manning and then Stephen Harper, it merged with the Progressive Conservative Party to form the current Conservative Party

Canada's 7 Physiographic Regions

1. Canadian Shield 2. Cordillera 3. Interior Plains 4. Hudson Bay Lowlands 5. Arctic Lands 6. Appalachian Uplands 7. Great Lakes - St Lawrence Uplands

What are Canada's 7 physiographic regions?

1. Canadian Shield 2. Cordillera 3. Interior plains 4. Hudson Bay Lowlands 5. Arctic Archipelago 6. Appalachian Uplands 7. Great Lakes - St. Lawrence Lowlands

What are the threats to Quebec's tourism?

1. Canadian dollar at parity 2. Global economy uncertainty 3. Thickening of US border

List the four major faultlines

1. Centralist / Decentralist 2. English speaking / French speaking 3. Aboriginal Peoples and Non-Aboriginal Majority 4. Newcomers and Old-Timers

what are the 4 faultlines in Canada?

1. Decentralist - Centralist 2. Federalism - Regionalism 3. Aboriginal - non Aboriginal 4. Old - New Canadians

What are the three areas of rural growth that are exceptions to the previous trends on the Prairies?

1. Dormitory towns (people live in the town but work in a nearby city such as Winnipeg or Edmonton) 2. Sites of government services 3. Resource towns (e.g. mining towns)

What are the 5 geographic impacts of urbanization?

1. Farms are subdivided into smaller units (less production) 2. Reluctance to plant new trees 3. Greater demand for services 4. Speculation (hold land as future may lead to high prices) 5. Lack of confidence in farming (not considered good long term investment)

What staples progressed from east to west?

1. Fish (first staple, remained east) 2. Furs (east -> west) 3. Timber (east -> west) 4. Agriculture (Ontario -> West) 5. Oil

What is the main differences between the Quebec and Ontario economies?

1. Growing season in Quebec is shorter 2. Quebec has much better conditions for hydroelectric power

What are the three main concerns with the great lakes?

1. Health 2. Toxic Contamination 3. Exotic Species

Territorial North - 4 regions

1. Inuvialuit 2. Nunavut 3. Nunavik 4. Nuntsiavut

What are the 4 basic characteristics of core regions, according to the core/periphery model?

1. Largest portion of population lives there. 2. Highly urbanized and industrialized. 3. High capacity for economic prosperity and innovaction 4. Focused on economic political and social activity.

What are the four main exports from BC?

1. Lumber 2. Pulp 3. Natural gas 4. Coal

What are the two economic areas of Quebec?

1. Manufacturing and Agricultural core (south) 2. Resource periphery (north)

What are three environmental issues in Quebec?

1. Mining wastes are evident in the Canadian Shield 2. Toxic chemicals in St. Lawrence (lead/mercury from old industrial processes) 3. Zebra mussels affecting aquatic ecosystems

What drives Quebec tourism industry?

1. Natural beauty, historic past and francophone culture 2. It is within a days drive of 10s of millions of people

Ontario - 3 farming regions in Ontario

1. Niagara Fruit Belt, 2. Norfolk 3. Tobacco Belt, Essex-Kent vegetable area

Why is hard to classify BC in the core and periphery model?

1. No longer has a resource based economy 2. Has a very small manufacturing base

What are the 5 sub regions of Ontario?

1. Northern Ontario 2. Eastern Ontario 3. Central Ontario 4. Golden Horseshoe 5. Southwestern Ontario

Territorial North - two visions for the Territorial North

1. Northern frontier -- resource wealth that can be used 2. Homeland -- sense of place, good community and attachment

List the six geographic regions

1. Ontario 2. Quebec 3. British Columbia 4. Western Canada 5. Atlantic Canada 6. The Territorial North

Describe the three types of preciptation

1. Orographic precipitation Rain/snow created when air forced up side of mountain, cooling it -> condensation then precipitation 2. Frontal AKA Cyclonic precipitation Warm air mass forced to rise over a cold air mass -> condensation then precipitation 3. Convectional precipitation Upward movement of moist air -> air cools -> condensation then precipitation

What are the three main agricultural areas in Atlantic Canada?

1. PEI - Potatoes 2. Saint John River Valley in NB - Dairy 3. Annapolis valley in NS - fruit orchard (a low lying area of NS near the bay of fundy and Minas basin)

7 Climatic zones

1. Pacific 2. Cordillera 3. Prairies 4. Great Lakes - St Lawrence 5. Atlantic 6. Subarctic 7. Arctic

What generally happens as you move from a core to a periphery?

1. Population decreases 2. Median income decreases 3. Unemployment increases

Quebec - hydropower

1. Quebec 2. BC 3. Yukon

Western Canada - 5 major cities in Western Canada

1. Regina 2. Saskatoon 3. Calgary 4. Edmonton 5. Winnipeg

What are the top four countries in the world in terms of area?

1. Russia 2. Canada 3. China 4. United States

What are zebra mussels? Where did they come from? What are the implications of their invasion?

1. Small mollusk 2. Introduced into St. Lawrence by ships from Europe 3. Blocked hundred of pipelines and water intakes

Cropland is more dominant in _____ Ontario. Livestock is more common in _______ Ontario.

1. Southwestern 2. Eastern

Territorial North - three natural gas fields in the Mackenzie Delta

1. Taglu 2. Parsons Lake 3. Niglintgak

What are the three extremes of climate found in BC?

1. Temperate rainforest - along coast 2. Desert-like - in parts of the interior 3. Tundra - high elevations

What are the two corridors that contain the majority of Northern Ontario's population?

1. The Northern branch of the Trans Canada Highway and the Canadian National Railroad Line 2. The Southern branch of the Trans Canada Highway and the Canadian Pacific Railway Line

Why have the 6 regions been classified in this way? (4 reasons)

1. They are manageable sections. 2. They are identifiable by a set of physical features. 3. Breakdown is on a provincial basis (easy to study statistics and census data) 4.These regions are commonly used by the media.

Ontario - what happened after the Auto Pact ended?

1. Toyota/Honda's market expanded 2. Foreign countries shipped parts to Canada 3. Increased globalization on Canadian auto market

What are the 3 key characteristics of sedimentary rock?

1. Usually flat and horizontal (southern ontario) 2. Sediments are cemented together overtime by pressure and do not generally contain minerals 3. Fossil fuels are sometimes found in these rock types.

What are the 7 regions of BC?

1. Vancouver Island - Coast 2. Lower Mainland - Southwest 3. Thompson - Okanagan 4. Kootenay 5. Cariboo - Prince George 6. Skeena - North Coast 7. Northeast

Ontario - environmental challenges

1. air pollution - car dependency - coal burning plants 2. water pollution - great lakes - industrial waste

7 culture regions

1. eastern woodlands 2. eastern subarctic 3. western subarctic 4. arctic 5. plains 6. plateau 7. northwest coast

Quebec - government achievements

1. nationalization of private electric companies 2. modernization and secularization of the education system 3. investment of Quebec Pension Plan funds in firms (stimulating the business sector) 4. establishment of Maisons du Quebec in Paris, London, New York

what are the 3 factors for growth in Canada?

1. natural increase 2. population gained from territorial expansion 3. immigration

Atlantic Canada - Nor'easters

1. strong winds from the northeast that draw moisture from the Atlantic Ocean 2. they are a source of precipitation

Western Canada - how much toxic water does Alberta's oil sands produce every day?

1.8 billion litres

In 2011, how many Canadians reported to be of "Aboriginal ancestry"? a) 1.9 million b) 5.3 million c) 7.3 million d) 9.3 million

1.9 million

British Columbia - BC makes up _____ of Canada's GDP?

12.5%

In 2011, what was the population of southern Ontario?

12.7 million

Atlantic Canada - when did John Cabot arrive in the Maritimes?

1497

Ontario - Settlers from Ireland and Scotland came around _______

1815

Atlantic Canada - When did Nova Scotia and New Brunswick join confederation?

1867; the start of Confederation

26. When did British Columbia join Confederation? A. 1858 B. 1867 C. 1871 D. 1885

1871

British Columbia - what year did BC join confederation?

1871

Atlantic Canada - When did Prince Edward Island join confederation?

1873

Territorial North - Mackenzie Valley Pipeline Project aka Berger Inquiry/Mackenzie Pipeline Inquiry

1970s wanted environmental and social impact assessment done before developing the pipeline established a new precedent by holding community hearings final report recommended that the pipeline should only proceed after further study and settlement of Dene land claims recommended a 10 year delay

Quebec - James Bay Project

1972 Cree and Inuit had environmental concerns about harming the ecosystems around James Bay. The dispute was eventually settled with land and money

The Canada-US Free Trade Agreement was signed in what year? a) 1989 b) 1995 c) 1996 d) 1999

1989

When did Canada and the United States sign the Free Trade Agreement?

1989

Ontario - Free Trade Agreement

1989 Ontario structured economy around manufacturing

the Meech Lake Accord

1990 Would have given Quebec more power, but did not get passed due to Elijah Harper

29. When was a moratorium was placed on Atlantic Canada's cod fishery? A. 1959 B. 1967 C. 1992 D. 2002

1992

Ontario - NAFTA

1994 lower prices but less jobs dismantling manufacturing in Ontario, growth in other sectors

Quebec - Lucien Bouchard

1995-- became Separatist leader wanted Quebecois women to have more kids led a group for Manifest-- pour un Quebec lucide (for a clear eyed vision of Quebec)

Saguenay Flood

1996

Montreal ice storm

1998

Atlantic Canada - in ________, Ottawa began one of the biggest environmental cleanups that cost __________

1998; $400 million

Nunavut, the most recent change to the political map of Canada, came into existence in what year? a) 1949 b) 1969 c) 1999 d) 2003

1999

Western Canada - when was the last time there was a dry spell in Western Canada?

1999-2002

When was Nunavut created and for what group of people?

1999. For the Inuit people.

21. What proportion of British Columbia's land is arable? A. 2 per cent B. 10 per cent C. 15 per cent D. 22 per cent

2%

47. In 2011, what was the population of Vancouver in 2011? A. 300,000 B. 1.3 million C. 2.3 million D. 5.3 million

2.3 million

49. What proportion of Quebec's labour force was employed in the primary sector in 2011? A. 2.3 per cent B. 4.8 per cent C. 8.8 per cent D. 12.8 per cent

2.3 per cent

What proportion of Quebec's labour force was employed in the primary sector in 2011?

2.3 per cent

33. By the 1960s, what was the estimated annual catch of cod in Atlantic Canada? A. 2,500 metric tonnes B. 100,000 metric tonnes C. 200,000 metric tonnes D. 2 million metric tonnes

200,000 metric tonnes

Territorial North - Mackenzie Gas Project

2000 Imperial Oil proposed a pipeline of natural gas failed the commercial test

When did the Auto Pact end?

2001

When did the Canada-US Auto Pact end? a) 1971 b) 1981 c) 1991 d) 2001

2001

When was the Canada-US Auto Pact terminated?

2001

Quebec - What did Quebec get recognized as a distinct society?

2006 by Stephen Harper

Quebec - in _______, Quebec had __________ hectares of farmland

2006; 3.5 million

When did the Ontario provincial government sign the Green Energy Act? a) 1990 b) 1997 c) 2001 d) 2009

2009

When did Ontario receive its first ever equalization payments and what was the cause of this downturn?

2009, and the crash of the auto industry.

Manitoba Flood

2011

Toronto ice storm

2013

05. What proportion of Canada's workers live and work in Quebec? A. 3 B. 13 C. 23 D. 33

23

Quebec - Quebec makes up ______ of Canada's population

23.6%

Western Canada - how much does Western Canada contribute to Canada's GDP?

24%

28. In 2011, what proportion of Atlantic Canada's labour force was employed in the primary sector? A. 5.1 per cent B. 10.2 per cent C. 15.8 per cent D. 28.4 per cent

28.4 per cent

In 2011, what was Montreal's population?

3.8 million

Ontario - ______ of people in Ontario have French as mother tongue

3.9%

Ontario makes up _____ of Canada's population

38.4%

Territorial North - Territorial North makes up ______ of Canada's area

39%

In 2011, what proportion of Canada's GDP is produced by Ontario? a) 17.6 per cent b) 39.6 per cent c) 66.6 per cent d) 87.6 per cent

39.6 per cent

Ontario - Ontario provides up _____ of Canada's GDP

39.6%

Territorial North - Canada is the ______ largest producer of diamonds in the world

3rd behind Botswana and Russia

12. How many of Canada's physiographic regions are found in Quebec? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

4

How many of Canada's physiographic regions are found in Québec? a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4

4

Canada's population is expected to be _________ by 2020

40 million

According to Bone, how many years ago did the first people set foot in North America? a) 100,000 b) 80,000 c) 40,000 d) 20,000

40,000

The cultural has been shaped by francophones living in Quebec for how many years?

400 years.

Western Canada - Average amount of precipitation Calgary receives every year

413mm

The Prairies have had the lowest unemployments rates in the country for several years, where does most of the working population live?

