GEOG FINAL CHAP 7-10 Q'S
Which of the following processes play a role in the globalization of agriculture? (8)
-political and economic forces occurring at all scales -global finance and trade regimes integrated -globally organized agro-production
In the "informal" sector of the economy, _________. (10)
-transactions are unregulated and unenforced by law -sales take place without taxation -illegal drug deals occur -the "black market" operates none all
According to statistics compiled by the United Nations, nearly ________ of the world's population today lives in cities. (10)
50%
Which statement best describes a shock city? (10)
A city that epitomizes the radical social, economic, and cultural changes of its times
A company has reorganized to utilize the cheapest labor force and the least expensive way to process raw materials wherever they are located, while still assembling the product close to its market to reduce costs. It is, in effect, taking advantage of what type of business structure? (7)
A global assembly line
Which of the following best defines a growth pole? (7)
A region purposefully established to promote one or more high-growth industries, with the hope that the region will lead to growth in nearby industries
According to geographers, what is a central place? (10)
A settlement in which particular goods and services are available to consumers
Generally speaking, gross national incomes per capita are LOWEST in which of the following? (7)
Africa
Which region or country has benefited the least from the Green Revolution? (8)
Africa
Which of the following is a world city? -London, U.K. -Tokyo, Japan -Paris, France -New York, USA -All of these cities are considered world cities. -None of these cities qualifies as a world city. (10)
All
Peripheral regions that have successfully developed their industrial sectors are often classified as newly industrializing countries (NICs). Which of the following statements about such places is true? -Many NICs are growing as a result of increased foreign direct investment. -NICs are growing as a result of expanding industrial sectors. -NICs have higher growth in value-added manufacturing than the rest of the globe. -All of these statements are correct. (7)
All are correct
The text identifies several major changes that have occurred in agriculture over the past five decades. Which of the following is NOT one of these changes? (8)
An increase in the number of people employed in farming worldwide
In 2025, 7 of the 10 biggest cities in the world will be in __________. (10)
Asia
What would it mean if the gross national income (GNI) per capita of the ten most prosperous countries in a certain year was 65 times greater than the ten poorest countries and was 80 times greater than the GNI last year? (7)
Between those two years, the richest countries got even richer while the poorest countries got even poorer. (GNI is a measure of the income that flows to a country from production, wherever in the world that production occurs. When this statistic is put in the "international dollars" of purchasing power parity (PPP), it can be compared across countries. Such a comparison shows that the richest countries are getting richer and the poorest countries are getting poorer.)
Chicago and Manchester, England, were two "shock cities" of the 1800s. They were similar in all of the following ways EXCEPT which one? (10)
Both relied heavily on colonialism to fuel their growth! Not: Both were unique for the period as industrial cities. Both become advanced transportation hubs. Both experienced unprecedented political and social problems associated with urbanization. Both experienced population explosions.
Why do some opponents of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) believe that GMO foods are destined to be consumed by poor people in the periphery, with "real" food becoming available only to the rich in core countries? (8)
Consumers in core countries have already turned to a "postmodern" diet. People in peripheral countries will be able to afford only mass-produced GMO foods. (Only poor people in the periphery, who cannot afford "real" food, will be consuming engineered food. Food regimes would then become differentiated on the basis of world-systems structure.)
Which of the following is NOT a way in which neo-Fordism differs from Fordism? (7)
Decreased flexibility of company organization
1st Ag Rev (8)
Domestication of plants and animals
Which of the following is NOT one of the key principles of Fair Trade initiatives? (7)
Ensuring extensive commodity chains for producers by establishing linkages with multinational corporations
Because the health and environmental impacts of GMOS are not well-understood, ___________.
Europe severely limits GMO food imports.
Which of the following are examples of external economies, which provide initial advantages to economic development? (7)
Existing distribution networks that can be used to get products to market, presence of financial professionals who can assist with business development, existing technological knowledge among potential workers, existing markets of consumers to buy products.
Relationships between human systems of agriculture and the environment are highly interactive. How does the environment affect agriculture? (8)
Factors such as soil quality, terrain, and water quality limit the range of crops and farm animals. (Physical factors limit where crops can grow and animals can range.)
Primary Sector (7)
Farming, mining, drilling
3rd Ag Rev (8)
Food manufacturing
An organism that has had its DNA modified in a laboratory rather than through cross-pollination or other forms of evolution is known as a ___. (8)
GMO.
Biorev (8)
Genetic engineering of plants and animals
Which of the following is NOT one of the three important developments in the industrialization of agriculture? (8)
Increased focus on the family farm as the centerpiece of agricultural production.
