Geography Intro

Why was the southwest attractive?

-Air conditioning - Imported water

What are the location factors of manufacturing?

-Location of raw materials -Labor availability -Energy availability -Location of market -Transportation -Economies of scale

What are the economic focuses of Maritime Northeast?

-Primary activities -Recreation -Tourism

Name 4 characteristics of North America

-Two continental-sized countries -English language dominant -Predominantly Christian faiths -Predominantly European norms: Government, architecture, diet, arts -Highly urbanized -Mobile populations -High incomes -Manufacturing output -Federal states with plural societies

What are the 4 major realms of population?

1) East Asia 2) South Asia 3) Europe 4) Eastern North America

-Immigration to North America, beginning in _______ -Ongoing migration, especially to ________

1600's; sunbelt

(def) Voted to remain in Canada by a narrow margin

1995 referendum of Canada

-Stronger provincial language laws -More bilingual Anglophones (English-speakers) -More immigrants, who settled in various language neighborhoods -Defeat of separatist Parti Québécois in 2003, 2007

Aftermath of 1995 referendum in Canada

All Regions Have:

Area, Boundaries, and Location

Only C climates on west coast - Southern __________ has similar climates to northern U.S.

Canada; weather patterns

the making of maps

Cartography

-Center of conterminous U.S. and southern Canada -Tremendous agricultural productivity -Ethanol production -Depopulation, especially in the Great Plains

Continental Interior

-The composite of human imprints on the earth's surface -Carl Sauer's definition: "the forms superimposed on the physical landscape by the activities of man"

Cultural Landscape

farms into which seigneuries were divided customarily took the form of narrow strips of land so that each would have its own river frontage and own woodlot in the back.

Customary Strip farms

-The southern portion of Quebec and neighboring New Brunswick and northern New Hampshire -Long lots land division system -Impact of Quebec's separatist movement

French Canada

-A spatial system focused on a central core -A region formed by a set of places and their functional integration; Also called a "nodal" region -marked less by its sameness than its dynamic internal structure

Functional region

-An astonishing upsurge in human population began about 1500 and the result was an exponential pattern of growth; this pattern is often called a J curve -today, the human population is growing in virtually all regions of the world, but more rapidly in some places than in others

Global Patterns of Population Growth

________________________ affect and are affected by business and work organization, economics , socio-cultural resources, and the natural environment.

Globalizing processes

-means "country behind"; A term that applies to a surrounding area served by an urban center

Hinterland

What is the warm phase that we live in today?

Holocene

In making a map and analyzing it, you have engaged in which several aspects of geography?

Landscape observation - Description of Earth's surface and natural environment - Spatial analysis - use of different scales of analysis - Cartography

-If the more than 7 billion people on Earth today were evenly distributed across the land surface, they would produce an average population density of about 117 people per square mile -People are not evenly distributed; nearly 90% of all people live north of the equator, and most of them live between 20° N and 60° N latitude -People are concentrated on about 20% of the available land

Local Variations in Population Density and Growth

-The rate of natural increase (RNI) is the relationship in a given population between the number of people being born (the birth rate) and the number dying (the death rate) without regard to the effects of migration -The rate of natural increase is expressed as a percentage per year

Local Variations in Population Density and Growth

Upper New England and the Atlantic provinces

Maritime Northeast

center of service and post- industrial activity in Canada

Montreal

-Synonymous with the manufacturing belt -Contains largest city and capital of both countries -Extensive transportation networks and facilities -Growing impact of postindustrial development and globalization

North American Core

Western rain shadow—Western arid climates Eastern humid climates

North American weather patterns

active volcanoes and earthquake epicenters surrounding the pacific ocean

Pacific ring of fire

first epoch of the Quaternary period, between the Pliocene and Holocene epochs.

Pleistocene

-Proximity to a major research university -Large pool of well-educated people -Proximity to a major metropolitan area -Abundant venture capital -Entrepreneurial culture supportive of risk-taking and forgiving of failure -Network of global business linkages -High-amenity region

Postindustrial Location Factors

extraction of raw materials directly from the earth

Primary

collection, processing, and manipulation of information

Quaternary

managerial decision making in large organizations

Quinary

-North American Core -Maritime Northeast -French Canada -Continental Interior -South -Southwest -Western Frontier -Northern Frontier -Pacific Hinge

Regions of the Realm

manufacturing; turning raw materials into useful items

Secondary

-Southeast corner of the realm -Most dynamic region in terms of change -Poverty and income disparity -Changing demographics -Booming economy

South

-U.S.-Mexican borderland -A tricultural region

Southwest

Realms are based on ________ Criteria

Spatial

the study of how people, objects, or ideas are related to one another across space

Spatial analysis

Observing variations in geographic phenomena across space.