5 CMAs - Edmonton, Calgary, Regina, Saskatoon, Winnipeg Most people who live in the Hinterland live in resource towns (Fort McMurray, Thompson)

Atlantic Canada - Atlantic Canada makes up ______ of Canada's area

5.4%

How many Inuit and Indians were living in Canada at the time of European contact? a) 50,000 b) 100,000 c) 500,000 d) 1 million

500,000

Ontario - by 2011, Ontario had ________ farms

52,000

Territorial North - there are ______ of Aboriginal Canadians in the Territorial North

52.4%

Territorial North - Inuit government

53 communities 3 territorial governments 4 regional governments

07. What proportion of Canada's GDP does the Atlantic region account for? A. 6.1 per cent B. 10.1 per cent C. 18.1 per cent D. 27.1 per cent

6.1%

Atlantic Canada - Atlantic Canada contributes ______ of Canada's GDP

6.1%

12. What proportion of British Columbia's population lives in the 'southwest corner' of the province? A. 40 per cent B. 60 per cent C. 80 per cent D. 95 per cent

60%

immigration accounts for _____% of Canada's population increase

68%

How many physiographic regions does Canada have?

7

Atlantic Canada makes up ______ of Canada's population

7%

07. In 2011, what was Quebec's unemployment rate? A. 1.1 per cent B. 7.7 per cent C. 12.1 per cent D. 19.7 per cent

7.7%

33. Quebec is guaranteed how many seats in the House of Commons? A. 20 B. 45 C. 75 D. 120

75

Quebec is guaranteed how many seat is the House of Commons?

75

What proportion of Ontario's workforce was employed in the tertiary sector in 2011?

79 per cent

About how many people live in Ontario's Golden Horseshoe?

8 million

Territorial North - circumpolar countries

8 nations that have territorial claim to portions of the Arctic seabed 1. Canada 2. Denmark (and Greenland) 3. Finland 4. Iceland 5. Norway 6. Russia 7. USA 8. Sweden

04. The US, China, Japan, and South Korea account for what percentage of exports and imports moving through British Columbia's ports? A. 60 per cent B. 70 per cent C. 80 per cent D. 90 per cent

80 per cent

British Columbia - trade in BC

80% of trade is with the USA, China, Japan, and South Korea. BC has the largest port in Canada.

what percentage of Canadians live in urban areas?

82%

What population of Quebecers declared French as their mother tongue in 2001?

83 per cent

08. What proportion of Quebecers declared French as their mother tongue in 2001? A. 50 per cent B. 62 per cent C. 71 per cent D. 83 per cent

83%

What percentage of Quebec is Quebecois? What does this mean?

83%, their mother tongue is French. Now the term is used more generally to describe all Quebecers.

Quebec - what percentage of people in Quebec have French as their first language?

83.4%

Ontario - there are _______ people in large urban cities in Ontario

9.7 million

Quebec - Quebec's physiographic regions

90% Canadian Shield Appalachian Uplands Great Lakes - St Lawrence Lowlands Hudson Bay Lowlands

Territorial North - Nunavut revenue

90% comes from Ottawa

What caused the Clay Belt in northern Québec? a) A glacial lake b) Tectonic forces c) Isostatic rebound d) The great flood

A glacial lake

What is a staple?

A natural resource that can be exploited relatively quickly and cheaply for a profit.

What is the Asia-Pacific Gateway and Corridor?

A program the federal government has invested in that improves the infrastructure leading to BC ports.

What is a uniform region? Give an example?

A region named after a characteristic where all locations in that region have similarities in that particular characteristic. (E.g. vegetation regions - grassland, desert)

Which of the following most accurately characterizes northern Ontario? a) A francophone hotspot b) An agricultural zone c) The industrial core d) A resource hinterland

A resource hinterland

Bombardier is Canada's leading firm in what industry?

Aerospace

43. The settlement of the Clay Belt in Quebec demonstrates the difficulty of which industry? A. Agriculture B. Mining C. Forestry D. Hydroelectricity

Agriculture

The settlement of the Clay Belt in Quebec demonstrate the difficulty of which industry?

Agriculture

The settlement of the Clay Belt in Québec demonstrates the difficulty of which industry? a) Agriculture b) Mining c) Forestry d) Hydroelectricity

Agriculture

33. The Inland Passage, a British Columbia tourist attraction, is a popular route for cruise ships destined for which region? A. Indonesia B. Tokyo C. Hawaii D. Alaska

Alaska

01. The 'Big Commute' refers to residents of Atlantic Canada travelling to which province for work? A. British Columbia B. Alberta C. Quebec D. Ontario

Alberta

Western Canada - Alberta has the ______ largest oil reserve in the world, followed by _________________ and ________________________

Alberta has the THIRD largest oil reserve in the world, followed by Saudi Arabia and Venezuela

07. Variation in salmon stocks in the last few years has been attributed to which of the following? A. Pollution of fish habitat B. Warming ocean temperatures C. Overfishing D. All of the above

All of the above

Where are the rich coal deposits in Alberta (Alberta's main mining industry)?

Along the Eastern slopes of the rocky mountains.

Where is the best agriculture in Quebec?

Along the St. Lawrence River between Montreal and Quebec City (shorter growing season than ontario, mostly dairy farms)

Where are settlements located on the Caspe Peninsula?

Along the coastline due to rugged terrain.

According to the core/periphery model, what are the basic characteristics of core regions?

An abstract area or real place where economic power, population, and wealth are concentrated; sometimes described as an industrial, heartland, or metropolitan centre. ex. Ontario & Quebec

What are the defining features of Appalachian Uplands Mountains?

An ancient eroded mountain chain. Over millions of years, streams have cut deeply into the land resulting in hilly terrain with rugged areas.

The 1980 National Energy Program (NEP)

An attempt by the federal (Liberal) government to gain greater control over the Canadian petroleum industry, secure Canadian oil supplies, and redistribute Alberta's oil wealth to the rest of the country.

Canada's post-industrial economy is characterized by which of the following? a) A growing number of workers in the primary sector b) A rapidly growing number of workers in the secondary sector c) An expanding tertiary/quaternary workforce d) A shrinking tertiary/quaternary workforce

An expanding tertiary/quaternary workforce

01. Between 2001 and 2011, why did Quebec's population increase? A. A decline in mortality B. An increase in fertility C. A decrease in crude birth rate D. Loosened immigration laws

An increase in fertility

Between 2001 and 2011, why did Quebec's population increase?

An increase in fertility

05. Which of the following is a federal program aimed at expanding British Columbia's transportation system, including its container port facilities? A. BC Hydro Economic Plan B. Pacific Rim Strategy C. Asia-Pacific Gateway and Corridor strategy D. Sea-to-Sky Highway

Asia-Pacific Gateway and Corridor strategy Prince Rupert->Edmonton->Saskatoon->Winnipeg onwards; Vancouver->Calgary->Regina->Winnipeg onwards

What was the first region of Canada to be settled ?

Atlantic Canada. It begin as a periphery to England. Then there was a east to west progression of staples.

40. Under the recently negotiated TPP, which Quebec industry is likely to be most affected? A. Dairy B. Auto C. Banking and Insurance D. Aerospace

Auto

Which of the following sectors are most likely to be affected by the Trans Pacific Partnership?

Auto industry

In the Interior Plains, oil and gas deposits are found in sedimentary structures known as what? a) Basins b) Sinks c) Nunataks d) Pingos

Basins

39. When the National Milk Marketing Plan (supply management) was introduce, Quebec dairy farmers were allocated a set proportion (45%) of the Canadian milk market. Why? A. Because the federal government at the time favoured Quebec farmers. B. Because Quebec's population consumed more milk that any other province. C. Because at the time, (a) Quebec dairy farmers produced about 45% of the national total, and (b) because of the Quebec dairy industry was to experience a more substantial adjustment under the plan than any other province. D. Because Quebec dairy farmers threatened to march on Ottawa in protest if they were not allocated what they regarded as their fair share of the Canadian milk market.

Because at the time, (a) Quebec dairy farmers produced about 45% of the national total, and (b) because of the Quebec dairy industry was to experience a more substantial adjustment under the plan than any other province.

How was agricultural land settlement different before 1869 vs afterwards?

Before 1869: Narrow lots, provided river access (based on metis settlement patterns) After 1869: land division based on grids and square lots of 160 acres in size (pattern preceded European settlement and was super imposed over physical obstacles and the preceding metis settlement pattern)

What species of mammal has witnessed a drastic decline in numbers as a result of PAH's (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) in the St Lawrence River?

Beluga whale

When was the number of people settling in Canada greatest? a) Between 1912 and 1913 b) Between 1914 and 1915 c) Between 1944 and 1945 d) Between 1995 and 1996

Between 1912 and 1913

What is the significance of Georges Bank?

Both US and Canada claimed it due to the 200km offshore rule, international court gave 5/6 to the US. The 1/6 Canada got is rich in scallops which has helped the Nova Scotia economy.

44. Quebec ranked second to which province in terms of total volume of wood cut in 2000? A. Ontario B. New Brunswick C. British Columbia D. Nova Scotia

British Columbia

Estrie (the Eastern Townships) were first settled by which European group?

British Loyalists

What are the main components of the Newcomers / old timers faultline?

Canada is a country of immigrants this can lead to cultural friction among different ethnic groups. Isolation can arise from the fact many immigrants take refuge in big cities surrounded by family and friends who speak their language.

staples thesis

Canada's regional development was based on successive exploitation of resources (staples) and heartland and hinterland dynamics

The first important mineral discovery in northern Ontario occurred in 1883 when copper-nickel ores in the Sudbury area were discovered during the construction of which project?

Canadian Pacific Railway

Ontario - the 3 physiographic regions in Ontario

Canadian Shield (most) Hudson Bay Lowlands Great Lakes - St Lawrence Lowlands

What is the major landform in Quebec?

Canadian Shield - 90% of Quebec.

What are the 3 major geologic elements of Canada?

Canadian shield Platform rock Folded mountains

Due to rampant unemployment in rural and coast communities (due to the loss of the fisheries) what have many Maritimers resorted to?

Commute to Fort McMurray to work, workers spend 20 consecutive days working there then spend 8 at home in the maritimes.

17. Most of British Columbia lies in which physiographic region? A. Pacific Coastal Lowland B. Prairies C. Canadian Shield D. Cordillera

Cordillera

BC is mainly located in what physiographic region?

Cordillera. The northeastern is in the Interior plains.

Population Zones

Core -- e.g Toronto Secondary Zone -- e.g. Van Sparsely populated zone -- e.g. Fort McMurray Empty Zone -- e.g. Labrador City

What regions of Canada are considered core? Which are considered periphery?

Core: - Southern Ontario - Southern Quebec Periphery: - All other regions of the country

37. In 1995, why did Ottawa close salmon fisheries along the Fraser River? A. Lower water levels B. Decreasing salmon stocks C. High pollution levels D. High water levels

Decreasing salmon stocks

What is the most widely accepted theory describing population change in industrial societies? a) Staples theory b) Core/periphery theory c) Acculturation theory d) Demographic transition theory

Demographic transition theory

Territorial North - The Athapaskan language family is also known as ______

Dene

Centralist/Decentralist Faultline

Economic and political struggles between Central Canada (Ontario and Quebec) and Western Canada (British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba) * Western alienation in Canada. * Centralists dominate economically and politically, control federal government and national policies exert their dominance. * Decentralists want to strengthen, expand and diversify economic and political powers between all provinces * industrial core in Southern Ontario and Southern Quebec

The National Policy

Economic policy introduced in 1876 by John A Macdonald. This policy ultimately protected Canada's manufacturing industries by implementing high tariffs on foreign goods imported to Canada

What are faultlines?

Economic, social and political "cracks" that divide regions and threaten to destabilize Canada's integrity as a nation.

Prior to 1961, the major source of immigrants to Canada was what region? a) Europe b) the United States c) Asia d) Africa

Europe

Why is the Pacific Rim Trade important to BC?

Exports to China, Japan and South Korea make up 25% of the products passing through BC ports. Trade is expected to accelerate as China's economy grows.

46. In 2004, why did British Columbia's softwood lumber exports decline? A. Falling prices B. Offshore competition C. Negative perception of British Columbia forestry practices D. American lobbying

Falling prices

All the coastal boundaries of Canada are recognized by other nations. True False

False

As distance from oceans increases, the annual temperature range (January to July) decreases. True False

False

Canada has six physiographic regions. True False

False

If you were standing at the absolute location determined by 0° latitude, 0° longitude, you would be in the Royal Observatory at Greenwich, England. True False

False

In geological terms, the Cordillera is the oldest region in Canada. True False

False

Mining and agriculture are secondary sector activities. True False

False

Of Canada's six regions, Québec has the highest population density. True False

False

Old world hunters crossed the Beringia land bridge into the unglaciated areas of Alaska and southern Yukon approximately 10,000 years ago. True False

False

The Canada-US Auto Pact was terminated in 1965. True False

False

The Canadian Shield occupies less than one-quarter of Québec's territory. True False

False

The National Energy Program (1980) was fully supported by the oil-producing provinces (Alberta, Saskatchewan, and British Columbia). True False

False

The best agricultural lands in Québec are found in the Clay Belt. True False

False

The core/periphery model helps us to understand the socio-economic processes behind Canada's regionalization, but not the nature of Canada's regionalization. True False

False

The terms "global warming" and "climate change" mean exactly the same thing True False

False

What are folded mountains?

Folded mountains caused by the movement of tectonic plates. Sedimentary rock changes to metamorphic.

What problems has the forestry industry had in BC in recent years?

Forest fires. Mountain pine beetle.

Atlantic Canada - In the 18th century, _______________ and ___________ were the main habitants of the Maritimes

French colony l'Acadie and the Mi'kmaq

How do cultural regions arise?