Which of the following inputs is NOT essential to the Green Revolution? (8)
Increased global temperatures.
Increasingly, families in peripheral countries are losing their farms as a result of what external condition? (8)
Increased production of biofuels. (An increasing amount of cropland around the globe is being redirected to raising biofuels.)
Which of the following does NOT represent a serious obstacle for sustainable development? (7)
Increasing reliance on renewable energy sources
According to our text, rainforest destruction, biodiversity, topsoil conservation, water quality, water quantity, and global climate are associated with ___________. (8)
Industrial beef production.
Population is increasing in countries of the periphery where intensive subsistence agriculture is still practiced. If population is increasing, why is subsistence agriculture on the decline worldwide? (8)
More and more places in the periphery are being incorporated into a global economy that requires a strong commercial agricultural sector. (Commercial agriculture is on the rise in the periphery. Globalization has enabled transnational corporations to dominate mostly because they can negotiate the complexities of production and distribution in many geographical locations.)
Which of the following is an example of a megacity out of Melbourne, Australia Chicago, USA Lima, Peru Milan, Italy Mumbai, India (10)
Mumbai, India (Among these cities, only Mumbai has a population large enough to be considered a megacity.)
According to the text, which world region has the largest percentage of urban population? (10)
North America
The initiation of China's _____ policy is believed to have been largely responsible for its impressive economic growth over the past 40 years. (7)
Open-door
What percentage of Earth's land area is NOT suitable for any productive form of arable farming? (7)
Over 50%
Green Ag Rev (8)
Package of high-yielding crops, irrigation, pesticides, fertilizers
What are squatter settlements? (10)
Places in which people reside without owning the land or paying rent.
Which two countries were the first to extend the European urban system into the world's peripheral regions? (10)
Portugal and Spain
The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of a region or country includes the total value (in a given year) of all but which of the following? (7)
Profits from abroad (overseas)
To most equitably compare the relative levels of economic development of different countries, and to adjust for their different currencies, it is best to use ___________. (7)
Purchasing Power Parity
Quatnernary Sector (7)
Research
Why is Rostow's model of economic development too simplistic for human geographers? (7)
Rostow's model assumes all countries begin on equal footing, implies that all countries will eventually reach the stage of "high mass consumption.", excludes the fact that the development of one country often requires the underdevelopment of other countries, and fails to account for the interdependence of places and regions.
Steelmaking, food processing, automobile assembly, and garment manufacturing are all activities that are a part of what economic sector? (7)
Secondary Sector
Which type of cultivation is usually practiced in tropical forests? (8)
Shifting
A small population has settled in a fragile tropical rainforest environment. The community has very limited access to fertilizers but wants to reuse the same area for crops season after season. Which cultivation method would be the best for them? (8)
Slash and burn (The burning of crop stubble after it has been left to dry adds valuable nutrients back into the soil. However, this method is ecologically destructive when used over large areas.)
What is the most pressing environmental issue facing agricultural producers today in both the core and the periphery? (8)
Soil degradation and denudation. (Most forms of agriculture tend to increase soil degradation, but today soil degradation and denudation are occurring at more than a thousand times the natural rates.)
Which of the following statements about the Green Revolution is accurate? (8)
The Green Revolution led to a great deal of unemployment in many areas.
The first agricultural revolution involved the domestication of plants and animals. The third agricultural revolution was based on what? (8)
The application of machines and chemicals to farming and the introduction of off-farm treatments that occur before the products reach the market. ( included mechanization, chemical farming with synthetic fertilizers, and globally widespread food manufacturing.)
Population growth in peripheral regions has put pressure on agricultural regions to increase yields to levels that traditional agricultural practices cannot fulfill. For what other reason have traditional agricultural practices become largely obsolete? (8)
The control of complex food supply chains by agribusiness organizations. (Modern agriculture has become only one part of a complex and interrelated worldwide economic system.)
Which of the following offers the best example of creative destruction? (7)
The dismantling of a factory in the Midwest, allowing for investment in, or construction of, a similar factory in China
A country's ecological footprint is calculated from all but which of the following? (7)
The education of the population
Which of the following descriptions is an example of autarky? (7)
Typically, countries in the periphery that participate very little in global trade.
