Geog200

Which of the following are considered evolutionary advantages of turfgrass? (select all that apply)

- They are monocotyledons and their growth tissue occur at the base of the leaf/shoot, versus the tip - They are able to send out side shoots and the existence of their horizontal stems, which can grow above or below ground -They have extraordinary root system that allows the species to thrive when it is extremely hot, cold, or dry above grouns

According to Robbins, the American Lawn is a demanding ecosystem because it must be [select all that apply]:

- Weed and pest free - Emerald dress throughout the growing season - Prevented from ever going to seed - Kept uniform in length across the surface

Davis characterizes the gated "off world" community as being (select all that apply):

-A reimagined replica of southern California cities -A symbol of social status, akin to the brand name Giorgio Armani -Reliant on an "architecture of fear" such as iron grates, roadblocks, and checkpoints, and barbed wired -A fundamental reorganization of urban space where intersections among the daily lives of th rich and poor are less likely to occur

According to Davis, the global sanitation crisis:

-Demonstrates the vast inequality that exists between the poor and the elite -Presents a feminist issue

Robbins argues that grasses and lawns are not simple expressions of human culture because [select all that apply]:

-Grasses predate human civilization -Grasses act on people even as people act to produce lawn

New development and construction of new homes creates: (select all that apply)

-Impoverished soil conditions -Compacted soil surfaces -Inappropriate cultivar choices

Some benefits to native landscaping include which of the following: (select all that apply)

-Low maintenance -Resistant to weeds -Attracts wildlife

According to Davis, a number of scholars criticized the World Bank's approach to urban development. These critiques included (select all that apply)

-Many self-help housing loans turned out to be unaffordable for the poor -World bank projects often benefited the middle-class, rather than the most in need -Incremental housing resulted in either high unit prices for construction materials or poor quality materials

According to Robbins, Lawn people are which of the following: (select all that apply)

-Model citizens of Beck's "risk society" -Ultimate logical participants in O'Connor ecological contradiction of capitalism

As described by Davis, outcomes of the "NGO revolution" included:

-NGOs as the true beneficiaries of their own activities, rather than the local people they claimed to help -Urban social movements becoming increasingly bureaucratized and de radicalized -The appropriation of local leadership and decision making by people with no roots in slum communities

Davis argues that landlordism and property speculation (select all that apply):

-Often involve wide profit margins, especially in the case of slum housing -Are indirect outcomes of structural adjustment programs -Contribute to the corruption of officials and bureaucrats

The American Lawn ideal - a yard which is weed-free, clean monoculture, emerald green throughout growing season, does not go to seed, uniform across surface - has a huge potential of issues. Some of these include which of the following (select all that apply)

-Polyculture is inevitable -Dormancy is an adaptation and grasses naturally go dull/brown -Lawn grasses inevitably go to seed if left alone

According to Davis, the state redraws spatial boundaries to the benefit of the landed elite, intervening regularly in the name of:

-Progress -beautification -Social justice for the poor

The growing use of private automobiles in cities of developing countries (select all that apply):

-Reinforces the declining quality of public transport. -Is an outcome of development agencies' preference to finance roads rather than rails. - Contributes to the health risk and high economic cost associated with road deaths and traffic injuries. - Exacerbates air pollution.

Davis argues that by criminalizing slum communities, governments sought to justify (select all that apply):

-The kidnapping of proponents of radicalized self government in shantytowns -Repression of street vendors and informal workers -Ethnic cleansing of the urban poor

When discussing land management, political ecologists suggested that a meaningful explanation must follow a chain which includes which of the following (select all that apply):

-land managers and their direct relation with the land -relation of land managers with each other, other land users, and broader society -state and world economy relations with land manager

Which modern herbicide was responsible for nearly half of the active ingredient in Agent Orange, the nerve agent used in chemical warfare during the Vietnam war?