From shared historical experiences, similar values and common goals.

What are the final products of bitumen?

Gasoline, diesel, and propane.

What are Gateway cities? What influences their size?

Gateway cities are collection and distribution points often between city and the nearby hinterland. The quality and extent of the hinterland (Edmonton - Northern Alberta Hinterland VS much smaller Prince Albert - North Saskatchewan hinterland)

Ontario - Auto companies

General Motors Chrysler Ford now more Asian companies

25. What was discovered in the Fraser River in 1858 that brought 25,000 people from California? A. Aluminum B. Gold C. Silver D. Iron

Gold

12. Which Canadian city has been described as the 'foggiest, snowiest, wettest, windiest, and cloudiest'? A. Saint John B. St John's C. Halifax D. Sydney

Halifax

19. Which city in Atlantic Canada became known as the 'Warden of the North' because it provided a superb port for the ships of the British navy during and after the American Revolution? A. Lunenburg B. Halifax C. St John's D. Sydney

Halifax

26. What is the largest city in Atlantic Canada? A. Saint John B. St John's C. Halifax D. Moncton

Halifax

Which city in Ontario is known as "Steel City"? a) Cambridge b) Hamilton c) Oshawa d) Sudbury

Hamilton

Which city in Ontario is known as 'Steel City'?

Hamilton

Why was early economic growth rampant in the Atlantic Canada region?

Harvesting the natural wealth of the region was hectic, the availability of sea side lumber was ideal for ship building; just before confederation iron replaced wood as the main resource for ship building.

The Canadian Shield (in Québec) has the most hydroelectric sites in Canada due to a combination of heavy precipitation, large rivers, and which other factor? a) High elevations b) High latitude c) Arable land d) Seigneuries

High elevations

02. Which industry has made the greatest impact on British Columbia's urban economy? A. High technology B. Forestry C. Fishing D. Mining

High technology

Major Drainage Basins

Hudson Bay Basin (largest in Canada) Arctic Basin (2nd largest) Atlantic Basin (3rd largest) Pacific Basin (smallest, but has 2nd highest volume of water)

Which of Canada's physiographic regions has the most uniform relief? a) Canadian Shield b) Hudson Bay lowlands c) Appalachian Uplands d) Cordillera

Hudson Bay lowlands

42. The combination of elevation, steep-sided valleys, and steady flowing rivers provides ideal conditions for the production of which of the following? A. Pulp B. Lumber C. Hydroelectric power D. Coal

Hydroelectric power

In 1986, which of the following surpassed natural increase as the largest contributor to Canada's population growth? a) Immigration b) Emigration c) Fertility d) Crude birth rate

Immigration

What was the Auto Pact between Canada and the US designed to do?

Integrate Canada's auto industry into the North American market

What was the Canada-US Auto Pact designed to do? a) Ensure that all North American automobile manufacturing took place in the US b) Increase the number of automobile manufacturers in both countries c) Prevent Japanese automakers from entering the North American market d) Integrate Canada's auto industry into the North American market

Integrate Canada's auto industry into the North American market

What is the significance of the Calgary-Edmonton Corridor?

It has become one of the most densely populated areas in Canada. High growth rate (20% in 10 years). Red Deer is the centre of the corridor. BP, Imperial Oil and Shell each have headquarters in Calgary.

Why does Ontario have the largest number of seats in the House of Commons? a) It is the largest province in terms of area. b) It was the first province to sign the British North America Act. c) The capital city (Ottawa) is located here. d) It has the largest provincial/territorial population.

It has the largest provincial/territorial population.

What is the current state of population growth in Quebec?

It is growing at a slower rate than the rest of Canada. The birth rate and immigration is low in all areas, except for Montreal's higher immigration rate. (1871 - 32%, now - 24% of Canada's Population)

Why does Victoria receive 40% less rain than Vancouver?

It is in the rain shadow of the Insular Mountains.

Territorial North - future megaproject

Izok Corridor proposed by Chinese-state owned company that calls for5 underground and open pit mines that produce lead, zinc, copper

21. Which French explorer set foot on the shores of the Gaspe Peninsula in 1534? A. Samuel de Champlain B. Jacques Cartier C. Jean Talon D. Sieur de La Verendrye

Jacques Cartier

Which French explorer set foot on the shores of the Gaspe Peninsula in 1534?

Jacques Cartier

51. The La Grande, Great Whale, and Nottaway river basins are all part of which project? A. Churchill Bay Project B. Chaleur Bay Project C. James Bay Project D. Hudson Bay Project

James Bay Project

Ontario - The La Grande, Great Whale, and Nottaway river basins are all part of the _________________

James Bay Project

The La Grande, Great Whale, and Nottaway river basins are all part of which project?

James Bay Project

The La Grande, Great Whale, and Nottaway river basins are all part of which project? a) Churchill Bay Project b) Chaleur Bay Project c) James Bay Project d) Hudson Bay Project

James Bay Project

23. Which navigator established Britain's interest in the north Pacific Coast by sailing into Vancouver Island's Nootka Sound in 1778? A. John Cabot B. Jacques Cartier C. Simon Fraser D. James Cook

James Cook

31. Which Pacific Rim nation invested heavily in British Columbia's Northeast Coal Project in Tumbler Ridge? A. Indonesia B. China C. Japan D. Korea

Japan

38. British Columbia, a world leader in fish farming, produces more cultured salmon than which country? A. Norway B. Chile C. Japan D. The United Kingdom

Japan

32. The Quiet Revolution is associated with which Quebec premier? A. Jacques Parizeau B. Robert Bourassa C. Rene Levesque D. Jean Lesage

Jean Lesage

The Quiet Revolution is associated with which Quebec premier?

Jean Lesage

Who was the Premier during The Quiet Revolution?

Jean Lesage (Liberal)

Which three Ontario cities comprise 'Canada's Technology Triangle'?

Kitchener, Waterloo and Cambridge

List the physiographic regions

Left to Right top to bottom: Arctic Lands Cordillera Interior Plains Canadian Shield Hudson Bay Lowlands Great Lakes-St Lawrence Lowlands Appalachian Uplands

What was the downside to the Canada - US free trade agreement?

Less factories in Ontario as companies preferred to cluster their factories in a single core.

39. What proportion of land in Newfoundland and Labrador is considered arable? A. Less than 0.1 per cent B. More than 5 per cent C. 10 per cent D. 20 per cent

Less than 0.1 per cent

Which term is used to refer to the first wave of British immigrants who arrived in Canada after the American War of Independence? a) Loyalists b) Habitants c) Acadians d) Doukhobors

Loyalists

13. Which Quebec leader called on Quebecoise women to have more children? A. Robert Bourassa B. Lucien Bouchard C. Rene Levesque D. Jean Charest

Lucien Bouchard

15. In 2003, Norsk Hydro closed its plant at Danville due to its inability to compete with low-cost imports from China. What was processed at this plant? A. Pulp fibre B. Magnesium C. Iron ore D. Bauxite

Magnesium

Eastern Ontario - major industries? Cities? Features?

Major industry: Federal government jobs. Cities: Ottawa, Kingston, Cornwall. Features: Scenic, high francophone population due to proximity to Quebec.

Southwestern Ontario - major industries? Cities? Features?

Major industry: Manufacturing, agriculture. Cities: Kitchener, London, Windsor. Features: Common to US midwest, several auto industry plants, most southern point highly influenced by Detroit.

Golden Horseshoe - major industries? Cities? Features?

Major industry: finance, insurance, health care, education Cities: Toronto, Hamilton, St. Catherines Features: Dense, diverse population, highly urbanize, attracts immigrants.

Northern Ontario - major industries? Cities? Features?

Major industry: forestry, mining Cities: Sudbury, Thunderbay, Sault Ste. Marie Features: Disconnected from rest of province, several movements to become part of Manitoba or own province.

Central Ontario - major industries? Cities? Features?

Major industry: tourism, recreation. Cities: Barrie, Peterborough, Orilla. Features: Large portion nicknamed cottage country.

Characterists of Cordillera?

Major ranges include rockies and coast mountains. Youngest in Canada. Tall, jagged. Permanently snow capped.

Western Canada - where is the Western Sedimentary Basin?

Most of Alberta, some of BC, SK, and MB

Atlantic Canada - Equalization payments

NL not receiving due to offshore oil and gas and nickel processing (Voisey's Bay).

What name was given to the high tariffs imposed on imported manufactured goods in 1879?

National Policy

What name was given to the high tariffs imposed on imported manufactured goods in 1879? a) American Policy b) Tariff Policy c) National Policy d) Macdonald Policy

National Policy

23. The Confederation Bridge, completed in 1997, connects Prince Edward Island with which province? A. New Brunswick B. Quebec C. Newfoundland D. Nova Scotia

New Brunswick

The three principal French-speaking areas of Canada are the province of Québec, northeastern Ontario, and which other province? a) British Columbia b) New Brunswick c) Prince Edward Island d) Alberta

New Brunswick

02. The Northeast Energy Corridor agreement is between which of the following? A. Newfoundland and Nova Scotia B. Newfoundland and New Brunswick C. New Brunswick and Maine D. New Brunswick and Nova Scotia

New Brunswick and Maine

Atlantic Canada - What does Nova Scotia mean

New Scotland

24. Which Atlantic province had the lowest unemployment rate in 2011? A. Newfoundland and Labrador B. Nova Scotia C. Prince Edward Island D. New Brunswick

Newfoundland and Labrador

The term "staples trap" refers to the collapse of an economy based on which of the following? a) A weak tertiary sector b) Manufacturing overproduction c) Non-renewable resources d) Over dependency on manufacturing imports

Non-renewable resources

20. Which two Atlantic provinces joined Confederation in 1867? A. Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island B. New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island C. Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland D. Nova Scotia and New Brunswick

Nova Scotia and New Brunswick

What has been a source of optimism for Newfoundland's economy?

Offshore Petroleum deposits off of the St. John's coast; the province negotiated a 4.9% equity share making it a HAVE province for the first time in 2009.

19. What type of precipitation occurs on the Pacific coast? A. Cyclonic B. Orographic C. Frontal D. Monsoon

Orographic

49. Which type of precipitation are you most likey to experience in Prince Rupert? A. Orographic B. Frontal C. Cyclonic D. Convection

Orographic

Most of Canada's 'high-technology' companies are located in Toronto, Montreal, and which Ontario city?

Ottawa

18. What proportion of Quebec is occupied by the Canadian Shield? A. Less than 25 per cent B. 40 per cent C. 60 per cent D. Over 75 per cent

Over 75 per cent (around 90%)

What proportion of Quebec's population lives in southern Quebec?

Over 90 per cent

01. Which of the following is forcing logging operations in British Columbia to accelerate in order to salvage the trees? A. Forest-protection legislation B. Pine beetle infestation C. Forest fires D. Increased taxes on lumber

Pine beetle infestation

What is metamorphic rock?

Pre-existing rock that change by the process of extreme heat and pressure. They sometime contain minerals. (e.g limestone is sedimentary, the metamorphic rock of sedimentary is marble.)

"Geography has made us neighbours. history has made us friends. Economies has made us partners. Necessity has made us allies." Said by who?

President Kennedy, 1961

Three-sector model

Primary sector: raw materials (agriculture/fishing/mining/oil/forestry) Secondary sector: manufacturing Tertiary sector: services

04. Which province is the leading agricultural area in Atlantic Canada? A. New Brunswick B. Nova Scotia C. Prince Edward Island D. Labrador and Newfoundland

Prince Edward Island

09. Which of the four Atlantic Provinces has the highest population density? A. Prince Edward Island B. Newfoundland and Labrador C. New Brunswick D. Nova Scotia

Prince Edward Island

Characteristics of the Prairies?

Provinces: Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba Northern portion is boreal forest. Southern is heavily agriculture. Relatively flat topography. Dry, extreme climate. Oil in the Western part. Tourism in rocky foothills. High aboriginal population and relatively high eastern european population.

Why is precipitation relatively high in Quebec?

Proximity of the Atlantic Ocean.

What is not a major factor in Quebec's hydroelectric?

Proximity to Coal Deposits

41. Which of the following is not a major factor in Quebec's hydroelectric developments? A. Precipitation B. Access to market C. Topography D. Proximity to coal deposits

Proximity to coal deposits

How would you classify regions in terms of land surface?

Put the land into chunks that have similar characteristics.

What is the second largest region in Canada based on population and economic output?

Quebec

What was the first permanent (European) settlement in Canada? a) Toronto b) Québec City c) St John's d) Halifax

Québec City

28. What term was used to refer to the high birth rate in Quebec from 1851 to 1951? A. Coureurs de bois B. Fin du siecle C. Joie de vivre D. Revanche des berceaux

Revanche des berceaux

What term was used to refer to the high birth rate in Quebec from 1851 to 1951?

Revanche des berceaux

17. In July 1996, severe flooding occurred in which region? A. Saguenay region B. Gaspe peninsula C. Ottawa valley D. Estric region

Saguenay region

In July 1996, sever flooding occurred in which region?

Saguenay region

36. What is the most valuable fish species harvested in British Columbia? A. Herring B. Halibut C. Salmon D. Cod

Salmon

26. Who is described as the Father of New France? A. Jacques Cartier B. Samuel de Champlain C. Jean Talon D. Rene Levesque

Samuel de Champlain

Who is described as the Father of New France?

Samuel de Champlain

Quebec - New France

Samuel de Champlain 1608-1759

Where is tobacco grown (Darts, cigz, puffypuffs) ?