The industrialization of agriculture has made the farm ___________. (8)
a component in the agro-commodity production system
Which of the following best describes a maquiladora? (7)
a factory located near the U.S.-Mexico border where products can be assembled duty free
What is a locavore? (8)
a person who consumes food from farms located no greater than 100 miles from the point of distribution
Identify the process whereby the farm moves from a focus solely on production, to a focus on becoming part of an integrated and vertically organized process that encompasses everything from growing a product to placing it on the supermarket shelf. (8)
agricultural industrialization
What are following statements about biotechnology is accurate? -Plants grown through biotechnology require more chemical inputs. -Many farmers lack the capital or the knowledge to use biotechnological applications. -Cloned plants are more susceptible to disease than are natural ones. -Biotechnology is responsible for the development of "super plants" that produce their own fertilizers and pesticides -Biotechnology helps reduce agricultural production costs and acts as a kind of resource-management technique. (8)
all
Which of the following is an impact of the production and consumption of fast food? -increased child obesity -greater convenience for consumers -loss of biodiversity -loss of topsoil -all of the above (8)
all of the above
Cities now account for what proportion of the world's population? (10)
approximately one-half (although much of the developed world has been "urbanized" for quite some time, lesser-developed parts of the world have recently been rapidly urbanizing. Overall, as a result, half the people of the world now live in cities.)
Towns in early medieval Europe (476-1000 c.e.) developed for all of the following reasons EXCEPT ________. (10)
as centers of trade
Compared to large, industrial farms, traditional intensive subsistence farms tend to ___________. (8)
be a more sustainable form of production.
When a colonial city was "planted," all of the following were laid out EXCEPT ________. (10)
canals for improved transportation
Counterurbanization is a phenomenon in which _______. (10)
cities lose population because residents move to rural areas
Localization economies are cost savings that a firm achieves by ___________. (7)
clustering with other similar firms.
Around the world, runoff from heavy use of synthetic fertilizers has created ___________. (8)
coastal dead zones.
Which of the following is NOT a type of subsistence agriculture? (8)
commercial agriculture
Subsistence agriculture is characterized by agriculturalists who __________. (8)
consume what they produce
Large retail chains such as McDonald's and big-box stores such as Wal-Mart have driven down prices as well as cost of labor. As these businesses have spread around the world, they have also _______. (7)
contributed to the homogenization of consumer markets
By the mid-19th century, Manchester, England was one of the world's leading industrial centers, built around the manufacture and export of ___________. (10)
cotton textiles
In comparison to the trend in the United States, average farm size in many areas where intensive subsistence is practiced (Turkey, Bangladesh, China) is __________. (8)
decreasing
Import substitution is an important strategy for economic growth because ___________. (7)
domestic (local) production is supported.
The ability of a country to explore and exploit its resources is based on (7)
economic conditions in that country, the value of its resources, technological innovations in the country and around the world, and the political situation in that country.
Oxfam International, in its publication Growing a Better Future, identifies several factors as contributing to an impending global food shortage. Which of the following is NOT one of these identified factors? -global climate change -population growth -increasing demand for meat and dairy products -falling energy prices -transferring cropland from food production to biofuel production (8)
falling energy prices
The primary worldwide benefit of the Green Revolution has been an increase in ___________. (8)
food production
International organizations and non-governmental organizations argue that the key to food security and reduced risk from famines and chronic hunger can be attained only through attention to ____________. (8)
food sovereignty.
GMO stands for __________. (8)
genetically modified organism
What are considered as forces leading to the world obesity epidemic? (8)
globalization reduced physical activity modernization urbanization economic growth
Which of the following are considered a force leading to the world obesity epidemic? (8)
globalization, economic growth, modernization, reduced physical activity, urbanization
For the most part, at least in its first decades, the Green Revolution targeted ________ for improvements. (8)
grains like rice, corn and wheat
Trends of neo-fordism (7)
greater reliance on subcontractors to supply parts decreased stockpiles of warehoused parts and raw materials increased use of technologies to target manufacturing and advertising growth of just-in-time production
Trading blocs can be characterized as __________. (7)
groups of countries with formal trade agreements, often connected through proximity or past history
Swidden-type agricultural land ___________. (8)
has been burned to put potash into the soil
In the context of economic development over the last 30 years, regional inequality across the globe ___________. (7)
has increased with increasing globalization
Organic farming ___________. (8)
has recently grown in popularity because of a number of food scares
To offset trade imbalances, and in an attempt to diversify their local manufacturing sectors, some peripheral countries have tried ________. (7)
import substitution
Maquiladoras (manufacturing firms that import components for assembly and re-export) are found __________. (7)
in Mexico, clustered near the U.S. border.
"Dependency" for peripheral countries means that they are dependent on core countries for all of the following except __________. (7)
labor.
Rachel Carson's Silent Spring ____________. (8)
led to the banning of DDT and other harmful chemicals in the United States.
