GEOG 3379 FINAL EXAM
What is the structure of power in the World Bank? (WK 9: 11/2 Global Politics & Environment)
- 5 largest shareholders each appoint an executive director, other (100+) members are represented by combined 19 directors (24 TOTAL) - 24 directors meet 2x a week to oversee operations - vote of each director is weighted in proportions to the country's contributions - president is always AMERICAN
Critical Thinking: Explain the Competing political tendencies in relation to the collapse of country of Somalia? (Wk 11 11/16: Cultural Transformation & Global Eco system 2: Fisheries)
- Cold war/ war on terr context caused western governments to side to the sectarian rather than civics that fueled tension in country causing collapse. - Products with local politics and national politics lead to the collapse of the country creating open spaces for piracy.
How is culture used as a mask to do a variety of contradictory things? (WK 10 11/9: Cultural Transformation & global eco systems 1: forests)
- Culture as platform and object of struggle, - one nation project vs 2 nation project - EX: Indian Territory book Culture was used as excuse to exploit the native people and take over their land and resources.
Critical Thinking: What happened before and after the collapse of the country (Somalia) ? (Wk 11 11/16: Cultural Transformation & Global Eco system 2: Fisheries)
- Destruction of the northeast in late 1970s - Destruction of Hargeisa and burao by regime forces in 1988 - SNM warns ships to stay clear of somalia and then hijacked two ships - Movement just before the collapse was fighting a dictatorship supported by the US government. This began to warn ships so that they did not get caught in war. -The ships hijacked were not pirates it was driven by politics (political pirates- because they are driven by a political agenda) &others got involved after the collapse This led us to think more critically about the nature and dynamics of piracy
What are the main points from J. Budds & G. McGranaham (2003) "Are the Debates on Water Privatization missing the point? Experiences in Africa, Asia and Latin America" (Wk 12 11/23 Water Privatization Reading)
- During 1990s private sector participation was vigorously promoted on the water and sanitation policy agenda for south as means of achieving greater efficiency and expansion in the water and sanitation sector - Private sector participation - used to cover a wide range of arrangements bw a gvmt agency and non-public institution, but usually refers to a contractual agreement involving public agency & formal (often private MNC) - refers to processes that increase the participation of formal private enterprises in water and sanitation provision but do not necessarily involve the transfer of assets to the private operator
What conflicts can arrive from formation of national park? (Wk 14: 12/7 National Parks & Native Communities)
- Emphasis on reducing conflicts is important Formation of a park is followed by: - rural development project -rural people frustrated because not consulted before rural development project creating unhealthy dynamics
How have dams affected communities access to water? (Wk 12 11/23 Water Privatization)
- Ethiopia is trying to put a dam on the Nile, but Sudan and Egypt are dependent on the nile for most of their water - Nile is essential for life, and the U.S is trying to intervene because Egypt & Sudan are claiming flow will be diminished and therefore their access will be diminished and it will cost them money and life
What is the IMF? (International Monetary Fund) (Wk 14: 12/7 National Parks & Native Communities)
- IMF or International Monetary Fund is org of 190 countries working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability and facilitate international trade, promote high employment, sustainable economic growth and reduce poverty around the world.
