Geography Chapter 3 (Europe)
The idea evolved that a place (i.e., state) had _______ over its affairs without interference from other _______
"sovereignty"; "states"
how many countries is Europe divided into?
38
how many major mountain ranges on the mainland that shape the physical landscape?
4
what are the five "micro-states?"
Andorra, Holy See, Liechtenstein, Monaco, and San Marino
Thirty Years War (1618-1648)
Central Europe experienced great conflict over the split between Catholic and Protestant supporters in the region was fought mostly in Germany, it involved most of the great powers of Europe
major languages of Europe
English, German, French, Spanish, and Italian
what was a result of Alexander's exploits?
Eratosthenes, the famous Greek mathematician and scholar, came to serve at the famous library at Alexandria, Egypt, where he invented the term Geography
who was serving as the global center of manufacturing?
Europe the colonies supplying the raw materials, the relationship was beneficial to both parties on some levels, but mostly it favored the Europeans
why do some people not include Finland in Scandinavia?
Finnish, the native language of most Finnish people, is classified as a Uralic language and not of Indo-European origin
what country has the largest portion of the 148 nuclear plants in Europe?
France at 58 France naturally relies more heavily on nuclear energy for electric production (75%) followed by Slovakia (54%) and Belgium (52%)
"romance" languages
French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, and Romanian spread Roman native language of Latin throughout the region
World War II (1939-1945)
Germany rebuilt its military under the leadership of Adolph Hitler and launched an attempt to rebuild its empire by attacking Poland on 1 September 1939 Italy joined forces with Germany in 1940 Japan joined them in bombing U.S. forces at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on 7 December 1941 Allied Forces, again including the U.S., United Kingdom, France, and Russia (renamed U.S.S.R in 1922), once again defeated the Axis Forces Italy and Germany surrendered in April, 1945, and Japan surrendered in August, 1945
where did the revolution begin?
Great Britain
what is an example of the region's poor management of economic affairs?
Greece has recently been threatened with expulsion from the European Union, the major economic alliance of the region, for incompetent management of its budget
what are the first three major cultural groups of people to inhabit Europe?
Greeks, Celts, and Romans
what two important cities used to be Roman military campsites?
London & Paris
largest urban areas in Europe
Paris, France (10.5 million) London, U.K. (8.6 million) Madrid (5.9 million) and Barcelona (5.1 million) in Spain Berlin, Germany (3.5 million)
who were the major European powers of this time period?
Portugal, Spain, Netherlands, France, and England recognized the potential for great economic benefits and began establishing colonies in these foreign lands to exploit the native peoples and their resources
invasion and annexation of the Crimean Peninsula
Russia's concern over the loss of Ukraine as an ally and access to its resources has played an important role in Russia's recent (2014) continued interference in Ukraine's political and economic affairs these events are of great concern to NATO in terms of how to respond to Russia's aggression against a friendly country, and how to proceed in discussions with Ukraine about joining NATO
what are the four distinct sub-regions within Europe?
Western, Northern, Mediterranean, and East Central
where is Europe situated on?
a peninsula that extends westward into the Atlantic Ocean, with no part of the region being more than 500 km (320 miles) from the coast close proximity to the ocean has a major influence on climate conditions across the region
Columbus
after Dias reached the Cape of Good Hope sailing for Spain, made his famous voyage across the Atlantic where he eventually landed in the Bahamas Islands in 1492 missed his intended target of the Spice Islands of Southeast Asia, he discovered the New World of the Americas
The Romans soon followed the Greeks and expanded their empire to encompass...