Sand plane north of Lake Erie - poor soil for other types of crops.

In which Ontario city is Essar Algoma, formerly Algoma Steel, located?

Sault St Marie

What is a Seaway? What does the St. Lawrence Seaway connect?

Seaway: a river manipulated by humans, widened to fit ships through Connects the great lakes with the Atlantic Ocean.

Geologically, southern Ontario is underlain by which of the following?

Sedimentary rock

Geologically, southern Ontario is underlain by which of the following? a) glacial till b) sedimentary rock c) igneous rock d) metamorphic rock

Sedimentary rock

What type of rock underlying the Prairies contains oil?

Sedimentary rock.

Atlantic Canada - when did Hurricane Juan make landfall?

September 29, 2003

Other than being a physical divide what impact has the rocky mountains have?

Serves to disconnect BC from the rest of Canada. One expression of this is "Cascadia" - name proposed for an independent state uniting BC, Washington and Oregon.

03. What are the two main contributors to pollution in the St Lawrence River? A. Sewage and industrial waste B. Sewage and agricultural runoff C. Agricultural runoff and industrial waste D. Agricultural runoff and invasive species

Sewage and industrial waste

What are the two main contributors to pollution in the St Lawrence River?

Sewage and industrial waste

Where in Ontario is the largest amount of high quality agriculture?

Southern Ontario, it contains over 50% of the Class I land in Canada (largest variety of crops).

What area of Ontario is most suitable for agriculture? Why?

Southern Ontario. Moderate temp (due to great lakes), ample precipitation, fertile soil

What causes Canada's tornado alley?

Southwesterly winds brings warm, moist air from the gulf of mexico, which then interacts with the cooler lake breezes.

Most of northern Ontario lies in which climate zone?

Subarctic

What is the largest climatic zone in Canada? a) Arctic b) Cordillera c) Subarctic d) Prairie

Subarctic

What is the largest city in northern Ontario?

Sudbury

What is the largest city in northern Ontario? a) Thunder Bay b) Sudbury c) North Bay d) Sault Ste Marie

Sudbury

How are the summers in Ontario, what happens in the winter?

Summers are hot and humid. In winter, arctic air masses bring cold temperatures and bitter wind chill.

How does smog form and why is air pollution a problem in Ontario?

Sunlight + pollutants from industry and vehicles = smog - Dense population (US area nearby too)

Names of Great Lakes clockwise

Superior Michigan Huron Erie Ontario West to east: Super Man Helps Every One

36. In which city did Atlantic Canada's steel production take place? A. Saint John B. Halifax C. Truro D. Sydney

Sydney

Territorial North - T/F Diamond mining has quickly become the backbone of the mining industry in the Territorial North

TRUE

34. In British Columbia, which economic sector has seen an increase in employment? A. Primary B. Secondary C. Tertiary D. None of the above

Tertiary

To which economic sector do economic activities involving the sale and exchange of goods and services belong? a) Primary sector b) Secondary sector c) Tertiary sector d) Quaternary sector

Tertiary sector

Which industry continues to be the second-largest manufacturing enterprise in Quebec today?

Textile production

Which industry continues to be the second-largest manufacturing enterprise in Québec today? a) Textile production b) Hydroelectricity c) Petroleum refining d) Furniture-making

Textile production

What is located on each region?

The Appalachian Uplands - the Maritimes and Newfoundland Island The Canadian Shield - Labrador

35. Southern Quebec contains which two physiographic regions? A. Eastern Cordillera and the Canadian Shield B. The Appalachian Uplands and the St Lawrence Lowlands C. The Canadian Shield and the Hudson Bay Lowlands D. The Hudson Bay Lowlands and the Interior Plains

The Appalachian Uplands and the St Lawrence Lowlands

Southern Quebec contains which two physiographic regions?

The Appalachian Uplands and the St Lawrence Lowlands

Southern Québec contains which two physiographic regions? a) Eastern Cordillera and the Canadian Shield b) The Appalachian Uplands and the St Lawrence Lowlands c) The Canadian Shield and the Hudson Bay Lowlands d) The Hudson Bay Lowlands and the Interior Plains

The Appalachian Uplands and the St Lawrence Lowlands

Canada's formal history as a nation begins with the passing of which agreement? a) The British North America Act b) The Québec Act c) The Treaty of Paris d) The Treaty of Canada

The British North America Act

What was the act that gave considerable power to the provinces? When was it enacted?

The British North American Act. 1867.

Why is 1759 an important year in the history of Quebec?

The British defeated the French on the Plains of Abraham

27. Why is 1759 an important year in the history of Quebec? A. Jacques Cartier sailed into the Bay of Chaleur. B. Ville-Marie (later Montreal) was established. C. The British defeated the French on the Plains of Abraham. D. Jean Talon, the first intendant of New France, arrived.

The British defeated the French on the Plains of Abraham.

BC has a variety of hydroelectric energy sources, why are the conditions ideal for this?

The CORDILLERA has: - High elevation - Steep-sided valleys - Large steady-flowing rivers

13. Which of the following is not one of the three main agricultural regions of Atlantic Canada? A. The Annapolis Valley B. The Saint John River Valley C. The Kalapa Valley D. Prince Edward Island

The Kalapa Valley

Quebec - What was formed after the James Bay project?

The Kativik Government was formed by the Inuit; First Nations wanted control over their land

Following the American War of Independence, where did the majority of Loyalists settle? a) The Maritimes b) Western Canada c) The Caribbean d) Louisiana

The Maritimes

What is the most significant landform (in terms of relief) in southern Ontario?

The Niagara Escarpment

hat is the most significant landform (in terms of relief) in southern Ontario? a) The Oak Ridges Moraine b) Pelee Island c) The Welland Canal d) The Niagara Escarpment

The Niagara Escarpment

The best grape and soft fruit growing lands in Canada are found in which region of Ontario?

The Niagara Fruit Belt

Between 1991 and 2001, what were the top three countries of birth for immigrants to Toronto?

The Philippines, China, and India

29. In 1841, the British Parliament passed the Act of Union, resulting in the establishment of what? A. The Province of Canada B. Confederation C. The Family Compact D. The Chateau Clique

The Province of Canada

In 1841 the British Parliament passed the Act of Union resulting in the establishment of what?

The Province of Canada

Atlantic Canada - what were the driving forces pushing settlers to come from England?

The Scottish Highland clearances, Irish Famine

What geographical object represents Quebec's history and economy?

The St. Lawrence River

What thesis explains the establishment of cores?

The Staple Thesis.

Which of Bone's regions had the largest physical area? a) Ontario b) Québec c) British Columbia d) The Territorial North

The Territorial North

What is the most prominent feature of the Labrador landscape?

The Torngat Mountains formed 750 million years ago.

12. Which country is Canada's largest trading partner in terms of exports? a) Great Britain b) Japan c) Germany d) The United States

The United States

34. Which country is the most important destination for Quebec's exports? A. The United States B. France C. Mexico D. Great Britain

The United States

The Reciprocity Treaty (1854) was signed by Britain and which country?

The United States

Which country is the most important destination for Quebec's exports?

The United States

What event ended the influx of American settlers in Ontario?

The War of 1812.

What is Eutrophication? Where does much of the water population come from?

The addition of phosphates to lakes (from fertilizers and chemicals that run off from agricultural areas) too much causes algae growth in lakes Urban runoff.

James Bay Project

The construction by state-owned utility Hydro-Québec of a series of hydroelectric power stations on the La Grande River in northwestern Quebec, Canada, and the diversion of neighbouring rivers into the La Grande watershed. It is located between James Bay to the west and Labrador to the east and its waters flow from the Laurentian Plateau of the Canadian Shield.

What is the modernization theory of the core periphery model?

The core invests in the periphery and helps it to develop. Part of this is done through equalization payments.

What is clear evidence of the Labrador current?

The flow of icebergs that originate in Greenland, it is responsible for carrying the iceberg that led to the Titanic sinking in 1912.

Where is corn grown?

The most common, grown throughout southwestern Ontario.

Ontario is the most diverse province, in what regards?

The most diverse human and physical geography.

What was the National Policy and what was its implications?

The national policy (1879) contributed to the core of Canada being located where it is today. The policy created a Canada-wide market for Canadian goods by implementation of tariffs and restricted trade on outside goods (e.g. drive up the price of American made goods)

Where is fruit grown?

The niagara region (The Niagara Fruit belt)

What is the large environmental issue with the oil sands?

The oil must be mixed with hot water in order to be extracted (bitumen is too thick to be pumped on its own). The result is toxic water the cannot be released, and the amount is increasing daily.

What is a functional region?

There are interactions among different areas within the region, such as the urban part of the region and the periphery. (e.g all major roads and highways in Manitoba branch out from Winnipeg)

English / French faultline

There is a political and cultural struggle in Quebec to maintain French as a viable language. Proportion of French-speaking Canadians has declined. Internal faultline in Quebec between separatists and federalists.

What is a cultural region? What is the primary example in Canada?

These are areas that are based on a sense of belonging. There is a bond between people and the region. (e.g. Francophones in Quebec)

Whats is the purpose of the GTA greenbelt?

This is an effort to slow urban sprawl, and prevents development in designated areas around the GTA.

42. Which of the following is not a major industry in northern Quebec? A. Tourism B. Forestry C. Mining D. Hydroelectric generation

Tourism

In northern Ontario, where cities and towns are struggling to diversify, what industry helping to strengthen the economy? a) Softwood lumber b) Tourism c) Steel manufacturing d) Agriculture

Tourism

What industry is most helping to strengthen the economy in northern Ontario? a) Softwood lumber b) Tourism c) Steel manufacturing d) Mining

Tourism

What is not a major industry in northern Quebec?

Tourism

Which of the following is not a major industry in northern Québec? a) Tourism b) Forestry c) Mining d) Hydroelectric generation

Tourism

British Columbia - what is TILMA?

Trade, Investment, and Labor Mobility Agreement Between BC, AB, and SK It shows BC's interests in promoting trade

32. Which term refers to the decimation of public resources through the selfish actions of individuals? A. Tragedy of the commons B. Economies of association C. Spawning biomass D. Geographical fragmentation of regions

Tragedy of the commons

What is the Northern Gateway Pipeline?

Transport natural gas from Alberta through BC to the coast for export to the Pacific Rim.

Alternative energy sources, such as wind farms, have begun to feed into Ontario's electrical grid. True False

True

At the time of Confederation (1867), more than 90 per cent of Canada's population was either British or French. True False

True

In 2012-13, Ontario and Québec both received equalization payments as a result of their "have-not" status. True False

True

Modern treaties (between Ottawa and Aboriginal groups) began in 1975 with the signing of the James Bay and Northern Québec Agreement. True False

True

Over one half of Canada's Class 1 agricultural land is found in southern Ontario. True False

True

Québec does not recognize the boundary dividing Québec from Labrador. True False

True

Québec is the largest province in Canada in terms of area. True False

True

Regional self-interest is the logical outcome of regional identity and consciousness. True False

True

The "Quiet Revolution" occurred in Québec in the 1960s. True False

True

The Arctic Lands consist of a dozen large islands and many small islands that together are known as the Arctic Archipelago. True False

True

The British North America Act was passed in 1867. True False

True

The Interior Plains are underlain by sedimentary rock. True False

True

The goal of the National Policy (1879) was to strengthen Canada's economy by creating a national industrial base. True False

True

The late Wisconsin ice sheet reached its maximum southerly extent about 18,000 years ago. True False

True

The result of the 30 October 1995 referendum was a victory for the "No" side. True False

True

The term "hollowing out" refers to the decline of the manufacturing sector. True False

True

Atlantic Canada - Cushing

USA pricing

British Columbia - BC's climate

Uniquely mild, wet, west coast climate

What places in Canada are upward transitional (could become core)? Which are downward transitional (economic drain)?

Upward: - BC - Prairies Downward: - Atlantic Canada

What canal connects Lake Erie to Lake Ontario?

Welland Canal

What opened in 1830 to allow ships to bypass Niagara Falls?

Welland Canal

From 2001 to 2011, the region with the greatest percentage increase in population was __________. a) Atlantic Canada b) Ontario c) British Columbia d) Western Canada

Western Canada

What region has the greatest number of Aboriginal peoples? a) British Columbia b) Western Canada c) Ontario d) Territorial North

Western Canada

Which region had the highest percentage of Aboriginal population (by self-identification) in 2011? a) Territorial North b) Atlantic Canada c) Ontario d) Western Canada

Western Canada

What was much of the steel used for?

Western Canada railroads.

When did the last territorial expansion in Canada take place? a) When Newfoundland joined Confederation b) When Nunavut was created c) When Nunavik was created d) When the Meech Lake Accord was signed

When Newfoundland joined Confederation

When does lake effect snow and lake effect clouds effects diminish?

When the lakes freeze over.

Atlantic Canada - there is a highest risk of dying of cancer in __________ due to __________

Whitney Pier and Ashby; tar ponds

Territorial North - did the fur trade and Arctic whaling create a form of dependency whereby Indian/Inuit could not survive without trade goods?