What were the issues from the documentary: Empty Ocean & Empty Nets? (Wk 11 11/16: Cultural Transformation & Global Eco system 2: Fisheries)
- Issue: Feeding ever growing population - many issues in ocean occurring because of things we have always done but just as it increases, global catch has been decreasing since 1980s - This led to beginning to catch small fish but their removal may cause further issues - long term affects are beginning to show as marine systems are being altered in a whole new way. - altering systems food chain affects ecosystem and productivity and how it further develops
What are the consequences for this (land resources used as a commodity) for the quality of human life & the eco system? Overcrowding in India WEEK 8: 10/26: Urbanization & Environment
- LAND AS A COMMODITY causes concern over rises in inequality and concentration of wealth in advanced capitalist economies - land was first thing to become property in a capitalist society (Rousseau) - Land & Labor > driven Deaths of Despair {& the Future of Capitalism book} (life expectancy fallen in US, past 2 decades deaths of despair from suicide, drug OD and alcholism risen dramatically. - as college educated become healthier and wealthier, adults without degree dying from pain and despair. - if people are moving into cities, something occurring in country that is pushing people out, they are unable to make wage in country - land as property revolutionized cities and weakened position of labor with the growth of power of corporations
What are the main issues concerning NGOs from "NGO's States, and Donors Revisited: Still too close for Comfort" N. Banks. D. Hume & M. Edwards (2014) ? (Wk 13 11/30: NGOs, Development & Environment)
- NGOs have weak cultural roots to societies they serve - align with governments, risk moving away from their beneficiaries - If NGOs are going to make actual change, they should move towards deeper engagement through public advocacy, employing innovative strategies for amplifying citizen voice - NGOs take moderate positions because of pressures they face to be apoltical> challenge for NGOs to expand impact not to replicate or scale up standard
How can development change but the integrity of the current ecosystem stay good? (WK 9: 11/2 Global Politics & Environment)
- STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT by liberalizing economy & reducing gvmt involvement in regulating the economy - Colonial Origins of Environmental Change - respecting the native people's conservation concerns and considering traditional commons practices - Power at The Heart: using heart as more than physical organ, possesses own intelligence, capable of transforming views
How did piracy become such a problem in Somalia? Why Somalia? (Wk 11 11/16: Cultural Transformation & Global Eco system 2: Fisheries)
- Somalia collapse of government in 1990, and unending war SNM (Somali National Movement) was fighting local regime backed by US. - Driven by POLITICAL AGENDA rather than PROFIT -ISSUES: worst humanitarian crisis in Africa, unending war, piracy off somali coast, terror issues - Cost of Piracy to Somalia - 350-500 MILLION PER YEAR (mostly in form of stolen fish) - BAD THEORY IS LIKE BAD MEDICINE
What is the sustainability first focus from "The Future of Fisheries" (D. Pauly, J Adler, E. Bennet"? (Wk 11: 11/16 Cultural Transformation & Global Eco system 2: Fisheries)
4. Sustainability First - requires system change favoring environmental sustainability - bottom up approach, presently optimize nothing of benefit to society
How does structural adjustment work for the enduring economic agenda? (WK 9: 11/2 Global Politics & Environment)
- The Key is liberalization of the economy & significant reduction in government's involvement in regulating the economy - WB & IMF have power over 3rd world countries when they come for assistance, countries become insolvent at no fault of own (Ex: Covid) > Institution offers the loans by creating list of demands and policies that must be held. - Free trade market> open marketing = another form colonialism
What are the assumptions associates with Commons? Is that always the case? (WK 10 11/9: Cultural Transformation & global eco systems 1: forests)
- Tragedy of Commons (Hardin 1968 article) - OPEN ACCESS - no regulations 1. Local 2. National and 3. International level (air)
What are the main points of "Native Enclosures, Tribal National Parks, and the Progressive Politics of environmental stewardship in Indian Country (Wk 14: 12/7 National Parks & Native Communities)
- U.S being a settler colony is reflected in land policy EX: Haa'uukimun tribal park meld traditional mainstream conservation strategies with traditional values & knowledge of tribe - plan employs zoning & land use plan as conservation tools informed by: - guiding principles that express traditional values toward environment & stewardship - actively build linkages bw governing and first national formal governing structure, blend of both old and new elements between its in and outside actors - Ute Tribal Park represents an initiative of tribal ecotourism that enables jobs for tribal members who wish to spend time learning and disseminating knowledge about their land and its heritage - Cultural Conservation Easements: landowners and conservation groups allow sustainable extractive activities by tribal members EX: Frog Bay - tribal members are also able to use land for tribal plants for medicine - governance of park is done by first nation elders, natural resource professionals & Conservancy staff
Who are the quiet enemies of the poor? (Wk 14: 12/7 National Parks & Native Communities)
- Us, we deprive them of goods, leave them out of opportunities, and directly benefit from their lack of - where there is close proximity between opulence and abject poverty = recipe for crime - animals and environment pushed to margins with deforestation everywhere
What is development in capitalism? What is capitalist development?