Spatial perspective

-Underlying causes, Debt relief, Globalization

Specter of Debt

services

Tertiary

The world regional framework is organized around nine __________________________: - Population - Gender - Development - Food - Urbanization - Globalization - Democratization - Water - Climate Change

Thematic Concepts

time that great ice sheets covered most of the midwest and there was a zenith of glaciation that has lasted 100,000 years

Wisconsinan Glaciation

latitudinal and longitudinal extent of the region with respect to earths grid coordinates

absolute location

What is the criteria for regions?

area, boundaries, location, homogeneity, and regions as systems

aggregate total record of weather conditions at a place or in a region over a period that records have been kept

climate

the gradual movement of the continents across the earth's surface through geological time.

continental drift

distinctive attributes of a society imprinted on its portion of the world's physical stage

cultural landscape

Shared patterns of learned behavior; Components: Beliefs, Institutions, & Technology

culture

scattered lines of houses along the riverbank near customary strip farms.

côtes

The largest geographical unit into which the inhabited world can be _________

divided

-Marked by a certain degree of homogeneity in one or more phenomena -Also called a uniform or homogeneous region

formal region

regions that display a measurable and often visible internal homogeneity

formal regions

-result of the interaction between human societies and natural environments -Revealed by farms, mines, fishing ports, transport routes, dams, bridges, villages, and other features on the landscape

functional interaction

a structured, urban centered system of interaction

functional region

realms that possess environmental, cultural, and organizational properties

geographic realms

-the study of our planet's surface and the processes that shape it -unique in that it links the physical sciences with the social sciences

geography

surges of cold in which glaciers expand and living spaces shrink, separated by warm phases when the ice recedes and life spreads again

glaciations

natural warming phase that has been accelerated by anthropogenic (human source) causes.

global climate change

geographical process in which spatial relations, economic, cultural, political, shift to ever broader scales -is the process of international integration arising from the interchange of world views, products, ideas, and other aspects of culture. -Advances in transportation and telecommunication infrastructure, including the rise of the telegraph and its posterity the Internet, are major factors in globalization, generating further interdependence of economic and cultural activities. -Trade and transactions, Capital and investment movements, Migration and movement of people, and the Dissemination of knowledge.

globalization

suns radiation becomes trapped in the earths atmosphere

greenhouse affect

surrounding zone of a city's interaction

hinterland

study of the various aspects of human life that create the distinctive landscapes and regions of the world

human geography

lasting tens of millions of years chills the planet and causes massive ecological change

ice age

warm phases when the ice recedes poleward and mountain glaciers melt back

interglacials

groups of languages with a shared but usually distant origin

language families

common second language

lingua franca

-Change of residence, intended to be permanent

migration

What are the 2 types of realms?

monocentric and polycentric

realms that are dominated by a single major political entity in terms of territory and/or population.

monocentric realms

What are the intermontane areas?

nevada and arizona

Where did manufacturing start?

on the east coast

scale at which social or natural processes operate or play out.

operational scale

a supercontinent that existed hundreds of millions years ago

pangaea

-Concept of development, Economic conditions (World Bank's groupings): High-Income, Upper-middle-income, Lower-middle-income, Low-income

patterns of development

What are the 3 main sets of criteria for geographic realms?

physical an human, functional, and historical

have generally focused on how Earth's physical processes work and tightly linked with human geography

physical geographers

appearance, functioning, and organization of the realm are dispersed among a number of more or less equally influential regions or countries

polycentric realm

to study the growth and decline of numbers of people on Earth, their distribution across Earth's surface, age and sex distributions, migration patterns and what makes people move

population

Attractive features of proposed new home

pull factors

What are the two factors when migrating?

push and pull factors

Negative factors of present home

push factors

perception of local or distant space as well as our mental image of the region we are describing.

regional concept

-Areas of the earth's surface marked by certain properties -Scientific devices that enable us to make spatial generalizations -Based on criteria we establish -Criteria can be: Human (cultural) properties, Physical (natural) characteristics, or a combination of both of the above

regions

location with reference to other regions

relative location

when a map is created, it represents all or part of the earths surface at a certain level of detail

scale

ration between map distance and real world distance; expressed as a fraction.

small scale

-where peripheries of two adjacent realms or regions join -Marked by a gradual shift (rather than a sharp break) in the characteristics that distinguish neighboring realms

spatial change

regions marked by their functional integration

spatial systems

-A politically organized territory administered by a sovereign government -Recognized by a significant portion of the international community. -Must contain: a permanent resident population, an organized economy, & a functioning internal circulation system

state

continents of light rock that rests on slabs of heavier rock

tectonic plates

Geographic realms change over ______.

time

Where geographic realms meet __________ mark their contacts

transition zones

where 2 geographic realms meet

transition zones