all of the Mediterranean Sea region and northward to the British Isles
Nuclear energy
an important energy resource in the region contributing as much as 30 percent of electricity production in recent years
Coal
an important energy resource in the region since the beginning of the industrial revolution of the 1700s major coalfields are located in England and Scotland in the U.K., and in Belgium, France, Germany, and Poland on the mainland
total population
approximately 550 million people Germany has the largest population at approximately 80 million
The Slavs
arrived in Europe in the 400s AD moved west to Elbe River in Germany and south to the Adriatic Sea and the Balkan Peninsula, threatening the Greeks
World War I (1914-1918)
assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife in Sarajevo, Yugoslavia, in June 1914, by a Yugoslav nationalist, led to World War I objective of the assassination was to split off a southern Slavic region of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and unify it with Yugoslavia demands of war ended the German, Russian, Austro-Hungarian, and Ottoman Turk empires
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
became official in 1994 creation of an economic alliance between the United States, Canada, and Mexico
Wind power
becoming an increasingly important energy source in Europe accounted for a mere 4.2 percent of electric production in 2010 European Wind Energy Association (EWEA) is working to increase production to 15 percent by 2020 Germany, Spain, Italy and Denmark are the current leaders in wind power in the region
The Protestant Reformation
began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church, which many people believed had become overly corrupt in some of its practices
Great Age of Discovery
began in the 1400s
what are key elements of the modern world that emerged from Europe?
capitalism, the Industrial Revolution and nation-states
what was one important development of the EU?
creation of a new currency known as the Euro the idea that it would enhance trade activity within the region by eliminating the need to convert currency every time one member country traded (bought or sold goods or services) with another member country members are not required to make the Euro the official currency of the country several have chosen not to, such as the United Kingdom, over concerns that their national economy might be negatively impacted by the incompetent actions of other EU members
The North Atlantic Drift
current brings warm waters to the coast, and westerly winds push warm, humid air landward across the land combination of factors produces a milder climate than one might expect for lands located at these latitudes
When Europe began to _______ its local sources of raw materials, it turned to the ________ to meet the demand
deplete: colonies
Core and Periphery
describes the relationship that developed between Europe and the colonies Europe located at the core of manufacturing and trade, and the colonies located on the periphery
Peace of Westphalia (Treaty of Westphalia) in 1648
end of the Thirty Years War one of the great outcomes of the treaty was the concept of Nations and States
Alexander the Great of Macedonia
expanded the Greek Empire across Southwest Asia into India, and into Egypt in North Africa
The Pyrenees
extend across the Iberian peninsula from the Atlantic Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea forming a natural barrier between Spain and France
The Industrial Revolution
extended from the mid-1700s to the mid-1800s important period in Europe's rise to power period marked the transition from hand production to machine production shift to new sources of energy such as steam power and coal advances in chemical manufacturing and iron production steam engine powered trains and machinery, and the cotton gin, were just a few of the many inventions from this period
Eratosthenes
famous Greek mathematician and scholar first to use the term geography
Hadrian's Wall
famous landmark and tourist destination in northern England, marks the northern extent of their control
The Germanic people
first occupied the region north of the Danube River and east of the Rhine River became a major competitor to the Romans, and eventually sacked Rome in 410 AD were seafaring people who experienced overpopulation were forced to explore new places to live including Ireland, Greenland, and even North America in the 900s AD invaded Britain and France, and contributed to the development of the Rus (Russian) culture in Kiev influence declined in 1200s due to politics, plague, and colder climate
The Carpathians
form an arc running eastward from Slovakia to Romania served as the eastern boundary of the Roman Empire in this part of Europe
The Po
forms in the Italian Alps and flows eastward across northern Italy where it empties in to the Adriatic Sea relatively short river an important waterway because it flows across one of the most highly populated regions of Europe the famous city of Venice is located at its mouth
The Rhine