- a system that allocates goods and services to enhance quality of life forced on the masses - capitalist development- accumulation, social differentiation, impact on ecosystem
What are the main points from N. Banks. D. Hume & M. Edwards (2014) "NGO's States, and Donors Revisited: Still too close for Comfort" ? (Wk 13 11/30: NGOs, Development & Environment)
- at point in NGO debate which questions raised abt ability of NGOs to meet their long term goals of social justice and transformation at time when development sector is narrowly focused on short-term results and value for money - Rise of inequality at hands of world's richest nations & people, accountable only upwards towards donors - NGOs have weak cultural roots in societies they serve
What are assumptions regarding NGOs? (Wk 13 11/30: NGOs, Development & Environment)
- better at managing development / environment projects> effective at lower costs bc don't have huge bureaucracies that are managing become attractive to donor countries - Nimbler compared to gvmt> flexible can shift from project to project - suited for microprojects> EX: village water system
How has colonization affected the environment & conservation? (Wk 14: 12/7 National Parks & Native Communities)
- colonial origins schemes and now international actors (private and public are deeply involved) - Before colonists came there were no endangered species -violence used in original acts and today, colonists do not consider native traditions or concerns for conservation of commons
What are the common struggles over freshwater? (Wk 12 11/23 Water Privatization)
- common property or private property? - centrality of clean water for good health & life - needs of other species - what is the most sustainable way to protect this vital resource?
What are the main points of R. Duffy (2014). Waging War to Save Biodiversity: the Rise of Militarized Conservation? (WK 10 11/9: Cultural Transformation & global eco systems 1: forests)
- environmental security is ambiguous and drawn as term from belief that resource scarcity> leads to violence - argument assigns responsibility for conservation to international legal power allows them to assert their dominance and gives them unchecked ability to make powerful systems of violence - Duffy provides numbers to support but offers no alternatives/solutions that could offer a more impactful argument that only a critique - What underlying issues still need to be tackled? - global trading networks & continued end-user market
what were the main points of D. Satterthwaite (2008) "Cities Contribution to Global Warming: Notes on allocation of greenhouse gas Emissions?" (Wk 8 10/26 Readings: Urbanization & Development)
- focusing on role of 'cities' In GH emissions draws attention away from fact that driver of carbon emissions is CONSUMPTION PATTERNS OF MIDDLE & UPPER INCOME GROUPS (regardless of where they live & production systems that profit from consump.) - most cities have 3/5x the gas use perperson of most european cities
What is the World Bank & what does it do? (WK 9: 11/2 Global Politics & Environment)
- formed in 1944 as International Bank for Reconstruction & Development - immediate purpose was to assist in REBUILDING EUROPE - largest development lender, money raised in financial market through AAA rate bonds - established regional banks for Asia, Africa, La. America, -Framing of Policy - take cues from WB and give gvmts cues on what to do
What were the main points of K. Griffin (2003): Economic Globalization & Institutions of Global Governance? (WK 9: 11/2 Global Politics & Environment)
- global economic liberalism, globalization means there should be GLOBAL INSTITUTIONS IMPLEMENTED TO EQUALIZE BENEFITS esp. in regards to MNCs: global government - restriction on mvmt of lowskilled labor, poor have been put at the back of the line. - EQUITY (ownership of assets) is a global public tool and LACK of equity undermines global security and makes global cooperation MORE DIFFICULT - Globalization has been asymmetrical & incomplete, unequal distribution of benefits
What were the main points of the Global Dumping Ground documentary? (WK 9: 11/2 Global Politics & Environment)
- hazardous waste travels world and crosses borders - conmen in chemical business, sell hazardous chemicals banned in the U.S to other countries saying its "good product" when its toxic waste - health threat in Taiwan bc of battery plan - Recycling at its worst> Trying to keep markets competitive so the regulations are not cracking down in the U.S. so much that the local government itself is - Laws have changed, but dominance allows U.S to force countries to take our waste through power relationships, POWER RELATIONSHIPS GOVERN ENVIRONMENTAL RELATIONSHIPS
What is Green Violence and how does it relate to native people and national parks? (Wk 14: 12/7 National Parks & Native Communities)
- in order to protect species from poachers, protect park from natives - it is assumed they (natives) are friendly with poachers or are poachers themselves - natives were considered menace to wildlife- a paradox bc before colonists, there were no endangered species - subsistence to commercial is what causes damages to wildlife - they have caused poachers
What are the main points of the documentary "Here's to Flint" by American Universities ? (Wk 12 11/23 Water Privatization)
- law undemocratic and unprecedented, changed pipeline has forced flint residents to use river water that is also contaminated - the gvmt lied to Flint saying they were "kicked off" Detroit's water line - Population health detrimentally affected, kids with lead poisoning that can be passed generationally - Governor declared financial emergency state over, but won't let any changes occur until 1 year - They don't have corrosion control even though they said they do and they have no corrosion control plan in place
Where did NGOs come from? (Wk 13 11/30: NGOs, Development & Environment)
- neo-liberal shift in development theory and policy in late 1970s- by Reagan & Thatcher the general development theory. "Let the market do it's own thing" - failed government policy is worse than failed markets> markets are more efficient, dynamic governments began to contract out services (garbage collection_ -NGO development and environment, proliferate everywhere, as aid went to NGOs as they began to do what gvmts were supposed to.