2,4-D

As described by Davis, the conditions that have contributed at least in part to the rise of "children witches" in Kinshasa include (select all that apply):

A complete collapse of the formal economy and state institutions, overcrowded slums due to foreign intervention and endless civil war, the spread of Pentecostalism

The peri-urban area (also known as the urban edge, fringe, and periphery) is a common destination for:

All of the above

The lawn chemical industry and the lawn alternatives industry are similar in what capacity?

Both are creating new demands and landscape desires, equally rooted in the anxieties of lawn people

Why did Soviet cartographers stop fudging their maps?

Cartographic disinformation is costly to economic development, satellites have made cartographic disinformation less effective

What types of mistakes are NOT a main focus of chapter 4?

Censorship

The frustrating cycle where increased use of lawn chemicals leads to the increased demand of the ecosystem for lawn chemical inputs is referred to as the _________

Chemical treadmill

What is the term used to capture the frustrating cycle where increased use of inputs leads to increased demand of ecosystem for input?

Chemical treadmill

Which of the following map types portrays geographic patterns for regions composed of areal units, such as states, counties, and voting precincts?

Choropleth maps

What is the easiest way to lie with data maps?

Classification

Lawn neighborhoods are highly regulated _______

Communities

Robbins would argue that lawn people and the lawn itself share which type of relationship?

Companion species - two organisms constantly subjecting and re-subjecting one another

Which best describes "pull" marketing?

Concentrates on creating demand at the customer level

Which term refers to a stylized map that is intended to demonstrate the general layout and functional relationship of a development plan's main elements?

Concept diagram

Which map projection preserves local angles so straight lines represent routes of constant bearing?

Conformal

Which of the following can lead map users to the wrong conclusions?

Conformal, equivalent, and map scales

The American Lawn aesthetic is so deeply ingrained that in the driest metropolitan areas in the U.S., widely available and well-advertised alternatives to lawn exist, but are only prevalent when:

Covenants and restrictions mandate them

How do deed restrictions and covenant restrictions differ?

Deed restriction generally apply to a single house, while covenant restrictions generally apply to a group of homes or lots

From Davis' description of slums, it can be inferred that slum research is challenging due to (select all that apply):

Definitions of "slum" evolving over time, at one point encompassing moral dimensions that are difficult to measure, National governments disguising their poor and slum populations through misleading statistics, and The complex and diverse morphology of slums (e.g., size, density, fragmentation, function, etc.).

According to Robbins, the lawn chemical industry is creating check __________ , not responding to it.

Demand

Different hues succeed in portraying which of the following:

Different features

Which of the following line generalization processes avoids graphic interference by shifting apart features that would otherwise overlap or coalesce?

Displacement

Which of the following processes was commonly used for towns near a meridian or parallel to make Soviet maps less accurate?

Displacement

Davis argues that informal sectors lead to ________ mobility for the urban poor

Downward

Mike Davis, a Marxist geographer, begins his analysis of slums by analyzing what type of relations?

Economic

To understand spatial relations Marxist geographers believe we must begin with

Economic relations

Which of the following are used by propagandists to mold a map's message?

Emphasize supporting features, suppress contradictory information, and choose provocative, dramatic symbols

Governments practice cartographic 'censorship of silence' in order to do which of the following

Enforce political values, enforce social values, and omit aesthetically unattractive features or conditions

Which of the following must identify the types and severity of plausible environmental consequences of a proposed development, the areas affected, and alternative strategies with a lesser impact?

Environmental impact statement

Which map projection preserves areal relationships such as the relative sizes of continents?

Equivalent

According to Davis, famine and debt were the most significant drivers of informal urbanization in the 1950s and 1960s.

False

According to Davis, the number of people living in slums outnumbers the number of urban residents living at or below national poverty thresholds.

False

Although some projections distort both ankles and areas, some projections can be both conformal and equivalent

False

Davis argues that Marxist and socialist governments protect against forced evictions of slum communities, unlike governments of free-market economies in the west.

False

Davis argues that self-help initiatives that rely on market forces ultimately improve the prospects of all slum dwellers.

False

Davis argues that the few World Bank housing projects to meet with success did so because they included support for employment creation and the expansion of public transport between job centers and slum housing locations in the periphery.