YES

In 2011, how many Canadians reported to be of "Aboriginal ancestry"? a) 1.9 million b) 5.3 million c) 7.3 million d) 9.3 million

a) 1.9 million

What is Canada's approximate population? a) 13 million b) 23 million c) 35 million d) 43 million

a) 13 million

Which of the following best characterizes Atlantic Canada? a) A slowly growing region b) A rapidly growing region c) A core region d) A resource frontier

a) A slowly growing region

In the Interior Plains, oil and gas deposits are found in sedimentary structures known as what? a) Basins b) Sinks c) Nunataks d) Pingos

a) Basins

Which of Canada's physiographic regions has the most uniform relief? a) Canadian Shield b) Hudson Bay lowlands c) Appalachian Uplands d) Cordillera

a) Canadian Shield

Prior to 1961, the major source of immigrants to Canada was what region? a) Europe b) the United States c) Asia d) Africa

a) Europe

What is the largest drainage basin in Canada? a) Hudson Bay Basin b) Pacific Basin c) Atlantic Basin d) Arctic Basin

a) Hudson Bay Basin

Which of the following is true about the survey system used in Western Canada in the 1880s? a) It was based on a township and range model. b) It was similar to the seigneurial system of New France. c) It was designed to ensure easy military defense of the region. d) It resulted in circular townships.

a) It was based on a township and range model.

What proportion of Canada's population lives in the Territorial North? a) Less than 1 per cent b) 9 per cent c) 18 per cent d) 25 per cent

a) Less than 1 per cent

Which term is used to refer to the first wave of British immigrants who arrived in Canada after the American War of Independence? a) Loyalists b) Habitants c) Acadians d) Doukhobors

a) Loyalists

Where is most of Canada's hydroelectric power generated? a) Niagara Falls b) The Canadian Shield area of the Hudson Bay Basin c) The Fraser River valley in the Western Cordillera d) The Mackenzie River in the Arctic Basin

a) Niagara Falls

Which Indian tribe was involved in the 1973 Supreme Court ruling known as the Calder Case? a) Niasga'a (northern British Columbia) b) Six Nations (southern Ontario) c)Lac LaRonge (northern Saskatchewan) d) James Bay Cree (northern Québec)

a) Niasga'a (northern British Columbia)

Where did the Nootka, Haida, and Salish Indian tribes live? a) On the Pacific Coast b) In the Great Lakes-St Lawrence region c) On the prairies d) In the eastern Arctic region

a) On the Pacific Coast

Which of Bone's regions has the largest population? a) Ontario b) Québec c) Western Canada d) British Columbia

a) Ontario

Which region had the highest percentage of urban population in 2011? a) Ontario b) British Columbia c) Québec d) Western Canada

a) Ontario

Which region had the highest population density in 2011? a) Ontario b) Québec c) British Columbia d) Atlantic Canada

a) Ontario

From 2006-2012, most population growth has taken place which three geographic regions? a) Ontario, Québec, and British Columbia b) Western Canada, Ontario, and British Columbia c) Ontario, Québec, and Western Canada d) Ontario, Québec, and Atlantic Canada

a) Ontario, Québec, and British Columbia

Where in Canada does orographic rainfall occur? a) Pacific coast b) Southern Ontario c) Atlantic coast d) Northern Saskatchewan

a) Pacific coast

The rocks that make up the Interior Plains were formed by sediments deposited by which of the following? a) Paleozoic rivers b) Continental glaciers c) Shallow inland seas d) Alpine glaciers

a) Paleozoic rivers

"Patterned ground" and pingos are associated with which of the following? a) Permafrost b) Icebergs c) Glacial lakes d) Isostatic rebound

a) Permafrost

Which term refers to the dispersal of people within a geographic area? a) Population distribution b) Population density c) Population interaction d) Population size

a) Population distribution

Which region of Canada received the largest share of equalization payments in 2012-2013? a) Québec b) Western Canada c) Atlantic Canada d) British Columbia

a) Québec

Which of Bone's regions has the smallest industrial labour force? a) The Territorial North b) Québec c) Atlantic Canada d) British Columbia

a) The Territorial North

Orographic rainfall occurs as a result of which of the following? a) Topography b) Geology c) Hydrology d) Convection

a) Topography

Which term describes barren areas of bare rock, shattered bedrock, and sterile gravel? a) Tundra b) Polar desert c) Permafrost d) Arctic Archipelago

a) Tundra

In the post-industrial phase of the demographic transition theory, what was the rate of natural increase? a) Very low b) Very high c) Constant d) Uneven

a) Very low

When did the last territorial expansion in Canada take place? a) When Newfoundland joined Confederation b) When Nunavut was created c) When Nunavik was created d) When the Meech Lake Accord was signed

a) When Newfoundland joined Confederation

Territorial North - how many people live in Yellowknife

about 19,000

Territorial North - how many people live in Whitehorse

about 27,000

Territorial North - how many people live in Iqaluit

about 6,000

Ontario - Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement

agreement between USA and Canada to restore and protect the waters from the Great Lakes

Western Canada - orographic uplift

air forced to rise over mountains

Atlantic Canada - Big Commute

air travel to/from Alberta from Newfoundland trade workers cycle: 20 days in Alberta, 8 days in Newfoundland salary: ~$100,000

Territorial North - a special feature of the Territorial North

aurora borealis/northern lights not exclusive to Territorial North but still a special feature

The Arctic Lands region stretches over nearly what percentage of the area of Canada? a) 5 per cent b) 10 per cent c) 20 per cent d) 40 per cent

b) 10 per cent

In the 2011 census, how many people claimed Aboriginal ancestry? a) 1.4 million b) 2.3 million c) 3.5 million d) 4.1 million

b) 2.3 million

The Interior Plains cover what percentage of Canada's land mass? a) 10 per cent b) 20 per cent c) 30 per cent d) 40 per cent

b) 20 per cent

The staples thesis is associated with which theorist? a) Immanuel Wallerstein b) Harold Innis c) John Friedmann d) M.H. Watkins

b) Harold Innis

Increasing levels of anthropogenic air pollution began with which event? a) Agricultural revolution b) Industrial Revolution c) Extinction of the dinosaurs d) French Revolution

b) Industrial Revolution

The Berger Inquiry (1974-1977) investigated the environmental and socio-economic impacts of which proposed project? a) James Bay hydroelectric project b) Mackenzie Valley pipeline c) Athabaska Tar Sands project d) Great Whale River hydroelectric project

b) Mackenzie Valley pipeline

The three principal French-speaking areas of Canada are the province of Québec, northeastern Ontario, and which other province? a) British Columbia b) New Brunswick c) Prince Edward Island d) Alberta

b) New Brunswick

Regional self-interest is a logical outcome of which of the following? a) Government policy b) Regional identity and consciousness c) Immigration trends d) Struggling economies

b) Regional identity and consciousness

Which of the following is not a key characteristic of a physiographic region? a) Extends over a large, continuous area with similar relief features b) Shares a common political and economic structure c) Possesses a common geological structure and history d) Has been shaped by a common set of geomorphic processes

b) Shares a common political and economic structure

Which of the following best characterizes the boundaries separating regions? a) Spatial processes b) Static entities c) Transition zones d) Sub-regions

b) Static entities

What type of climate characterizes the area where most Canadians live? a) Temperate b) Subarctic c) Subtropical d) Mediterranean

b) Subarctic

In 2011, which region of Canada had the largest primary sector? a) Atlantic b) Territorial North c) Ontario d) British Columbia

b) Territorial North

In 2011, which region of Canada had the largest tertiary sector? a) Atlantic b) Territorial North c) Ontario d) British Columbia

b) Territorial North

In 2011, which region of Canada had the smallest secondary sector? a) Atlantic b) Territorial North c) Ontario d) British Columbia

b) Territorial North

At the time of Confederation, who controlled the area known as "Rupert's Land"? a) The Red River Colony b) The Hudson's Bay Company c) Cree Indians d) The Canadian Pacific Railway

b) The Hudson's Bay Company

Canada's formal history as a nation begins with the passing of which agreement? a) The British North America Act b) The Québec Act c) The Treaty of Paris d) The Treaty of Canada

b) The Québec Act

In general, air masses (i.e., the atmospheric circulation system) in Canada travel in which direction? a) East to west b) West to east c) North to south d) South to north

b) West to east

Why was Britain interested in unifying the British colonies into the Dominion of Canada?

because then more resources and population - help spread the wave of British and have them all there to support each other

Territorial North - how can global warming benefit and harm the Territorial North?

benefit - no ice on the ocean in the summer leads to transportation across the Northwest Passage - warmer seas would allow whales to return and sustain the Thule harm - wildlife will be affected - calving grounds for herds of animals like the caribou would be smaller, and the Dene/Inuit rely on the caribou for food

how is population change determined?

births, deaths, and immigration

When did Québec's "Quiet Revolution" occur? a) 1920s b) 1940s c) 1960s d) 1980s

c) 1960s

According to Bone, how many years ago did the first people set foot in North America? a) 100,000 b) 80,000 c) 40,000 d) 20,000

c) 40,000

At the time of European contact, how many Aboriginal languages were spoken in Canada? a) 5 b) 15 c) 55 d) 225

c) 55

Approximately what proportion of Canada's population lives in Ontario and Québec combined? a) 20 per cent b) 40 per cent c) 60 per cent d) 90 per cent

c) 60 per cent

What percentage of Canadians lives in the "densely populated" zone (Great Lakes-St Lawrence Lowlands)? a) 35 per cent b) 50 per cent c) 60 per cent d) 75 per cent

c) 60 per cent

Which province has the highest industrial emissions? a) Ontario b) Quebec c) Alberta d) Saskatchewan

c) Alberta

Canada can be divided into how many population zones, as described in Bone? a) Two b) Three c) Four d) Five

c) Four

Who was the first European explorer to reach Canada's east coast? a) Martin Frobisher b) Jacques Cartier c) John Cabot d) Samuel de Champlain

c) John Cabot

Who was the leader of the Red River Rebellion (1869)? a) Clifford Sifton b) Sieur de La Salle c) Louis Riel d) Sieur de La Verendrye

c) Louis Riel

Which term refers to the difference between the crude birth rate (CBR) and the crude death rate (CDR)? a) Population distribution b) Demographic replacement c) Natural increase d) Replacement fertility

c) Natural increase

Which region in Bone's scheme contributes the largest share of GDP to the Canadian total? a) Québec b) Western Canada c) Ontario d) British Columbia

c) Ontario

Which is the largest physiographic region in Canada? a) The Appalachian Uplands b) The Interior Plains c) The Canadian Shield d) The Great Lakes-St Lawrence Lowlands

c) The Canadian Shield

Which physiographic region was formed in the Precambrian era? a) The Appalachian Uplands b) The Interior Plains c) The Canadian Shield d) Cordillera

c) The Canadian Shield

In which region do Aboriginal peoples make up the majority of the population? a) Ontario b) Québec c) The Territorial North d) British Columbia

c) The Territorial North

Which two regions are characterized as being rapidly growing, according to the core/periphery model? a) Atlantic Canada and British Columbia b) Western Canada and Territorial North c) Western Canada and British Columbia d) The Territorial North and Atlantic Canada

c) Western Canada and British Columbia

Discontinuous permafrost occurs in what type of areas? a) Where the ground is never frozen b) Where the ground is permanently frozen c) Where 30 to 80 per cent of the ground is permanently frozen d) Where 10 to 30 per cent of the ground is permanently frozen

c) Where 30 to 80 per cent of the ground is permanently frozen

The Red River Colony became the nucleus of which city? a) Calgary b) Edmonton c) Winnipeg d) Regina

c) Winnipeg

The pre-industrial phase of the demographic transition theory is characterized by __________. a) high birth rates and low death rates b) low birth rates and high death rates c) high birth rates and high death rates d) low birth rates and low death rates

c) high birth rates and high death rates

Expressions of regional belonging and consciousness are contained in which geographic concept? a) Power of space b) Globalization c) Sense of place d) Conflict awareness

c) sense of place

core-periphery theory

capitalist economics result in regionally uneven development

British Columbia - forests

covers 60% of the province

Nunavut, the most recent change to the political map of Canada, came into existence in what year? a) 1949 b) 1969 c) 1999 d) 2003

d) 2003

What proportion of Canada's population was classed as "urban" in 2011? a) 52 per cent b) 62 per cent c) 72 per cent d) 82 per cent

d) 82 per cent

Which of the following most accurately characterizes northern Ontario? a) A francophone hotspot b) An agricultural zone c) The industrial core d) A resource hinterland

d) A resource hinterland

For Britain, what was the advantage of the union of its North American colonies? a) A better chance for their political survival against the growing economic and military strength of the United States b) A reduction in British expenditures for the defense of its North American colonies c) An improved environment for British investment d) All of the above

d) All of the above

In Québec, Bill 101 proclaimed French as the official language for which of the following? a) Government b) Advertising and business c) Education d) All of the above

d) All of the above

The Precambrian crystalline rock that makes up the Canadian Shield contains deposits of what? a) Copper and gold b) Diamonds and iron c) Nickel and uranium d) All of the above

d) All of the above

What does the term "hollowing out" refer to? a) The decline of the manufacturing workforce b) Closure of manufacturing plants c) Offshore relocation of manufacturing d) All of the above

d) All of the above

Which of the following is a reason for Canada's regionalism? a) North-south orientation of physiographic regions b) Vast size c) Patterns of historic development and relationship with Aboriginal peoples d) All of the above

d) All of the above

Which of Bone's regions has the smallest physical area? a) Ontario b) Québec c) Western Canada d) Atlantic Canada

d) Atlantic Canada

What was the purpose of the 2007 municipal council announced its "code of standards" in Hérouxville, Québec? a) To inform new arrivals of Bill 101, language rights b) To inform new arrivals that the lifestyle that they left behind in their birth country cannot be brought with them to Hérouxville c) New arrivals would have to adapt to their new social "identity" d) Both b and c

d) Both b and c

Who was the Minister of the Interior who "accepted the challenge to settle the West"? a) Wilfrid Laurier b) James Wolfe c) Louis Riel d) Clifford Sifton

d) Clifford Sifton

Which of Canada's physiographic regions has the most varied topography? a) Canadian Shield b) Hudson Bay Lowlands c) Appalachian Uplands d) Cordillera

d) Cordillera

What is the most widely accepted theory describing population change in industrial societies? a) Staples theory b) Core/periphery theory c) Acculturation theory d) Demographic transition theory

d) Demographic transition theory the transition from high birth and death rates to lower birth and death rates as a country or region develops from a pre-industrial to an industrialized economic system

As a result of tectonic activity, the British Columbia coast is vulnerable to which of the following? a) Tornadoes b) Monsoons c) Hurricanes d) Earthquakes

d) Earthquakes

Why does Ontario have the largest number of seats in the House of Commons? a) It is the largest province in terms of area. b) It was the first province to sign the British North America Act. c) The capital city (Ottawa) is located here. d) It has the largest provincial/territorial population.

d) It has the largest provincial/territorial population.