What causes overexploitation of fisheries? (Wk 11 11/16: Cultural Transformation & Global Eco system 2: Fisheries)
- no boundaries, no regulation- ntl law of sea where territorial boundaries of countries stop and many places do not have resources to regulate - commercial fisheries - industrial fishing originally limited to grounds in Northern Hemisphere, but spread to all world's Oceans, fishing waters in developing world have been severely degraded by overexploitation in last decades of 20th century. - open access systems and commercialized culture are drivers of overexploitation
Explain the response to piracy and what were the implications? (Wk 11 11/16: Cultural Transformation & Global Eco system 2: Fisheries)
- poor understanding of issues involved by media and public> simplification of complex issue to 1 VARIABLE SOMALI PIRATES (when there were many) - UNSC Resolutions & Navy Flotilla- enormous cost and not effective - instrumentalist and incompetent political and military interventions in Somali - COLLECTIVE CRIMINALIZATION of all somali actors, while quiet defense of resource pirates; - uncoordinated trials (Japan) - CONVERSE AFFECT of bad policy: growing reach of ransom pirates, bad results for international community
What were the main points of the documentary Haiti: The Republic of NGOs? (Wk 13 11/30: NGOs, Development & Environment)
- progress since earthquake has put people at risk with no resources, and people don't know where the money went, money wasted - the money did not go into projects that are supposed to go into hands to help the people - system where haitian people are not considered during rebuilding solutions, time and time again - without political stability, it has forced responsibility onto the NGOs rather than giving money to Haitian government - money has gone to U.S. contractors and other foreign contractors
What were some problems seen in the documentary from Week 8 - City Slums: Megacity Problems? (wk. 8 10/26/21 Urbanization & environment)
- showed trend of people flowing into urban areas that are overcrowded, there are over 1 billion squatters in the world - MUMBAI we see 1 million people within 2 sq Km in SLUM, not crime but poverty, even well established ones exist -Slum dwellers of Mumbai do essential work for the city but don't have own access to drinking water or toilet -Squatters from massive slum in Rio De Janeiro works as informal economy, no one pays taxes, but no one legally owns the land so who it is whoever claims to own it "they don't own the land they own the right" - Police do not travel to these parts, gangs and drug traffiking even involving children common (people blame GOVERNMENT not drug lords and vice versa) -slum activists, work to improve schools, add art, culture & sponsoring to better community and keep people off streets - demolition of slums creates bigger problems than they solve, they make the slums worse
what were the main points of N. Bank (2015)- Livelihood Limitations? (Wk 8 10/26 Readings: Urbanization & Development)
- skills, qualifications, and experience far from sufficient for accessing stable & secure employment in urban labor markets - actor oriented frameworks overestimate a households' autonomy in devising and mobilizing strategies - what DIFFERS is level of stability achieved thru mobilizing strategies & reasons why some succeed and others fail - DHAKA - still face severe challenges balancing incomes & expenditures - (CATCH 22: unable to ASSERT THEIR RIGHTS to secure TENURE & ADEQUATE SERVICES THROUGH FORMAL SYSTEMS).