forms in the Swiss Alps and flows northward across Germany and the Netherlands into the North Sea arguably the most important river in Europe recognized as the world's busiest waterway, with large barges transporting cargo from the major industrial region of western Germany to the international seaport at the mouth of the river at Rotterdam represented the eastern boundary of the Roman Empire in this part of Europe
The trade network they established throughout the Empire, which included Europe, Southwest Asia, and North Africa,
helped to establish them as a global power in the ancient world
modern day Germanic language & culture
in northern Europe (Germany, Austria, Netherlands) and Scandinavia (Denmark, Norway, and Sweden) Christianity, in the form of Protestantism, is the major religion of these people
The Allied Forces
included the U.S., United Kingdom, France, and Russia, were the eventual victors over the Central Powers, which included Germany, Austro-Hungary, and Turkey
Western Europe
includes Germany, United Kingdom, and France is the strongest region in terms of economic productivity and political control industrial countries of Western Europe are largely responsible for Europe's emergence as a global leader
Mediterranean Europe
includes Italy, Greece, Spain, and Portugal known for its distinct weather (i.e., the Mediterranean Climate) early influence of the Greek and Roman civilizations, which make it one of the most popular tourist destinations in the world countries of this region are also known for poor management of their economic affairs
Northern Europe
includes Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Finland, Iceland, Greenland, and the Faroe Islands has a high standard of living despite having a relatively harsh environment
Scandinavia
includes Sweden, Denmark, and Norway, is a sub-region of Northern Europe Scandinavian countries were settled by people of similar heritage native languages are of Germanic origin in the Indo-European family
East-Central Europe
includes many countries that were under the control of the Soviet Union during the Cold War period following World War II experiencing a great transition as the people and governments adapt to moving from a communist to a democratic form of government means drastic changes in economic, political, and social aspects of everyday life the breakup of the former country of Czechoslovakia into the Czech Republic and Slovakia the breakup of the former Yugoslavia into Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro, and Macedonia
As manufacturing capabilities ________, so did the demand for raw materials
increased
The European Union
is a political/economic alliance of countries in the region with a current membership of 28 member states as of 2014 present alliance evolved from earlier alliances dating back to 1951 in the immediate post-WWII era was officially started in 1993 as a response to NAFTA
British Commonwealth (Commonwealth of Nations)
is an organization of approximately 50 member states including the United Kingdom and many former colonies/territories of the British Empire
what is happening to the city of Venice?
is sinking into the sea as the marshlands of the delta subside similar to the way the city of New Orleans on the banks of the Mississippi River is sinking below sea level
"crown" of the road
key contribution of the Romans were their road construction technique was to raise the center of the road to allow water runoff to the side
Vasco da Gama
led the search for the route to the Spice Islands of Southeast Asia from that point and reached India in 1498
largest population clusters
located along the Rhine River and coastal areas of Germany, Belgium, and the Netherlands central and southern England along the Po River of northern Italy
Oil and natural gas fields
located in the North Sea and the Mediterranean Sea the North Sea region holding by far the largest deposits
Christianity
major religion of Europe Roman Catholicism predominant in the South Protestantism in the North Eastern Orthodoxy in the Southeast
Polar climate conditions
more northerly parts of Europe
Southern Europe remained
mostly Catholic
Northern Europe became
mostly Protestant (i.e., protestors)
The Celts
occupied central and western Europe until they were forced out by the Romans Gaul, the Alps, and the Rhine were named by the Celts Celtic culture is still prominent today in parts of Wales, Scotland, Ireland, and the Bretons of western France
North American Treaty Organization (NATO) in 1949
one major outcome of World War II was the formation of a military/political alliance currently has 28 member states, which includes 25 European countries (notable exceptions being Austria, Finland, Ireland, Switzerland, and several members of the former Yugoslavia) the United States, Canada, and Turkey
Africa
one of the main benefactors of this situation, with many former colonies becoming independent countries many of these former colonies are struggling with problems of economic development and political stability some cases they still receive support from their former colonial masters, and even maintain close political and economic ties
as these concepts evolved what happened to the people?
people began to perceive that they owed their loyalty to the state, rather than to the royal leadership of the state
what did Europeans lay the foundation for?