Which of Canada's regions has the highest population density? a) British Columbia b) Atlantic Canada c) Québec d) Ontario

d) Ontario

The meeting of warm and cold air masses produces what type of precipitation? a) Convectional b) Cyclonic c) Frontal d) Orographic

d) Orographic

What was the aim of the National Policy (1879)? a) Make bilingualism an official policy of the Canadian government b) Develop the St Lawrence Seaway c) Expand the east coast fishery d) Protect Canadian manufacturers

d) Protect Canadian manufacturers

What region has the greatest number of Aboriginal peoples? a) British Columbia b) Western Canada c) Ontario d) Territorial North

d) Territorial North

Which of Bone's regions had the largest physical area? a) Ontario b) Québec c) British Columbia d) The Territorial North

d) The Territorial North

Which country is Canada's largest trading partner in terms of exports? a) Great Britain b) Japan c) Germany d) The United States

d) The United States

What was the objective of the Dominion Lands Act of 1872? a) To build the Canadian Pacific Railway b) To change the land and property tax system c) To make western Canada the property of the British Empire d) To settle the prairies

d) To settle the prairies

From 2001 to 2011, the region with the greatest percentage increase in population was __________. a) Atlantic Canada b) Ontario c) British Columbia d) Western Canada

d) Western Canada

Which region had the highest percentage of Aboriginal population (by self-identification) in 2011? a) Territorial North b) Atlantic Canada c) Ontario d) Western Canada

d) Western Canada

According to the demographic transition theory, what changes occur as an economy evolves from the pre-industrial to the post-industrial stage?

describes population change in industrial societies. The assumption, comes from Europe, that birth and death rates decline as a society moves from pre-industrial to an industrial economy. Theory calls for the death rate to decline well before the birth rate, resulting in population decline.

terra nulius

empty lands

Quebec - Quebec's _______________ has a worldwide reputation

film industry (the arts are a vibrant part of Quebecois culture)

Atlantic Canada - groundfish

fish that live on or around the bottom of the sea e.g. cod, halibut, sole

Territorial North - country food

food such as caribou, fish, and sea mammals obtained by Aboriginals from the land and sea primarily game

Quebec - industries in Quebec

forestry manufacturing aerospace metal refining pharmaceutical firms

Atlantic Canada - How did the Annapolis Valley form?

from marine deposits

Territorial North - the Arctic Ocean was called the _________ by explorers

frozen sea

Quebec - bill 14

gave more power to French

how does Lake Louise get its turquoise colour?

glacial flour

Western Canada - What are challenges of agriculture in Western Canada?

hot and long summers climate change dry spells caused by precipitation being very under normal

British Columbia - environmental challenges in BC

human activities - resource loss, environemental degradation, dangers of oil spills, land conflicts natural causes - increase in forest fires, pine beetle damage due to warmer winters

________ are the most active and dangerous agents of environmental damage

humans

Territorial North - how are the northern lights caused

interaction of charged solar particles with gases in the atmosphere under the influence of earth's magnetic field

population increase (equation)

natural increase + net migration = population increase

Territorial North - how many people live in the Territorial North

over 100,000

What proportion of Quebec is occupied by the Canadian Shield?

over 75 per cent (around 90%)

What were the major trends in Canadian immigration in the twentieth century?

people settled in major cities where there were already people of their culture

Western Canada - what is potash?

potassium salts

What are the similarities between the culture regions of Aboriginal peoples (Fig. 3.2, p. 73) and our current conception of Canada's regions as discussed in Chapter 1?

the Atlantic Canada is the only place with the same area in both maps

Quebec - Most of Canada's hydro electric power is generated in ___________

the Canadian Shield area of the Hudson Bay basin

Territorial North - Barren Grounds

the area of tundra stretching from the west coast of Hudson Bay to Great Slave and Great Bear Lake Caribou use this region for calving before migrating to the boreal forests

Quebec - bill 101

the bill made to make businesses use French, made parents send their kids to French school

Atlantic Canada - Labrador Current

the cold ocean current flowing south in the north Atlantic from Greenland and Labrador

DEF Arctic Archipelago

the dozen large islands and numerous small islands in The Arctic Lands

Western Canada - What is Palliser's Triangle?

the driest lands in Western Canada It receives less than 400mm rainfall every year discovered in 1857 AKA the Dry Belt started as an expedition to see if Western Canada was livable

Territorial North - What is the Arctic Archipelago described as sometimes?

the polar desert

Atlantic Canada - Labrador was subjected to the orogeny (a process in which a section of the earth's crust is folded and deformed by lateral compression to form a mountain range) unlike _________

the rest of the Canadian Shield

What was the significance of the Québec Act (1774)?

the unique nature and separateness of Quebec were recognized, thus affirming its place in BNA

Atlantic Canada - what is the most prominent feature of Labrador?

the uplifted and glaciated Torngat Mountains (a national park reserve since 2005)

What are the fundamental concerns of geographic inquiry?

to discover "placeness" of people and the role it has played in shaping the attitudes and values of people in a specific region

Describe the distribution of Canada's population. What factors account for this distribution?

unevenly - very concentrated along the southern area in the major cities. This is due to where there are jobs and manufacturing abilities

Western Canada - 4 leading mineral resources

oil, gas, potash, coal

38. What proportion of land in the Maritimes is considered arable? A. Less than 0.1 per cent B. Less than 5 per cent C. 10 per cent D. 20 per cent

10 per cent

Atlantic Canada - unemployment rate in Atlantic Canada

10% it is high especially in rural and coastal communities

Ontario - Ontario takes up ______ of Canada's area

10.8%

Atlantic Canada - _____ of people in Atlantic Canada have French as mother tongue

11.9% (mostly in New Brunswick)

US - CAN relations

- US is Canada's principal market - North America provides a natural economic trade zone - Economies of US and CAN compliment each other

Canada's largest city

Toronto

What is Canada's population density (in persons/km2)? a) 0.37 b) 3.7 c) 10.7 d) 13.7

b) 3.7

Territorial North - Territorial North makes up _______ of Canada's population

0.3%

Quebec - Quebec makes up _____ of Canada's overall area

15.5%

Quebec - Jacques Cartier first sailed to the Bay of Chaleur in what year?

1534

Territorial North - unemployment rate in Territorial North

16%

10. How many First Nations are located in BC? A. 90 B. 130 C. 198 D. 340

198

When was the first referendum on Québec's independence held? a) 1960 b) 1970 c) 1980 d) 1990

1980

What are the connectors of the great lakes referred to?

Straits or Rivers.

Territorial North - albedo effect

-factor to global warming -proportion of solar radiation reflected from the earth's surface back into the atmosphere

Atlantic Canada - the oil production in Newfoundland and Labrador is transforming them from being a __________ province to a ______ province

"have-not" to a "have" province

Territorial North - what does "Nunavut" mean

"our land" in Inuktitut

natural increase

# of births - # of deaths = natural increase

What caused decline in Quebec's population share of Canada?

1. Expansion of the Canadian West 2. Relocation of businesses and corporate headquarters to Ontario

Ontario - Ontario has ______ of Canada's 25 largest cities

10

Canada's population has increased approx. _________ since Confederation

10 times

To be classed as a CMA (Census Metropolitan Area), what population must an urban area have? a) 10,000 people b) 25,000 people c) 50,000 people d) 100,000 people

100,000 people

Western Canada - Western Canada's forests make up __________ of Canada's forests

11%

09. What proportion of Canada's GDP is produced by BC? A. 2.5 per cent B. 6.5 per cent C. 12.5 per cent D. 20.5 per cent

12.5%

08. What proportion of Canada's population lives in BC? A. 13 per cent B. 23 per cent C. 33 per cent D. 43 per cent

13%

British Columbia - BC makes up _____ of Canada's population?

13%

When was the first settlement created in Ontario? What was it called and who settled it?

1749. Across the river from Detroit and named it Petite Cote which means "little coast line", now Windsor. It was first settled by the French.

When was the mining facility, rail link and town of Thompson developed?

1957.

10. When was the St Lawrence Seaway opened? A. 1825 B. 1876 C. 1837 D. 1959

1959

When was the St Lawrence Seaway opened?

1959

When did Québec's "Quiet Revolution" occur? a) 1920s b) 1940s c) 1960s d) 1980s

1960s

Quebec - Quiet Revolution

1960s-1970s Separatism, sovereignty

Atlantic Canada - What year was the Churchill Falls Agreement

1969

Quebec - when were the key financial businesses moved from Quebec to Ontario?

1970s

Territorial North - summer temperature in the Territorial North

20 - 30 degrees celsius

Quebec - Quebec provides _______ of Canada's GDP

20%

Western Canada - Western Canada takes up _______ of Canada's land mass

20%

Red Deer Toronto

2000

How much of Ontario's Class 1 agricultural land was lost to urban sprawl between 1976 and 2006?

25 percent

Quebec - Quebec's Economy

2nd largest in Canada

Western Canada - Average amount of precipitation Saskatoon receives every year

350mm

In 2011, what percentage of Canada's population lived in Ontario?

38.4 per cent

1901-1921 the western population went from ___________ to __________

40,000 to 2 million

31. How far offshore does the continental shelf on the Atlantic Coast extend? A. 10 km B. 100 km C. 400 km D. 2,000 km

400 km

Atlantic Canada - over ______ of people live in urban centres

50%

Western Canada - Alberta makes up ___________ of Western Canada's forests

67%

Territorial North - at the time of initial contact, how many inuit and indian groups belonged to the Athapaskan language family?

7 Inuit and 7 Indian

06. What proportion of Canada's population lives in the Atlantic region? A. 1 per cent B. 4 per cent C. 7 per cent D. 12 per cent

7%

% of Canada that's water

8.93%

What proportion of Ontario's population is classified 'urban'?

85 per cent

____% of Ontario residents live in cities

85%

How much of Ontario's population is urban?

85%.

In 2011, what was the population of northern Ontario?

850 000

British Columbia - BC takes up _____ of Canada's land mass?

9.5%

What sort of border does the US prefer to have?

A North America border. Common immigration, military and trade policies. Reduce risk of terrorist attack.

What is the definition of a region?

A distinctive area of Earth's surface, it has distinguishing human or natural characteristics that set it apart from other areas.

05. In the context of Friedmann's regional version of the core - periphery model, what type of region is Atlantic Canada? A. An upward transitional region B. A downward transitional region C. A resource frontier D. A core region

A downward transitional region

52. What caused the Clay Belt in northern Quebec? A. A glacial lake B. Tectonic forces C. Isostatic rebound D. The great flood

A glacial lake

15. Which group of people was expelled from Nova Scotia in 1755? A. Loyalists B. New England Planters C. German Protestants D. Acadians

Acadians

The most significant reason for long, narrow farms in the seigneurial system was to maximize what?

Access to the water

The most significant reason for long, narrow farms in the seigneurial system was to maximize which of the following? a) Fishing potential b) Population density c) Agricultural productivity d) Access to the water

Access to the water

By 2011, nearly two-thirds of Canadians resided west of Ontario. True False

False

What are the environmental issues that result from clear cutting?

Although it provides a reduction in cost, it creates soil erosion which causes sediment to flow in rivers that can impact salmon spawning grounds.

Canada is the third largest country in the world in terms of area. True False

False

What are the three mountainous regions of Canada?

Appalachian Mountains Innuitian Mountains Cordillera

Which of the following physiographic regions is not found in Ontario?

Appalachian Uplands

What percentage of Québec does the Canadian Shield cover?

Approximately 90%

10. Which of the following is not one of Atlantic Canada's three climate zones? A. Atlantic B. Great Lakes - St Lawrence C. Subarctic D. Arctic

Arctic

Quebec - Quebec's climatic regions

Arctic Subarctic St Lawrence Atlantic

What are considered the 6 regions of Canada?

Atlantic Canada Quebec Ontario Western Canada British Columbia Territorial North

Atlantic Canada - the mining industry

Atlantic Canada has a lot of world class mineral deposits (it is doing well)

What would be considered a region if you were defining regions provincially?

Atlantic Canada.

Where in Canada do people have strong senses of place?

Atlantic Canada. Prairies.