What are the Commons? What is the best ways to manage the commons? (WK 10 11/9: Cultural Transformation & global eco systems 1: forests)
- the Commons - a space or resource open to all of us NOT private property (Mississippi river, air, national parks, forests)
Relationship between injustice and the environment? (Wk 14: 12/7 National Parks & Native Communities)
- the human sphere determines what happens outside it - if there is human injustice, then there will be injustice outside in ecological sphere - if you cannot provide services that make life manageable, you are worthless, the environmental project is going to fail if there is no social justice.
How does one assess the potential of NGO's? (Wk 13 11/30: NGOs, Development & Environment)
- the nature of environmental problems: history & social context - causes of environmental problems - the nature of NGO sector as whole rather than specific (un)successful projects
Who are the enemies of nature? (Wk 14: 12/7 National Parks & Native Communities)
- the people around the parks who are being fenced out? or - the wealthy people outside of South Africa making this system, who have denied the dignity of ordinary people?> its the system, not the rich or poor - poor people are not deviant, its the system and structure of the order that brings crime
What scale can NGOs function well? (Wk 13 11/30: NGOs, Development & Environment)
- the social, political and economic problems need to be fixed first - NGOs are limited, they can go to one village and help but cannot fix entire problem, need a public sector
What is to be done with those with livelihoods in poor countries that need conservation? How will agenda subvert livelihoods? (Wk 14: 12/7 National Parks & Native Communities)
- unless exceptional care is taken within affected communities, what will become of these areas?
What are the Millennium Development goals and how have they been approached? (Wk 12 11/23 Water Privatization)
- water & sanitation hand in hand for healthy life, without clean water, life is degraded - many places have very few sources of water and most people drink unfiltered well water - HDI for health & longevity, if drinking unclean water life expectancy of society is impacted through children & infants - in 2014 they found that 116 have full access to water, 31 have sufficient access, 5 do not have sufficient access and 49 countries lag behind.
Is water private or public property? How is water framed? (Wk 12 11/23 Water Privatization)
- water is essential foundation for healthy life as humans and for all other species - vital for all species quality of life, important to meet all needs - Water is framed differently in commercial culture than how it used to be: both free and not free, a commodity and not a commodity
What 5 institutions make up the World Bank? - complex organization (WK 9: 11/2 Global Politics & Environment)
-1. IBRD: loans to low income countries/ credit worthy- money comes from international capital markets - 2. International development association (IDA) 1960. Interest free loans to poorest countries Pay 1% fee to cover costs - 3. International finance corporations (IFC)- private sector loans to LDCs (less developed countries)sole agenda is to provide for private sector in those countries that are credit worthy - 4. Multinational investment guarantee agency (MIGA) Encourage foreign investments in LDCS- provide guarantees against loss due to non-commercial risk - 5. International center for settlement of investment disputes (ICSID) Facilitates settlement of disputes through conciliation and arbitration between countries and firms
What were the main points of J Stiglitz (2019) - America at War with itself over Globalization. In Stiglitz, People, Power & Profits: Professive capitalism for an Age of Discontent (WK 9: 11/2 Global Politics & Environment)
-Current procedures for globalization is "global governance without global government" - Separation of powers exist within states but intnl financial institutions (IMF, WTO & WB) lack necessary checks & Balances -American workers have seen wages REDUCED bc of globalization - trade agreements benefitted those in power
What are the main points of P. Cox (1997) Ecocolonialism & Indigenous- Controlled rainforest preserves in Samoa? (WK 10 11/9: Cultural Transformation & global eco systems 1: forests)
-indigenous people not taken seriously in regards to land conservation measures and rid of indigenous stewardship -officers chose to channel support through local NGO, better to strengthen local institutions than create new one -several principles suggested: Build on foundations of local culture, give responsibility to local peoples, consider returning ownership of at least some lands indigenous people
Contradictions to assumptions about the commons? What are the consequences of these contradictions to the assumptions? (WK 10 11/9: Cultural Transformation & global eco systems 1: forests)
-individual appetite vs. Need to conserve (fisheries, forests etc) - IF UNREGULATED- get as much as you can before others exhaust the resources by overharvesting CONSEQUENCES: EXHAUSTION OF FORESTS & FISHERIES IN COMMONS - to avoid this, managers must think that outsiders impose limits, there needs to be regulations on what can be taken otherwise at risk for common abuse/exhaustion.