political, economic, and cultural interconnection that exists today throughout the world
European Colonialism & Imperialism
process during these great powers built their empires led to a majority of the world being ruled by Europeans
Bartholomew Dias
reached the southern tip, known as the Cape of Good Hope, in 1488
French Revolution (1789-1799)
resentment of the privileges of royalty spread across Europe many of the aristocracy were executed via the guillotine, including King Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette in 1793
The Romans
ruled the region from the Mediterranean Sea to the British Isles were famous for constructing and extensive road network across Europe for military purposes, many of which are still in existence today adopted Christianity in 381 A.D., and helped to diffuse the religion throughout the region
The Apennines
run southward down the length of the Italian peninsula forming the spine of the country
what did the demands of war once again end?
several colonial empires most of Europe was economically devastated and no longer able to maintain control or provide support when necessary
Though _______ than many of the other regions described in the book, Europe is nonetheless a complex region
smaller
"micro-states"
some of the smallest countries in the world (5)
Mediterranean climate
southern coast of Europe uniquely mild climate named after the famous water body characterized by wet winters and dry summers, which produce highly favorable weather conditions for people living in the area mild summers and the coastal landscapes combine to produce one of the most popular tourist destinations in the world
what is the irony of the NATO alliance?
that the strongest member, the United States, is a former European colony
what are the sub groups of the Germanic people?
the Franks in Gaul (France), Burgundians, Visigoths and Lombards in Italy, and the Angles and Saxons in England (who forced the Celts to migrate farther north) in Scandinavia became known as the Vikings
what two earliest forces in the development of western civilization gave the rise of Europe as a global power?
the Greeks and the Romans
where can the origins of modern globalization can be traced back to?
the emergence of Europe as a global power in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries
The Thames
the longest in England forms in western part of the country and flows eastward through London on its path to the North Sea
The Danube
the longest river in Europe (2,872 km; 1,785 mi) forms in southern Germany and flows eastward to Moldova where it empties into the Black Sea important waterway for transportation as it crosses nine countries and connects several major cities Munich, Germany, which is located on a tributary of the Danube, and Vienna, Austria; Bratislava, Slovakia; Budapest, Hungary; and Belgrade, Serbia
The Alps
the most famous stretching from the Mediterranean coast of France northeastward across Switzerland to Austria
what happened when the U.S.S.R. disintegrated in 1991?
the need to keep NATO active while others argued that Russia would continue to be a threat to European security against objections from Russia, NATO continued to expand by accepting Poland, Czech Republic, and Hungary when Ukraine, a former member of the U.S.S.R, expressed interest in joining NATO, Russia's objections grew stronger
what happened with the Europeans in control?
they were able to exploit the resources of the colonies as they saw fit the colonies were forced to purchase the manufactured goods from the colonial power without the benefit of global competition
Andorra
tiny country interesting feature of the Pyrenees as it is located in the mountains along the border between Spain and France
what is the primary objective of the European Union?
to minimize barriers to interaction (primarily trade) within the region would in turn aid the members in international trade competition with NAFTA
Prince Henry the Navigator
took the lead by exploring the western coast of Africa throughout the century Portugal
Martin Luther
was the person most closely associated with the revolution that led to the split in the Catholic Church
Europe is a much ______ region than most
wealthier pattern of spatial variation within the region in that average household incomes are higher in Northern and Western Europe than in Mediterranean and East Central Europe
The Greeks
were well established in the region by 1000 BC city-state structure of organization was a distinctive feature of their society made many contributions in key elements of western civilization including democracy, science, and the humanities
what are the three major groups of Slavs today?
western Slavs (Poles, Czechs, and Slovaks) southern Slavs (Slovenes, Croats, Serbs, and Bulgarians) eastern Slavs (Russians, Ukrainians, and Belarusians)
"nationalism"
where a state was composed of a "nation" of people with the same language and culture
Most European countries have progressed to the latter parts of Stage 3 and early Stage 4 of the Demographic Transition Model
which indicates that they have relatively stable populations with low birth rates and low death rates
The explorers of these new lands in Africa, Asia, and the Americas returned home with accounts of their exploits, but more importantly,
with detailed descriptions of the peoples, landscapes, and natural resources they encountered