Which of the following best describes the geographic pattern of auto assembly centres in Ontario?

Concentrated in the south

What economic linkages are necessary for economic growth and job creation?

Backward linkage: Supplies for staple industry. (e.g saws) Forward Linkage: Local processing before export (e.g. squaring the timber before shipment) Final demand linkage: Service the needs of workers and families (general stores, schools, etc)

As a result of freer trade in the 1980s and 1990s, many American branch plants located in Ontario closed. Why?

Because US plants enjoyed superior economies of scale

Why do the snowbelt regions of Ontario receive high levels of snowfall each winter?

Because of winds blowing off the lakes and ascending to higher elevations

48. What species of mammal has witnessed a drastic decline in numbers as a result of PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) in the St Lawrence River? A. Grey seal B. Beluga whale C. Killer whale D. Walrus

Beluga whale

What is the oil in the tar sands known as?

Bitumen, oil mixed with sand.

Why are the Great Lakes important to Ontario?

Boosts the Economy: - tourism - recreation - fishing - transportation (along the St. Lawrence Seaway)

Quebec ranked second to which province in terms of total volume of wood cut in 2000?

British Columbia

What is the most physiographically diverse province? Why?

British Columbia It has: 1. rainforests along the coast 2. desert-like conditions in the Interior Plateau 3. alpine tundra in high elevations

37. Estrie (the Eastern Townships) were first settled by which European group? A. British Loyalists B. Spanish fishers C. Portuguese fur traders D. Scottish Royalists

British Loyalists

What is a possible solutions to the oil sands toxic water?

Bury it deep below ground covering it with layers of soil.

What are the top tier cities in the Prairies?

CMAs: Calgary, Edmonton, Winnipeg, Saskatoon, Regina

14. At one time, Cape Breton Island was known for what type of mining? A. Diamonds B. Gold C. Coal D. Copper

Coal

41. What did the recently-closed Quintette mine in northeastern British Columbia produce? A. Zinc B. Copper C. Gold D. Coal

Coal

16. The Sydney Tar Ponds contain toxic wastes produced by the processing of which substance? A. Coal (coke) B. Wood fibres C. Copper ore D. Nickel ore

Coal (coke)

44. What was the main source of employment in Great Harbour Deep, Newfoundland? A. Nickel mining B. Cod fishing C. Hydroelectric power production D. Iron ore mining

Cod fishing

Why is Quebec's lumber superior and more in demand than US lumber?

Cold climate results in slow growth which increases the strength of the wood.

What is the Canadian Shield?

Composed of ancient igneous, resistant rock. Extends from NWT to Northern Prairies and through Ontario Quebec and Labrador.

Which of the following best describes the geographic pattern of auto assembly centres in Ontario? a) Uniform throughout the north b) Concentrated in the south c) Random d) Concentrated in the northwest

Concentrated in the south

40. Why was there a decrease in British Columbia's salmon catches in the 1990s and early 2000s? A. Conservation measures that restricted catches B. Declining fish populations C. Smaller fish D. International agreements banning fishing throughout the 1990s

Conservation measures that restricted catches

Why is the climate of Newfoundland significant?

Considered to have the least desirable climate of any province—the gulf stream (warm) meets the labrador current (cold) off the coast of St. John's THIS causes considerable fog and mist.

What causes Norman Wells, located near the Arctic Circle, to have warmer July temperatures than St John's? a) Rain shadow effect b) Albedo effect c) Continental effect d) Greenhouse effect

Continental effect

Quebec - the ____ has a close partnership with the Quebec national government

Cree (after the James Bay Agreement) 1975 Cree changed rights & territorial interests (local + regional gov't; dam location; land divisions)

Atlantic Canada - English settlers began arriving in 1610 at ___________

Cupids in Conception Bay on Newfoundland's Avalon Peninsula

The highest point (elevation) in Canada between Labrador and the Rocky Mountains is found where? a) Ontario Cordillera b) Cypress Hills c) Niagara Escarpment d) Frontenac Axis

Cypress Hills

What does the name Detroit mean?

D'etroit, French for "the straight narrows"

Decentralist - Centralist Faultline

Decentralists want regional priorities and less focus on central Canadian focus Centralists are favoured as seen by western Canada

Why is the declining villages a cyclic process?

Decline in villages - > closing rail lines Closing rail lines -> decline in villages

Why has Ontario's place the strongest partner in Confederation slipped?

Decreased American demand AND Increased imports from China AND The commodity boom in Western Canada (all of the above)

What was the big controversial issue related to tourism in BC?

Expanding the Sea-to-Sky highway.

What is the Hibernia Oil Project?

Designed by a crew of 4000 workers, it is a platform that began producing oil in 1997, construction required huge capital investment (needed to withstand storms and ice bergs.) Now accounts for 12% of Canadian oil production.

Why is the mountain pine beetle such an issue?

Destroyed vast areas of forest of the BC interior. Warmer winters due to climate change allow the beetle to spread at rapid rate (native to BC) The beetles are the size of a grain of rice and bore into the bark of the lodgepine trees.

What were the differences and similarities between Upper Canada and Lower Canada in the first half of the nineteenth century?

Differences - English vs French Speaking Similarities - battle of 1812

French - English Faultline

Different founding groups Quebec wants to be an equal province French speaking population has dropped Language is a sensitive issue

What are the two 'hidden costs' associated with urban pollution?

Disposal of waste and health costs of air pollution

Why is the Okanagan region more prone to forest fires?

Dry summers. High winds. Occasional lightening.

Ontario's smallest city

Dryden

The Walkerton disaster of May 2000 was caused by the local water supply being contaminated with which substance?

E. coli

Territorial North - what was the first diamond mine to come into production?

Ekati mine

From 2005 to 2011, what trend occurred in Ontario's secondary sector?

Employment declined modestly.

Multiculturalism is the opposite of what? a) Ethnicity b) Acculturation c) Ethnocentricity d) Polyculturalism

Ethnocentricity

What is the difference between an auto factory and an auto plant?

Factory - builds the smallest parts of the vehicle. Plant - assembles the whole vehicle out of parts.

In 2011, more than 85 per cent of Québec's population declared French as their mother tongue. True False

False

What were settlement patterns like on the Prairies?

Followed along the linear railways that crossed the prairies. These settlements provided services to nearby farmers. Towns developed around grain elevators (every third settlement along the rail way); provided more diverse services. Each settlement held frequently used services (general stores, gas stations).

30. Which of the following is not one of the three key components of the 'new' British Columbia economy? A. High technology B. Filmmaking C. Forestry D. Tourism

Forestry

What two key components of Ontario's economy are stalled in the old economy, as Bone describes?

Forestry and manufacturing

Characteristics of Innuitian Mountians?

Found in Northern Nunavut. Jagged but somewhat eroded. Mostly inaccessible.

Characteristics of the Appalachian Mountains?

Found in Quebec and Atlantic Canada. Old. Relatively low. Well Eroded. Covered in vegetation.

Atlantic Canada - the _________ meets the ________ and creates weather storms and a lot of fog

Gulf Stream; Labrador Current

23. Peasant farmers of New France were known as what? A. Seigneurs B. Papineaux C. Habitants D. Coureurs de bois

Habitants

Peasant farmers of New France were known as what?

Habitants

What is lake effect snow?

Heavy snowfall downwind of lakes due to cold air moving over relatively warm water. ` Snowbelts are found downwind of lakes (London, Kitchener from Lake Huron, Windsor from Lake Michigan)

19. The Canadian Shield (in Quebec) has the most hydroelectric sites in Canada due to a combination of heavy precipitation, large rivers, and which other factor? A. High elevations B. High latitude C. Arable land D. Seigneuries

High elevations

The Canadian Shield (in Quebec) has the most hydroelectric sites in Canada due to a combination of heavy precipitation, large rivers, and which other factor?

High elevations

11. The Atlantic region generally sees what type of weather conditions in the summer? A. Hot and wet B. Cold and dry C. Warm and dry D. Cool and wet

Hot and wet

What are the three main types of rocks?

Igneous Rock Sedimentary Rock Metamorphic Rock

In what areas has their proportion of the total population grown since 1871? Which have decreased?

Increase: - BC - Western Canada Decrease: - Ontario - Quebec - Atlantic Canada Same: - Territorial North

issues on the domestic front

Indigenous rights Environmental activism

Northern Quebec characteristics?

Industry: Mining, forestry Area: Canadian shield, hudson bay lowlands Area too remote for tourists. Political opportunities growing for Nunavik.

What is considered to be the future of Ontario's economy? Why?

Innovative technological research (high technology). Technology triangle of Canada located here (kitchener, waterloo, cambridge) - software companies/manufacturers located here.

What forms the backbone of Haida Gwaii and Vancouver Island?

Insular Mountains. Located just off the coast of BC.

Why was the Nunavik Regional Government voted against in the 2011 referendum? a) The Québec government denied that an Inuit regional government within Québec was possible. b) Inuit leadership had not gained the confidence of the general population on this issue. c) Most of Québec's Inuit did not support the James Bay Project. d) The people of Nunavik did not believe that political autonomy would respond to their needs, desires, and aspirations.

Inuit leadership had not gained the confidence of the general population on this issue.

45. What type of mining occurred at both Gagnon and Schefferville? A. Copper B. Iron C. Gold D. Nickel

Iron

What type of mining occurred at both Gagnon and Schefferville?

Iron

What was the basis for the steel industry in Nova Scotia?

Iron mining.

22. Which input for Sydney's steel industry came from Bell Island? A. Coal B. Limestone C. Iron ore D. Scrap metal

Iron ore

Between 2001 and 2011, what trend has occurred in the population of northern Ontario?

It has remained fairly constant

03. Which of the following is not an economic pillar on which British Columbia's economic prosperity rests? A. Its natural resources B. Its geographic location C. Its high-technology sector D. Its political influence

Its political influence

17. Which Italian navigator landed in Atlantic Canada in 1497? A. Christopher Columbus B. Amerigo Vespucci C. John Cabot D. Eric the Red

John Cabot

BNA Act

July 1, 1867

In 2011, Canada withdrew from which international agreement? a) Kyoto Protocol b) North American Free Trade Agreement c) Canada-US Free Trade Agreement d) Auto Pact

Kyoto Protocol

issues on the international front

Kyoto protocol Oil sands development Oil pipelines

Why are exotic species a threat?

Lack of natural predators (e.g. Sea lamprey, goby)

Which Great Lake does not share a border with the United States?

Lake Michigan

By volume which great lake is the largest and which is the smallest?

Lake Superior - biggest Lake Erie - smallest

What has been a result of the low cost electricity produced by hydropower?

Large aluminium plants have located in BC.

What is sedimentary rock?

Layered rock composed of materials that have been affected by wind and weathering.

Territorial North - North Vision 1950

Led to more highways being built

The National Energy Program (1980) was developed under which government? a) Conservative b) Liberal c) New Democratic Party d) Green

Liberal

25. The seigneurial system featured what type of landholdings? A. Rectangular B. Circular C. Long and narrow D. Hexagonal

Long and narrow

The seigneurial system featured what type of landholdings?

Long and narrow

22. The seigneurial system is characterized by which of the following? A. Long, narrow lots B. Square lots C. Circular lots D. Hexagonal lots

Long, narrow lots

What is the seigneurial system is characterized by?

Long, narrow lots

30. Who was the leader of the 1837 rebellion in Lower Canada? A. George-Etienne Cartier B. Louis-Joseph Papineau C. Jean Talon D. Lord Durham

Louis-Joseph Papineau

Who was the leader of the 1837 rebellion in Lower Canada?

Louis-Joseph Papineau

43. Aluminum production is attracted to locations with what feature? A. Top-of-the-line computing facilities B. Unregulated shipping C. Unskilled labour D. Low-cost hydroelectric power

Low-cost hydroelectric power

Which Quebec leader called on Quebecois women to have more children?

Lucien Bouchard

What is the forestry situation in Atlantic Canada?

Majority of the industry in New Brunswick. Some forest have been logged three times over in the past 300 years. The industry has declined with slumping newsprint and US housing market. Since 2007, 5 pulp and paper mills have closed.

Where is there oil production other than Alberta?

Manitoba (Virden), Saskatchewan (Weyburn)

The population is growing relatively fast in BC where are many immigrants going to?

Many Asian immigrants to Vancouver CMA.

Aboriginal / Non-Aboriginal faultline

Many aboriginal communities remain dependent on the federal government. Poverty, unemployment and social issues are common among these areas. Modern land claims have led to self-government on reserves.

What does BC's varied topography result in?

Many microclimates.

What is igneous rock?

Molten rock that emerged onto the Earth's surface and cooled. It is hard, resists erosion and often contains minerals.

04. Quebec's high-tech industries are concentrated in or near which city? A. Sherbrooke B. Montreal C. Quebec City D. Shefferville

Montreal

Quebec's high-tech industries are concentrated in or near which city?

Montreal

Which term refers to poorly drained areas featuring lakes, peat bogs, and marshes? a) Albedo b) Pingo c) Muskeg d) Podzol

Muskeg

What superseded the Canada - US free trade agreement?

NAFTA - in 1994 when Mexico agreed to the deal.

08. Which of the four Atlantic Provinces has the largest population? A. Prince Edward Island B. Newfoundland and Labrador C. New Brunswick D. Nova Scotia

Nova Scotia

What are the four leading mineral resources of the prairies?

Oil, gas, coal, potash.

