Geography 2

Be familiar with Latin America urban areas (past and present).

Latin America and the Caribbean is the most urbanized region in the developing world. Urbanization is very unequal throughout the countries. Most cities are near the coast. past cities were also developed in coastal areas so as to have access to water trade routes and have better irrigation for agriculture and animals.

Review migration and immigration.

Migration-To leave a country Immigration-To enter and settle in a country

Know the economic system and patterns from colonial times until present that have occurred in the region.

Phases of Economic Development (3) *Early Extraction Phase*—a phase in Central and South American history, beginning with the spanish conquest and lasting until the early twentieth century, characterized by a dependance on the export of raw materials. *Import Substitution Industrialization Phase (ISI)*—policies that encourage local production of machinery and other items tat previously had been imported at great expense from abroad. (This caused high tariffs) *Structural Adjustment and the Marketization Phase*—Structural Adjustment Policies (SAPs)- policies that require economic reorganization toward less government involvement in industry, agriculture, and social services; sometimes imposed by the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund as conditions for receiving loans. Privatization-The selling of formerly government-owned industries and firms to private companies or individuals. Marketization-The development of a free market economy in support of free trade.

Look at demographic trends in the region.

Population is unequally distributed throughout Middle and South America. Population at 580 million. Affected by unequal gender roles, multiple children born per family for need for family income, urbanization, lack of health care and birth control, Immigration to U.S., Migration to other cities. "Brain Drain"—The more intelligent citizens move away for better jobs, universities, and cities. This leaves the demographic at a stagnant place with the inability to rise up.

Exchanges across the Atlantic Basin.

Portugal and Spain utilized trade routes across the atlantic basin. Portugal took over the routes to and from portugal, brazil and africa. Spain used routes down the west coast of Central and South America, along with the caribbean basin islands and spain and morocco.

Review some of the reoccurring reasons that have lead to economic failure.

Relying on single crops for export. Raised tariffs. monopolizing of accessible resources within the countries. Large income disparity.

How did Spain govern their American colonies?

Spain's administration of its colonies in the Americas was divided into the Viceroyalty of New Spain 1535 (capital, México City), and the Viceroyalty of Peru 1542 (capital, Lima). In the 18th century the additional Viceroyalty of New Granada 1717 (capital, Bogotá), and Viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata 1776 (capital, Buenos Aires) were established from portions of the Viceroyalty of Peru. This evolved from the Council of the Indies and Viceroyalties into an Intendant system, raise more revenue and promote greater efficiency . *Upon colonization, the spanish strongly enforced their own language, catholic beliefs, and command over the cities that they developed.*

As with the last test, everything from lecture and Ch. 3 in the textbook is fair game.

Study notes and read through textbook!

How does the Law of the Indies relate to urban planning in Latin America?

The Laws of the Indies are the entire body of laws issued by the Spanish Crown for the American and Philippine possessions of its empire. They regulated social, political and economic life in these areas. In relation to urban planning in Latin America, The Laws specify many details of towns. A plan is made centered on a Plaza Mayor (main square) of size within specified limits, from which twelve straight streets are built in a rectilinear grid. The directions of the streets are chosen according to the prevailing winds, to protect the Plaza Mayor. The guidelines recommend a hospital for non-contagious cases near the church, and one for contagious diseases further away. *These rules are part of a body of 148 regulations configuring any settlement according to the rule of Spain and its colonies. *

Environmental issues affecting the region. This information is in the textbook.

The Trans-Amazon highway and new highways like it are expediting deforestation. Production of cattle and the cutting down of the rainforest for crops. Water pollution from over population. Villages ad cities rely on melting glaciers to fill their rivers and for their water supply. As the climate changes and these glaciers disappear, all the rivers could at best be seasonal.

Look over our discussion about the drug trade.

The internal ill eagle drug trade is a major contributor of corruption, violence, and subversion of democracy throughout the region. Drug money is used to pay of the government and law enforcement. Drug Trade(Drug enforcement administration; Melisa del Pozo and Rafael Lopez of Milenio; Staff reports -90% of cocaine that enters the U.S. comes from Mexico Joaquin "El Chapo" Guzman The informal economy, overlooking government, drug trade brings in most money.

3. Tierra Fria

"Cool Land" between 6500 and 12,000 feet. Cloud Forest. Agriculture: Wheat and Potatoes

4.Tierra Helada

"Frozen Land" above 12,000 feet. Alfin Forest Agriculture: None

1. Tierra Caliente

"Hot Land" extends about 3000 feet. Swamp and Dry Forest Agriculture: Cacao, Bananas, Sugarcane, and Tobacco.