Vital Concept: What is hegemony? What is domination? (WK 10 11/9: Cultural Transformation & global eco systems 1: forests)
1. Hegemony- How to create mechanism which will enable people to accept certain norms as "natural or reasonable? 2. Domination- Use of force to engender acquiescence
What is the markets first focus from "The Future of Fisheries" (D. Pauly, J Adler, E. Bennet" ? (wk 11 11/16 Readings: Cultural Transformation & Global Ecosystem 2: Fisheries)
1. Markets first - market considerations> shape environmental policy- lead to depletion of smaller species, affecting larger ones - tremendous ecological impacts on bottom habitats
Two Schools of Thought for Understanding Piracy (Wk 11 11/16: Cultural Transformation & Global Eco system 2: Fisheries)
1. Necessary Conditions School -existence of factorable of topographic condition - prevalence of ungoverned spaces - existence of weak lw enforcement - cultural environment not hostile to piracy and availability of great reward for piracy and minimum risks 2.Predation/Resistance School - Proximity of Wealth and Poverty - States and multinational companies create unbearable living conditions for local populations - the SECOND is more sensible than the first because you can look at why these points exist, and provides context as to why conditions in the first school came about
How should water be managed as a scarce resource? (Wk 12 11/23 Water Privatization)
1. Open Access? > doesn't work because of consequences in consumerist world because they will use as much as they want 2. Ration through market? > privatization of utilities 3. Public Mgmt (heavy subsidization) - human rights? 4. Combintion? - min # of units, then graduated prizes/costs (swimming pools & green lawns means more water and more charging)
What are the classifications of different pirates? (Wk 11 11/16: Cultural Transformation & Global Eco system 2: Fisheries)
1. Political pirates -( Somali National Movement) 2. Resources pirates 1991 start within a year of collapse -a. Fish pirates - b. Waste dumpers: european merchants dumping their waste at the coast 3. Defensive pirates (local fisherman/coast guard)- local fisherman whose resources have been ransacked by resource pirates 4.Ransom pirates- tip of the iceberg- "real criminals" the one everyone was talking about '
What are the 2 kinds of NGOs? (Wk 13 11/30: NGOs, Development & Environment)
1. Secular - can be local (united way) or international (greenpeace) 2. Religious - can be local (red cross) or international (catholic relief)
Where does each of the major actors impact on environment? (WK 9: 11/2 Global Politics & Environment)
1. States: they are active on a local, national and international level 2. Businesses: local, national and multinational 3. Multilaterals: World Bank, IMF, multinational corporations. Regional, global impact 4. NGOs: certainly are active at a local level, but less so yet still present with a national 5. Grass Roots like red cross certainly local since this is its origin.