False

Davis characterizes landslides, floods, and earthquakes as artificial hazards.

False

Davis claims that political upheavals occurred in cities and regions that experienced the sharpest decreases in inequality.

False

Davis predicts that the result of an increasingly urbanized world will be an egalitarian redistribution of wealth and assets.

False

Differences in hue are frequently used in choropleth maps to visualize statistical data

False

History shows that people tend to reduce their overall use of lawn chemicals as they acquire more awareness of the potential risks of using lawn chemicals.

False

Homeowner applications of fertilizers tend to be less than a quarter (1/4) of the rate used on nutrient-demanding crops, such as corn.

False

IMF and World Bank Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAPs) of the 1980s required participating national governments to invest in rural infrastructure and to protect domestic industry against foreign competition through tariffs, subsidies, and import quotas.

False

In lawn communities, avoiding the use of lawn chemicals confers social rewards on those that do this:

False

In the case of Kingberry Court, the residents all expressed unqualified trust in lawn care experts who assured that the lawn chemicals being used are safe.

False

Lawn alternatives are relatively popular in the US suburbs and often used.

False

Most forms of prohibitive cartography are not useful in controlling bad behavior.

False

Regarding turfgrass morphology, Rhizomes are the above ground shoots, while the Stolons are the below ground, horizontal shoots

False

Robbins says cognitive dissonance and hypocrisy explain the inconsistencies of urbanites who say they are concerned about the environment but continue to put chemicals on their lawns.

False

Tenure security via titling mitigates social differentiation in the slum and aids landlords, the actual majority of the poor in many cities.

False

The 1985 Baker Plan required the largest Third World debtor countries to expand state-led development strategies (e.g., food, health, and education subsidies) in return for new loan facilities and continued membership in the world economy.

False

The postcolonial state has faithfully upheld its original promises to the urban poor.

False

The shift to aggressive lawn management in the US began to take place in the 1990s and 2000s.

False

To create the possibility of change, we can depend solely on the unit of the individual.

False

Davis attributed the surge in child labor primarily to social dysfunction and a culture of urgency

False- Davis attributed the surge in child labor primarily to deeply flawed economic structure

Davis argues that urban growth has been decoupled from industrialization and job growth

False?

Which of the following is suggested by misleading generalization used in the advertising map of Upward Airlines?

Flight connections at the airline's hub are easy

Which of the following players has come to be increasingly reliant on mass discounting stores and home improvement warehouses:

Formulator

Which of the following scale types are the most helpful means of communicating map scale and also the safest according to Monmonier?

Graphic

From the research provided, which parameter is NOT a good predictor for lawn chemical use?

Health condition

The pervasive power to turn enforcement into something that appears to happen "spontaneously" or is uncritically experienced as something inevitable, something like "culture". This is a definition of:

Hegemony

Who was it that illegally trespassed on Ketha Robbins property in the middle of the night to mow her lawn and rip up the sapling trees she had planted to grow a forest?

Her neighbors

Which of the following can cause color to mislead map users?

Hypsometric tints, simultaneous contrast, and inadvertent camouflage

According to Davis, slum areas are typically characterized by

Illegal or informal land markets, informal substance work, rapig growth relative to overall urban growth, precarious housing

According to Davis, SAPs contributed to slum growth by creating conditions that

Impoverished middle class, generated large flows of rural to urban migration, and prevented upward mobility for children to escape poverty

Davis argues that the SAPs produced both poverty and ____, both of which contributed to the rapid growth of slums in third World Cities

Inequality

Louis Althusser argues that people within in a capitalist society whom have been trained or assigned a role, require a process of recognition where they are literally names, recognized and self-recognized as a subject. This process has been termed:

Interpellation

Davis argues that middle class poaching is

Is a quasi-universal phenomenon, combines with tax evasion to further exacerbate conditions of the urban poor, is an example of policy manipulation, wherein housing and land reserved for the poor is acquired by urban elites, is an expression of the poor majority's lack of political power, even in cases where the slum poor have the right to vote.