2. Tierra Templada

"Temperate Land" (cooler land). Between 3000 and 6500 feet. Wet Forest Agriculture: Cotton, Corn, Beans, Squash, and Coffee.

Where is Mesoamerica? Name distinct pre-Colombian civilizations that were located in this region. When was the Mayan classic period? Are there Mayans today?

*(Mex. City to C. Nicaragua)-Lowland Maya Yucatan and Westward-Highland Aztecs (Mexico City)* Mesoamerica is most of Mexico and the isthmus that connects Northern America to Latin America. The Olmecs—(These people are believed to be one of México's first-established distinctly complex cultures.) The Mayans, The Toltecs, and The Aztecs. The city of Teotihuacan (The Aztec Capital) was also located in mesoamerica. Classic Period—3rd through 9th centuries. There are still many Mayan descendants today. *Where are the Mayans today? -7 million -21 Mayan Languages. —Guatemala*

What is the Humbolt (Peru) Current? Why is it important to fishermen? How does El Niño impact fishing along the western coast of South America?

*El Niño effect every 3 to 7 years caused by the oscillation of the pacific ocean* *El Niño* One aspect of the Peru Current that is partly understood is its tendency to change direction every few years (on an irregular cycle, possibly linked to sunspot activity). When this happens, warm water flows eastward from the western Pacific, bringing warm water and torrential rains, instead of cold water and dry weather, to parts of the west coast of South America. The phenomenon was named "El Niño," or "The Christ Child," by Peruvian fisherman, who noticed that when it does occur, it reaches its peak around Christmastime. *"Peru Current"—brings cold surface waters. Above air is very dry. "El Niño"—brings warm water instead of cold every few years.* Switch in water flow and temperature stirs up water and brings in fish.

What is the ITCZ, and how does it affect this region?

*Inter-tropical Convergence Zone* Depiction of Rainy Seasons July ITCZ vs. January ITZC (when it moves south)

What factors are responsible for the Atacama Desert?

*The rainshadow of the andes and the upwellings of the humbolt current cause the Atacama Desert to be the driest desert on earth* Along the west coasts of Peru and Chile, the cold surface waters of the Peru Current bring cold air that cannot carry much moisture. *The combined effects of the Peru Current and the central Andes rain shadow have created what is possibly the world's driest desert, the Atacama of northern Chile.*

Four major temperature-‐altitude zones. Are these zones relevant to population patterns and agriculture?

*Tierra Caliente, Tierra Templada, Tierra Fria, Tierra Helada (plus the snow line)* These zones have significant population patterns due to the weather patterns of each zone. Agriculture chances throughout zones and each zone is necessary in order to keep diverse crops.

How did the Spain and Portugal divide the Americas?

*Treaty of Tordesillas -dividing the colonial world between Spain and Portugal.* Most of Middle and South America was colonized by Spain and Portugal, but important and influential small colonies were held by Britain, France, and the Netherlands. *In the divide, Spain got the west coast of Latin America including: Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Venezuela, Columbia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay, Chile, and Argentine. Portugal got all of Brazil which included the Amazon rainforest, river, and basin.*

Amazon River

-2nd Longest River -The Nile carries 2% of Amazon's Capacity -Origin -Stream Discharge = 7,000,000ft^3/Sec. -1/5 of all fresh water discharged into the oceans (could supply NYC for 9 years) -Fish Aquariums (33% of all species that exist in the world love in the Amazon Rainforest (1500 birds, 14,000 types of mammals mostly rodents and bats.)) *The Pororoca-The Longest Wave*

What is responsible for the majority of mountain ranges in Latin America?

A long mountain range runs through middle and south America. The middle part of this mountain chain is called "the Sierra Madre" in Mexico. The mountain range is known as many things in central america and is know as *The Andes* in south america. The range was created by *a lengthy subduction zone.* Two oceanic plates—the Cocos Plate and the Nazca Plate—plunge beneath three continental plates—the North American Plate, the Caribbean Plate, and the South American Plate.

What were the two prominent civilizations in the Americas whens Europeans arrived? How where the Spanish (and Portuguese) able to subdue these states?

Aztecs and Incas. Catholic Democracy, Treaty of Tordesillas. The superior military technology of Spain and Portugal sped the conquest of Middle and South America. A larger factor was was the vulnerability of the indigenous people to diseases carried by the Europeans. By the 1530s (40 years since Columbus' arrival, all major population centers had been conquers and transformed by Iberian colonial policies.