What is the Comprehensive Development Framework & its parts? (WK 9: 11/2 Global Politics & Environment)
1. Structural issues: governance & clean government; effective legal, judicial & financial systems 2. Physical: Water, sewage, energy, roads, transport& telecom; environmental/cultural issues 3. Specific Strategies: for rural, urban & private sector development
How do the Big 3 and Hegemony/Domination shape the ways we think about nature? (WK 10 11/9: Cultural Transformation & global eco systems 1: forests)
1. Subsistence Context of Culture (characteristic ethos) - limited appetite, vulnerability to rhythms of nature, - risk averse/ subsistence security, subsistence ethic If you live in this culture, land cannot be bought and sold. Everyone has access. There is no homelessness. Cannot buy or sell a home or land. You just build it. Thus this governs how you treat the commons 2. Transitional Context - values are flexible, vulnerability - functional dualism - environmental costs - accumulation and differentiation - capitalism began to penetrate, some land bought/sold some still in commons changing relationship w ecosystem 3. Consumer Context - commodity based society, push to sell, want to accumulate - accumulation through risk taking & risk transfer - social differentiation as normal, PROFIT as main motive
Additional considerations for NGOs? (Wk 13 11/30: NGOs, Development & Environment)
1. Who sets their agenda? 2. Where does their funding come from > they always have to fit the funders agenda in order to get resources they need 3. Think of idea of continuity 4. Ownership & capacity > is it the village who owns the product or the sender? If they cannot sustain project independently then they cannot sustain the project once management leaves
what is driving conservation? (Wk 14: 12/7 National Parks & Native Communities)
1. awareness of deforestation- imagined or real 2. climate change- changing in ecosystem 3. developing countries in tropics- need to keep areas free from human interference
What is the rationale for implementing national parks and forests? (Wk 14: 12/7 National Parks & Native Communities)
1. protection of biodiversity 2. development of tourism 3. foreign exchange earnings
What is the security first focus from "The Future of Fisheries" (D. Pauly, J Adler, E. Bennet" (Wk 11: 11/16 Cultural Transformation & Global Eco system 2: Fisheries)
2. Security First - conflict & inequality lead to strong socioeconomic boundaries between rich and poor - loss of biodiversity/ large impact - Increase exports of polluting technologies to poorer countries
What is the policy first focus from "The Future of Fisheries" (D. Pauly, J Adler, E. Bennet" ? (Wk 11: 11/16 Cultural Transformation & Global Eco system 2: Fisheries)
3. Policy First- range of actions is undertaken by govs to balance society equity and environmental concerns - rent Maximized Subject to biodiversity constraints/massive reduction of fishing effort that harm habitat
What are the ethics of dumping toxic chemicals in countries without infrastructure to dispose of hazardous waste created by America? (WK 9: 11/2 Global Politics & Environment: Global Dumping Grounds doc)
B/w Mexico and US, U.S companies are supposed to return west to U.S but often do not because there is no legal recycling or documents, so it's cheaper for companies to dump their hazardous waste - this neglect and waste dumping affects health and water supply of people and messes up local communities
What is "Magic Bullet Syndrome" & how to avoid it? (Wk 13 11/30: NGOs, Development & Environment)
By Jessica Vivian, Magic Bullet Syndrome = NGOs with development of neo-liberal policy had people thinking they are magic bullets > (that NGO's can be sent anywhere & they will go fix it) this is dangerous bc not how they work
Most countries are not meeting sanitation standards and drinking water standards. (49 countries) What does this mean for the ecosystem? (Wk 12 11/23 Water Privatization)
Cost of Global Water related Crisis? - 840K deaths of water related issues -2.5 billion don't have access to improved sanitation (urinating in street) - Women/children (3rd world) spend 140 million hours per day to collect water, less time for education and economic activity - agriculture consumer 70% of freshwater, then industry, households last.
Speculative Model: How exactly do common traditions work? (WK 10 11/9: Cultural Transformation & global eco systems 1: forests)
Every community that have commons have particular traditions based on CULTURE (Practices, Institutions Values)
What were the main points of the documentary: Cameroon's Rainforest Under Threat from Illegal Logging (2014)? (Wk 10 11/9: cultural transformation & global eco systems- forests)
Illegal logging has caused 10%of woodland remains - fake cocoa planters pose as> really paid scouters - The old cutters are now boycotting logging because they have become less picky and way more destructive. - Land clearing and pillaging on an industrial scale. - 36 months of investigating before publishing a report/ Showing authorities what was going down in order to regulate against it and stop it. Export prohibited exports in containers.
What are the main drivers of deforestation? (Wk 14: 12/7 National Parks & Native Communities)
In Latin america: - 65% ranching/pasture, food produced for big companies greatest destroy - 35% subsistence agriculture - 3% logging, 1% intensive ag
What is a peace park? and how can they create harmony? (Wk 14: 12/7 National Parks & Native Communities)
Peace Parks are large conservation areas that straddle national borders - largest major effort to open-up national boundaries for wildlife migration, interstate parks to facilitate mvmt of wildlife between - used to restore harmony between nature conservation, from community conservation to peace parks> ultimate destiny EX: Kruger National Park
Describe the growth of conservation? (Wk 14: 12/7 National Parks & Native Communities)
RAPID GROWTH - 1900-1949 > less than 600 protected areas worldwide -1950- 2000 > almost 4000, 1500 since 1970s Asia- 10% of area Africa- over 10%, tanzania has 25% of its area LA: about 10% Variation within countries
What major actors are there in global development and environment? (WK 9: 11/2 Global Politics & Environment)
States, Businesses, Multilaterals, NGOs & Grassroots.