Which of the following were Nazi cartographic propaganda tactics?

Labeling allies as "neutral countries", use of bold arrows to dramatize Germany's access to the Atlantic Ocean, use of pictorial symbols to portray Gernams as brave and obedient, and use of bold lines to designate spheres of influence

Which are characteristic of producers of lawn chemicals? (select all that apply)

Largest and most powerful player in lawn chemical commodity production, sits farthest end of the commodity chain, and acts as one of the central engines for growth in chemical use

Which term is used for the angle, measures north or south from the equator that identifies a particular parallel on spherical earth?

Latitude

Which order correctly represents the chronological development (from oldest to most recent) of the four popular lawn chemicals in the United States?

Lead Arsenate, DDT, 2 4-D, Glyphosate

Robbins argues that ________ restrictions prevent lawn people from choosing alternatives to turfgrass lawns for their front yards.

Legal

Which demographics most commonly represent the work force of the lawn chemical application industry?

Lower-income, male, under 18

Which was found to be the most important driver for lawn chemical use within Kingberry Court?

Moral Responsibility to neighbors

Which of the following are used to illustrate cartographic agendas?

Naming and renaming physical features, selection of distinctive typescripts, and eliminating the features identifying cultural sites to prevent looting

As demonstrated by municipal "weed laws" in Florida and Houston, which actors remain the central enforcers of turfgrass landscape?

Neighbors within the lawn communities

Robbins states that the ___________ of daily decisions related to urban ecological dilemmas makes them easy to overlook.

Ordinariness

What is the term for extremely high or extremely low data values that are isolated from the rest of the data distribution?

Outliers

Davis' typology demonstrates slum housing diversity according to which characteristics?

Physical and legal

Davis' slum typology demonstrates the great diversity of slum housing according to

Physical and legal characteristics

According to Davis, the colonial legacy of many cities of the global south is apparent through:

Polarized patterns of land use and population density based on racial zoning of the colonial period.

Rather than being the product of pre-existing American 'culture', Robbins argues that lawns are the expression of _________ and _________ forces

Political and economic

_________ magnifies the negative effects of local geological hazards and produces artificial hazards.

Poverty

In the Stanley Klutz Associates map example in Chapter 6 numerousness and land area are equated with which of the following?

Product quality

What classification scheme ranks the data values and then divides them so that all categories have the same number of areal units?

Quartile

As described by Davis, governments pledged various state interventions to combat slum expansion and urban marginality. Pledges of this "populist rhetoric" tended to NOT include:

Regressive taxes for all

The quintessential type of restrictive map is one that is used for:

Regulating airspace

Measuring the relative amount of light radiating from Earth in various parts of the electromagnetic spectrum in order to detect specific land covers is known as:

Remote sensing

After moving to the water-poor state of Arizona, Paul Robbins noted:

Residents in Tucson, AZ exhibit an overwhelming lack of turfgrass lawn, with mostly gravel and native cacti, while residents in Phoenix, AZ accept the traditional American lawn as standard development practice

Which dimension of color refers to a color's intensity or brilliance?

Saturation

Which of the following visual variables are effective in showing qualitative differences on maps?

Shape and texture

Which of the following area feature processes are used to reconstruct boundaries disrupted by aggregation or segmentation?

Simplification, smoothing, displacement, and enhancement

Which of the following are vulnerable to the ecological fallacy?

Statistical correlations based on spatially aggregated detained geographical correlations based on spatially aggregated data

Zoomable web maps typically use the Mercator projection because

The Mercator projection does not distort angles, provides a regular grid of meridians and parallels, and a single projection smooths transitions when zooming between different levels of detail

Robbins states that his book is about:

The North American Lawn and Nature's influence on people

Davis argues that Hernando de Soto's utopian view of the informal sector stems from a number of flawed conclusions, including (select all that apply):

The full complexity of the urban economy in less developed countries can be captured via a simple distinction between formal and informal sectors, there is abundant accurate and comprehensive data regarding informal sector employees, informal sector workers are exploited as opposed to exploiting others, the informal sector generates jobs by creating new jobs, and the absence of enforced labor rights creates competition which benefits everyone

Davis traces increased rate of female participation in informal employment:

The mobilization of household resources for basic survival, at the expense of long term economic mobility and prostitution and the AIDS holocaust

Zoomable web maps rely on data management strategy known as:

Tiling

According to Monmonier, the map is the perfect symbol of the state.