37. Where is Atlantic Canada's Hibernia oil project located? A. On the Grand Banks B. On Georges Banks C. On Sable Island D. On the Bay of Fundy

On the Grand Banks

14. The greatest amount of precipitation in British Columbia occurs in which region? A. On the Pacific coast B. On the Atlantic coast C. In the interior plateau D. In the Okanagan valley

On the Pacific coast

what 4 provinces originally formed confederation?

Ontario Quebec New Brunswick Nova Scotia

Most of Canada's "high-technology" companies are located in Toronto, Montreal, and which Ontario city? a) Sudbury b) Kingston c) Ottawa d) London

Ottawa

Which Ontario city is known as the "Silicon Valley of the North"? a) Sudbury b) Ottawa c) Kingston d) Cornwall

Ottawa

Which Ontario city is known as the 'Silicon Valley of the North'?

Ottawa

27. Which term is used to describe isolated coastal fishing settlements in Newfoundland? A. Outports B. Seigneuries C. Cod ports D. Banks

Outports

What proportion of Québec is occupied by the Canadian Shield? a) Less than 25 per cent b) 40 per cent c) 60 per cent d) Over 75 per cent

Over 75 per cent

Western Canada - What are the driest lands in Western Canada?

Palliser's Triangle

Western Canada - the Dry Belt

Palliser's triangle it has brown soil and short vegetation

28. The opening of which canal in 1914 made British Columbia's resources more accessible to the markets of the United Kingdom and Western Europe? A. Suez B. Panama C. Welland D. Erie

Panama

Quebec is the leading producer of what forestry product?

Paper and newsprint; much of it exported to the US.

02. Which industry continues to be the second-largest manufacturing enterprise in Quebec today? A. Textile production B. Hydroelectricity C. Petroleum refining D. Furniture-making

Petroleum refining

What is mined in Saskatchewan?

Potash and uranium.

What resource has boosted the Saskatchewan economy?

Potash, used in fertilizer.

40. What is the principal cash crop in Prince Edward Island? A. Carrots B. Flowers C. Potatoes D. Apples

Potatoes

Which province is the largest?

Quebec

47. In 1985, which city in Quebec was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO? A. Victoriaville B. Quebec City C. Montreal D. Sherbrooke

Quebec City

In 1985, which city in Quebec was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO?

Quebec City

In 1985, which city in Québec was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO? a) Victoriaville b) Québec City c) Montréal d) Sherbrooke

Québec City

45. The soils of Prince Edward Island are what colour? A. Grey B. Brown C. Black D. Red

Red

What is the largest urban centre in the Appalachian Upland region of Québec? a) Trois Rivieres b) Québec City c) Schefferville d) Sherbrooke

Sherbrooke

What were the implications of the Canada - US Free Trade agreement?

Signed in 1988. It helped peripheries by provided cheaper products for purchase and a larger market for their staples.

24. Which fur trader explored the interior of British Columbia on behalf of the North West Company from 1805 to 1808? A. James Cook B. John Cabot C. Jacques Cartier D. Simon Fraser

Simon Fraser

What is Bone's justification for his regional scheme of Canada?

Size, economic importance, and population.

09. Which river played a crucial role in the history of New France? A. La Grande B. Saguenay C. St Lawrence D. Ottawa

St Lawrence

Which river played a crucial role in the history of New France?

St Lawrence

What type of climate characterizes the area where most Canadians live? a) Temperate b) Subarctic c) Subtropical d) Mediterranean

Temperate

In 2011, which region of Canada had the largest tertiary sector? a) Atlantic b) Territorial North c) Ontario d) British Columbia

Territorial North

In 2011, which region of Canada had the smallest secondary sector? a) Atlantic b) Territorial North c) Ontario d) British Columbia

Territorial North

What physiographic region has the largest area?

Territorial North

Most of Ontario's newsprint and pulpwood is exported to which country?

The United States

What are the 2 physiographic regions of Atlantic Canada?

The appalachian uplands The canadian shield

What is "sense of place"?

The special and often intense feelings that people have for the region in which they live. These feelings are derived from a variety of experiences; some are due to natural factors such as climate, while others are due to cultural factors such as language. A powerful psychological bond between people and their region.

What is physical geography?

The study of the Earth's natural physical features.

DEF Demographic transition theory

The transition from high birth and death rates to lower birth and death rates as a country or region develops from a pre-industrial to an industrialized economic system

According to the core/periphery model, what are the basic characteristics of periphery regions?

The weakly developed area surrounding an industrial core, also known as a hinterland. ex. Atlantic Canada

What is platform rock?

These rocks underlay the interior plains of the continent (from NWT to Texas). Mainly sedimentary and contains pockets of oil and natural gas.

Why is Ontario and Quebec so essential for an election win?

They consist of 62% of the population of Canada.

Why did corporate headquarters move out of Quebec?

They feared an independent Quebec would lead to an unattractive business climate.

What is involved in someone with a "sense of place"?

They have a psychological bond to their location. This stems from physical landscapes, human activities and institutional bodies. Collective experiences have led to shared aspirations, concerns, goals and values.

11. Who are 'allophones'? A. Those who speak only French B. Those who speak only English C. Those whose mother tongue is neither English nor French D. Those who speak both French and English

Those whose mother tongue is neither English nor French

Who are the 'allophones'?

Those whose mother tongue is neither English nor French

What were some of the implications on the economy of 9/11?

Tighter border. Harder for southern Ontario to access US market. Less tourism to Niagara falls, Windsor and Sarnia.

What was the objective of the Dominion Lands Act of 1872? a) To build the Canadian Pacific Railway b) To change the land and property tax system c) To make western Canada the property of the British Empire d) To settle the prairies

To settle the prairies Help prevent the area being claimed by the US. Granted ownership of 160 acres of land for free (but for a small registration fee) to any man over 18 or any woman heading a household. Had to live on the lot & improve it

03. What was the aim of the Northeast Energy Corridor agreement? A. To connect hydroelectric facilities in northern Quebec and Labrador to New England B. To solidify New Brunswick's role as an oil and natural gas producer C. To reduce the market export of hydroelectricity from Quebec D. To supply western Europe with liquid natural gas supplies

To solidify New Brunswick's role as an oil and natural gas producer

what is sense of place?

self recognition in a place connection to the land reflects attachment to environment

31. In 1912, the addition of which Territory more than doubled Quebec's area? A. Newfoundland B. Gaspe C. Ungava D. Labrador

Ungava

11. What was the site of the 2010 Winter Olympic Games? A. Victoria B. Vancouver C. Prince Rupert D. Kelowna

Vancouver

Why is the shore off Atlantic Canada significant?

Vast continental shelf that extends up to 400km offshore, areas where water is relatively shallow are known as banks (Great Banks east of St. John's is the largest)

Where are grapes and tomatoes grown?

Vineyards and greenhouses in extreme southwestern Ontario.

Atlantic Canada - Where was the location of the huge nickel deposit?

Voisey's Bay, Labrador

Territorial North - Arctic ice pack

extensive ice cover in the Arctic ocean that drifts in a clockwise motion into the Beaufort Sea

What two Ontario cities have close ties with US counterparts?

Windsor - Detroit Lake Erie - Buffalo

The proposed New International Trade Crossing will link which two cities? a) Niagara Falls, ON and Niagara Falls, NY b) Fort Erie, ON and Buffalo, NY c) Queenston, ON and Lewiston, NY d) Windsor, ON and Detroit, MI

Windsor, ON and Detroit, MI

The Red River Colony became the nucleus of which city? a) Calgary b) Edmonton c) Winnipeg d) Regina

Winnipeg

The most recent advance of continental ice reached as far south as which US state? a) Kansas b) Illinois c) Wisconsin d) Nebraska

Wisconsin

Quebec - zebra mussel

a small freshwater mollusc in 1988 it gained foothold in the Great Lakes (attached itself to ships from Europe) and spread into lakes

Western Canada - what is bitumen?

a tar like mixture of sand and oil

Atlantic Canada - Gulf Stream

a warm ocean current paralleling the North American coast that comes from the Gulf of Mexico towards Newfoundland

Canada is home to how many people?

over 35 million

Which of the following does not reflect the application of Friedman's core/periphery model to Canada? a) There are two core regions (BC and Ontario) b) A rapidly growing resource-based hinterland (BC and Western Canada) c) A resource frontier (Territorial North) d) A slow growing region based on a declining resource base (Atlantic Canada)

a) There are two core regions (BC and Ontario)

Which of the following does not reflect the application of Friedman's core/periphery model to Canada? a) There are two core regions (BC and Ontario) b) A rapidly growing resource-based hinterland (BC and Western Canada) c) A resource frontier (Territorial North) d) A slow growing region based on a declining resource base (Atlantic Canada)

a) There are two core regions (BC and Ontario)

Territorial North - ________ air masses dominate the weather patterns in the Territorial North

arctic they are dry, cold, and originate over ice covered Arctic Ocean

Atlantic Canada - When was the Golden Age of Sail?

around 1840

Atlantic Canada - what are the toxic wastes from the tar ponds?

benzene kerosene naphthaline

Canada's post-industrial economy is characterized by which of the following? a) A growing number of workers in the primary sector b) A rapidly growing number of workers in the secondary sector c) An expanding tertiary/quaternary workforce d) A shrinking tertiary/quaternary workforce

c) An expanding tertiary/quaternary workforce

Since 1971, the majority of immigrants arriving in Canada have come from what continent? a) Europe b) South America c) Asia d) Africa

c) Asia

What is the name of the "land bridge" that connected Asia to North America during the last ice age? a) Laurentia b) Cordillera c) Beringia d) Innuitia

c) Beringia

From 2006-2011, where did the greatest rate of population increase in a CMA occur? a) Toronto b) Barrie c) Calgary d) Vancouver

c) Calgary

What is the largest climatic zone in Canada? a) Arctic b) Cordillera c) Subarctic d) Prairie

c) Subarctic

Atlantic Canada - St. John's has a __________ climate than BC

cooler

The purpose of Equalization programs is to address matters related to which of the following? a) Infrastructure provision b) Political representation c) Geographic isolation d) Fiscal disparity

d) Fiscal disparity

Over the past 50 years, what has happened to the worldwide volume of glacial ice? a) It has doubled. b) It has tripled. c) It has remained constant. d) It has decreased dramatically.

d) It has decreased dramatically.

Between 1881 and 2011, what has happened to the share of Canada's workforce employed in the secondary sector? a) It has remained constant. b) It has increased marginally. c) It has increased significantly. d) It has decreased significantly.

d) It has decreased significantly.

What consequences did contact with Europeans have on Aboriginals in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries?

diseases and/or war

Atlantic Canada - Atlantic Canada is a ____________ region

downward transitional

Atlantic Canada is ______________ transitional

downward transitional

Atlantic Canada - offshore oil and gas

important resources for the Maritimes responsible for new technology/ocean technology

Atlantic Canada - when were the Appalachian Mountains formed?

in the Paleozoic Era

Ontario - Ontario specializes in ________ farming

intensive

Western Canada - the Fertile Belt

it goes from Southern Manitoba to the Rocky Mountains it has black soil and long, natural vegetation

Western Canada - why is canola a staple?

it has a higher price than wheat farmers have the choice to truck crops to one of many refineries

DEF Physiographic region (3 features)

large area of the earth's crust which: 1. Extends over a large contiguous area with similar relief features 2. Landform shaped by common set of geomorphic processes 3. Possesses a common geological structure and history

fallowing

leaving land untilled for a year to let moisture build up in the soil

Define and discuss briefly the 7 characteristics of a region

lecture *

Territorial North - how much precipitation does the Arctic Archipelago receive every year?

less then 20cm

Territorial North - industries in the Territorial North

megaprojects mining

Western Canada - why is there an Aboriginal/non Aboriginal fault line in Western Canada?

most Aboriginal people in Canada reside in Western Canada

DEF orogeny

mountain building; a process that occurs because of tectonic plates moving

Western Canada - zero tillage

seeds are planted into stubble land directly (a farming technique)

Territorial North - megaprojects in the Territorial North are based on __________________

non-renewable resources like petroleum and mineral deposits

Atlantic Canada - the forestry industry

not doing well in Atlantic Canada

Western Canada - environmental challenges in Western Canada

open-pit mining toxic waste being drained into water demand for more water as population increases climate warming resulting in high average temperatures

What is geography?

provides a description and explanation of lands, places, and people's beyond our personal experience

Northern Canada is ________

resource frontier

how do bison shed their coats?

rubbing against erratics

What was the nature and rationale of Clifford Sifton's recruitment of settlers for the Canadian Prairies?

settle the west and not have the US stake over, creates a grain economy, colonizes the aboriginals and build a railway

Atlantic Canada - in the winter, a clash of warm and cold air can result in _____________

severe winter storms

the resource frontier is ___________

slow growing

Why were Upper and Lower Canada interested in forming a new union in the Dominion of Canada?

so that we can come together and have a larger population and therefore power and resources

What is significant about the Royal Proclamation of 1763 in relation to contemporary negotiation with First Nations peoples?

took away all the land rights from the Aboriginals, but now were trying to give them back

Atlantic Canada - what is the overexploitation and mismanagement of cod referred to?

tragedy of the commons

T/F Canada has the largest coastline in the world

true

Territorial North - vegetation in the Territorial North

varies includes small portion of boreal forest in the southwest, and tundra in the north

Atlantic Canada - Brent pricing

world pricing