What might be the relationship between those cultures & existence to healthy wildlife species? (Subsistence culture, transitional culture, and consumer culture) (Wk 14: 12/7 National Parks & Native Communities)
Subsistence culture → protection from animals and mother nature Transitional culture → watch out for lions, but also live life Consumer culture → protect animals! 1. police in parks? because of poachers 2. liberation without remedy to conservation without remedy from apartheid to independences > white ppl controlled/ owned 87% of country, native people denaturalized and pushed out into smaller areas, majority population of Victoria POC, country in deficit - from displacement / underdevelopment to conservation - IF liberated without redress of economic injustice that old system invented> that is problem in conservation
What are the main points of D. Pauly, J Adler & E Bennet (2003) The Future of Fisheries? (Wk 11: 11/16 Cultural Transformation & Global Eco system 2: Fisheries)
There are 4 ways to prioritize the future of fisheries the strategies are - Markets First - Security First - Policy First - Sustainability first
NGOs & Sustainable Development Theory, Areas of Concern Which one is suitable for NGO Interventions? (Wk 13 11/30: NGOs, Development & Environment)
Think of mismatch bw scale of problem & scope of NGO AREAS OF CONCERN - international problems - climate change - national levels: destruction & resource exploitation (Nigerian delta & Exxon) - small holder destruction of resources - clean water provision? education for girls?
What International agencies encourage conservations? (Wk 14: 12/7 National Parks & Native Communities)
WB, USAID, IUCN, WWF, and other NGOs
What do we need to do to assist nature to keep giving (freshwater)? (Wk 12 11/23 Water Privatization)
Water as Life - Biomimicry (mimicking nature) - nature does not product lots of waste, it recycles - think of recycle concept as it pertains to nature's limited capacity to give use fresh water again & again (hydrocycle) - Virtual Water Exports- crops produced in developing world exported to global North (import water in form of fruits & veggings) literally EXPORTING WATER TO US > burden of responsibility from global north
Do many species have access to clean water if people don't? (Wk 12 11/23 Water Privatization)
Water as the ecological base - desalination - costly process in energy cost and QUESTIONS RAISED where will the salt go? what about the species in the water? - Salt and water essential to human health and of other species, if humans start desalination processes from the ocean and salt water this will further affect marine ecosystems and the ecosystems as the whole as it related to human activty.
Speculative Model: How can we reform traditions (of commons) to maintain sustainability & Adopt to the new world? (WK 10 11/9: Cultural Transformation & global eco systems 1: forests)
We must reform traditions of commons to become regulated clearly and enforce conservation measures to maintain sustainability and adopt to a new world that can continue. Current systems are dentrimental to the commons while they are being depleted and unrestored, especially the ones driven by capitalism, harming the environment. Accountability must be held to those who do not follow.
What are ways of seeing Culture? Does inequality fit into this? (WK 10 11/9: Cultural Transformation & global eco systems 1: forests)
a. Harmoniously, b. conflictual c. Both EX: American culture is both harmonious and conflictual, we join together for certain issues
What are the Big Three for CONTEXT of CULTURE? (WK 10 11/9: Cultural Transformation & global eco systems 1: forests)
a. Subsistence b. transitional c. consumer society and market driven
Colonial Origins of Development (WK 9: 11/2 Global Politics & Environment)
ended in 1994 in South Africa, colonial attempt of DISARTICULATION during apartheid - elites in these countries have not made effort to help working class, lacking assistance - Creation of state in creation of privately owned employable assets of the world (first PROPERTY OWNING CLASS) - EX: UNWORTHY REPUBLIC - moving from subsistence based economy to capitalist economy today - landscape is transformed as process of economy