True

According to Robbins, lawn is an environmental actor that has some influence over lawn owners' behavior.

True

According to political ecologists, individual actions (e.g., use of lawn chemicals) are not the result of free choice or cultural preferences but are instead nested in a wider context of pressures and coercions.

True

Although clean water is the cheapest and single most important medicine in the world, a slum dweller can pay up to five times for a litre of water more than an average American citizen.

True

An image map has the cartographic elements of scale, projection, and symbolization

True

Davis identifies predatory states and the political economy of begging as key drivers of slum developments

True

Davis predicts that much of the urban world of the future will squat in squalor, surrounded by pollution, excrement and decay.

True

Development conditions of urban/suburban environments and inherent characteristics of turfgrass means it is impossible to maintain the American lawn ideal without subsidies (e.g. water, fertilizer, chemicals, cutting) of some kind.

True

For slum dwellers and squatters, housing decisions often involve balancing physical safety and public health against security from eviction.

True

Grasses are tough and hardy. Left to their own devices, grasses need little care to survive and thrive.

True

Hand-me-down housing is less common than tenements and purpose-built rental housing.

True

In virtually every municipality in the United States, homeowners are required by law to cut their grass on a regular basis.

True

Informal workers constitute 40% of the economically active population of the developing world.

True

Point, line, and area symbols require different kinds of generalization

True

Robbins argues that lawn is a vast and coercive economy

True

Robbins argues that the primary driver of lawn chemical use is a sense of moral responsibility and community obligation.

True

Screen size is a main challenge of interactive cartography

True

Sewage treatment plants and power lines are two features identified as "culture" in cartographic jargon.

True

Slum dwellers have little choice but to live with disaster, pollution, and disease

True

The economic shock in the 1980s forced poor women and their children to carry a disproportionate share of the economic burden brought about by SAPs.

True

The primary way the lawn chemical industry creates demand is through marketing and advertising the desirability of the American Lawn Aesthetic.

True

Today's megacities of the South share a common trajectory of relatively slow urban growth followed by a period of explosive growth in the 1950s and 1960s.

True

Yard management is not simply an individual activity but is instead carried out for social purposes: the production and protection of neighborhoods.

True

A just urban socioenvironmental perspective always needs to consider the questions of?

Who gains and who pays?

While rural areas have reached their maximum population and are predicted to shrink after 2020, urban areas:

Will account for virtually all future population growth, much of which will occur in developing countries.

According to Davis, landlordism is

a fundamental and divisive social relation, excludes some slum dwellers from compensation or resettlement following eviction, is a major wealth strategy of the poor, and shapes one's ideological perspectives towards government and housing policy

The economic legacy of SAPs in Africa includes:

capital flight, collapse of manufacturers, and marginal increases or predictions in export incomes, drastic cutbacks in urban public services, and a steep decline in real wages

Some institutions, such as the International Center for Toxicology and Medicine (ICTM), are strategically and ironically named, as they specialize in:

defending large corporate chemical companies against claims of illness allegedly arising from toxic exposure

The informal working class:

has none of the legal recognition or rights enjoyed by the formal working class, has important historical antecedents in modern European history, survives by miracles of economic improvisation and the constant subdivision of substance niches, and can be described as a marketplace nomads who move from activity to activity as opportunity dictates

Political ecologists argue that environmental crisis is never ____

inevitable

According to political ecologists, environmental crises are the product of socially-produced _________ imbalances.

power

The Todaro model:

was embraced by modernization theorists in the 1960s and theorizes that the informal sector is a school for urban skills from which most rural immigrants eventually graduate to formal-sector jobs