Nestle is the world's largest packaged food manufacturer and Switzerland's largest company. How much of its revenue comes from Switzerland? (7)
less than 2%
Central place theory explains the relative size and spacing of urban centers based on __________. (10)
markets & consumer behavior
The development of towns in medieval Germany around the specialty of armor production is an example of urbanization due to ________. (10)
merchant capitalism
Urban agriculture is ____________. (8)
mostly a leisure activity for people in core regions
The Green Revolution innovations in agriculture based on a package of inputs including all of the following except ____________. (8)
natural fertilizers (compost, green manure, animal manure)
Global justice and equality (between core and periphery countries) is evident when looking at maps of ___________. (7)
not personal income and GDP/capita, malnutrition rates, life expectancy, infant mortality rates, adult literacy, or public expenditures on higher education.
Economic development is even over space in __________. (7)
not the the world system, core countries, or peripheral countries
Offshore financial centers __________. (7)
often charge taxes on the interest the deposits earn.
If a country's urban system conforms to the rank-size rule, then its second-largest city should be ____ the size of the country's largest city. (10)
one-half
Which of following are examples of backwash effects? (7)
out-migration, reduced economic investment, shrinking tax receipts
Which of the following is is a type of subsistence agriculture? (8)
pastoralism, shifting cultivation, intensive subsistence
The term used to describe cities with cultural, political, and economic importance disproportionate to their population size is ________. (10)
primacy
During recent years Green Revolution scientists have ___________. (8)
produced seeds for a widening variety of crops.
Gateway cities ________. (10)
serve as a link between one country and another
Economic development that meets the needs and aspirations of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs is the classic definition for ___________. (7)
sustainable development.
Field drainage systems, fertilizers, increased use of horses, and improved livestock yields are characteristics of which agricultural revolution? (8)
the 2nd agricultural revolution
The height of the second agricultural revolution coincided with ___________.
the Industrial Revolution
In the context of creative destruction in the US, investment removed from ________ provided the capital and locational flexibility for investment in peripheral countries. (7)
the Manufacturing Belt
The very first region of independent urbanism was in __________. (10)
the Middle East
According to our text, urban growth in peripheral countries is a consequence of migration to cities, stimulated, largely, by the onset of ___________. (10)
the demographic transition.
A new international division of labor was initiated in the 1970s as a result of a major wave of corporate globalization. This new international division of labor has resulted in three main changes: (1) the decline of the United States as an industrial producer; (2) the decentralization of manufacturing production from the world's core regions to some semiperipheral and peripheral countries; and (3) __________ . (7)
the emergence of new specializations in high-tech manufacturing and producer services within the core regions of the world-system
The notion that large populations within cities provide an environment that encourages new ideas and competition is most associated with ________. (10)
the generative function of cities
Urban form refers to ________. (10)
the land use and layout of a city
Urban ecology refers to _________. (10)
the social and demographic composition of urban neighborhoods and districts
Countries of the global periphery are sometimes referred to as ________. (7)
third world countries
The physical structure and organization of cities is termed ___________. (10)
urban form
The goal of the Fair Trade movement is to ___________. (7)
value women's work, promote social justice, encourage sustainable production, and ensure living wages for producers.
Geographers are interested in urbanism as a __________. (10)
way of life that emerges in urban settings.
What following inputs are essential to the Green Revolution? (8)
"miracle seeds", pesticides, fertilizers, improved water supplies
2nd rev (8)
Industrial Revolution
Secondary Sector (7)
Any manufacturing
Which of the following is an example of aquaculture? (8)
Anything where there is growing of aquatic creatures in ponds or on shore or in pens suspended in water.
Blue Ag Rev (8)
Aquaculture and expansion of production in peripheral fisheries
In what way do geographers most commonly express the unevenness of economic development at a global or regional scale? (7)
As core-periphery contrasts within the evolving world-system.
Which of the following has the smallest ecological footprint? (7)
Bangladesh
Tertiary Sector (7)
Banking, tourism, selling
Alternative food movement that directly connects farmers with consumers; originated in Japan and is spreading throughout the core: (8)
CSA
Which of the following is not a factor behind the last decade's rise in global food prices? (8)
Government purchases of commodities for food aid.
Which of the following is NOT one of the major changes occurring globally in agriculture? (8)
Increase in the number of people employed in agriculture.
The single most important commodity in world trade, accounting for more than 20% of total trade by value, is ________. (7)
Oil
Identify the largest economic sector in terms of the labor force in the United States. (7)
Tertiary
Which agricultural revolution emanated from the New World? (8)
Third
Core-periphery patterns are modified by ___________. (7)
government intervention, deindustrialization, innovations in transport and communication, and creative destruction.
