GEOL 101, Richard DCC-Final
Where is the hypocenter located on the diagram to the right? A,B
B
Foliated metamorphic rocks are never: -caused by contact with magma -foliated -low-grade -high-grad
Caused by contact with magma
All minerals are crystalline means: -All minerals have an orderly internal atomic structure -all minerals have cleavage -all minerals are always found as crystals -all minerals are insoluble in water
All minerals have an orderly internal atomic structure
Which of the following statements about minerals is false? -Petroleum is not a mineral because it is both a liquid and is organic -All minerals have a characteristic organized internal atomic structure -Water is not a mineral but ice is a mineral -All minerals must have more than one element in their chemical formula -magma and lava are not minerals
All minerals must have more than one element in their chemical formula
Large-scale eruptions and cause a drop in global temperatures. T/F
True
The most dangerous volcanic feature is a ____ because it pops like a champagne cork when the correct amount of pressure has built up. -pillow basalt -volcanic plug -volcanic dome -porphyritic flow
Volcanic Dome
Hot spots can occur: -Only within oceanic plates -Only within continental plates -Only when the thickness of the crust is less than 10 km -Within either continental or oceanic plates
Within either continental or oceanic plates
Where would one expect to find the most immature, poorly sorted, angular sediment? A,B,C
A
What is the difference in a rock and a mineral? -a rock is prettier -a mineral is more valuable -a rock can be made of minerals
A rock can be made of minerals
The steepest slope that can be produced by a pile of unconsolidated sediment is called the: -angle of repose -angle of cohesion -angle of concern -angle of mass wasting -angle of criticality
Angle of repose
If horizontal sedimentary strata overlie tilted strata (and no fault is present), the surface between the horizontal and tilted strata must be a(n) ____________. -disconformity -conformable sedimentary contact -angular unconformity -nonconformity
Angular unconformity
The horizontal line labeled X-X' is a(n) ________ . -non conformity -angular unconformity -fault -disconformity
Angular unconformity
Basaltic (mafic) magma is typically generated -Where an oceanic plate is being subjected under a continental plate -At spreading zones between plates -Where two continental plates collide -Where subduction is occurring involving two oceanic plates -along transform faults
At spreading zones between plates
What are the two forces that act on slope stability (fill in both bubbles)? -downslope force -resisting force -angle of repose -strike-slip
Downslope force, Resisting force
Volcanoes are often found in areas on Earth where: -plates collide -mountains are found -plates fit together perfectly -rivers are found
Plates collide
The cross section below shows the ocean floor between two continents. Points A through D represent locations on the ocean floor where samples of oceanic crust were collected. A,B,C,D
B
Cemented shells of marine organisms form which kind of sedimentary rock? -biochemical -clastic -organic
Biochemical
A body of rock to which a sudden, rapid stress has been applied is more likely to exhibit ____________ than is a body of rock subjected to a gradually applied stress. -brittle behavior -ductile behavior
Brittle behavior
Explosive or voluminous eruptions may cause the volcano to collapse on the floor of the (now empty) magma chamber, producing a broad depression termed a: -caldera -lahar -fissure -crater
Caldera
Match the type of sedimentary rock to the correct example of that group. -Clastic -Biochemical -Chemical -Organic **conglomerate **Limestone **coal **salt
Clastic---Conglomerate Biochemical---Limestone Chemical---Salt Organic---Coal
Wegener proposed continental drift after he observed evidence from fossils, glacial deposits, and the fit of the continents that suggested all the continents were once: -combined to form a supercontinent (he termed Pangaea) in the Late Paleozoic through the Mesozoic -Aligned north to south along the prime meridian during the Late Cenozoic -combined to form a supercontinent (he termed Rodinia) in the Proterozoic -aligned east to west along the equator during the Late Mesozoic through the Cenozoic
Combined to form a supercontinent (he termed Pangaea) in the Late Paleozoic through the Mesozoic
Obsidian, synthetically made glass, and natural quartz crystals all exhibit a fracture pattern termed: -Serpentine -Conchoidal -Glassy -Obtuse
Conchoidal
This is an example of which type of metamorphism? -massive -constructive -regional -contact
Contact
All of the following features can be found in a passive plate margin, however, which of the following does the active margin lack? (2 answers) -Continental rise -Abyssal plain -Continental slope -Continental shelf
Continental rise Abyssal plain
What plate boundary do we find shallow, intermediate, and deep earthquakes? -Transfrom -Convergent-Subduction -Divergent -Rifting
Convergent-Subduction
Which of the following sedimentary structures is common in sand dunes? -trace fossils -all of the above -cross-bedding -mudcracks -graded bedding
Cross-bedding
Which of the following geologic principles is NOT a result of gravity? -original horizontality -cross-cutting relationships -original continuity -superposition
Cross-cutting relationships
From left to right, correctly label each section of this slice of Earth.
crust, upper mantle, transition zone, lower mantle, liquid outer core, solid inner core
The following close-up image is of a metamorphic rock called_____. -marble -gneiss -greenstone -schist -slate
gneiss
The Moho: -is found deeper underneath continents than under oceans -is found well below the crust/mantle boundary -is found deeper underneath oceans that under continents -lies at uniform depth everywhere it is found in Earth
is found deeper underneath continents than under oceans
Which of the following units is the oldest? C,B,A,D
D
The difference between geographic and magnetic north is called _____ and we can use it to determine____. -Inclination, longitude -declination, latitude -inclination, latitude -declination, longitude
Declination, Longitude
Which of the following correctly describes the process that occurs during lithification? -diagenesis -migmatite development -metamorphism -partial melting -metasomatism
Diagenesis
What type of plate boundary is represented by a mid-ocean spreading ridge? -Subduction -Convergent -Transform -Divergent
Divergent
According to the figure bellow, in which of the following types of plate boundaries new seafloor is being produced? -Divergent boundary -Continental collision boundary -All the same -subduction zone boundary -transform fault boundary
Divergent boundary
Slope stability is determined by which two forces? -downslope and resistance -resistance and inertia -downslope and friction -gravity and friction
Downslope and resistance
Magnetostratigraphy takes advantage of the fact that ____________. -Earth's magnetic field only arose 10,000 years ago -Earth's magnetic field has experienced numerous polarity reversals, with periods of normal and reversed polarity of varying lengths -Earth's magnetic field has been uniformly strong, with constant polarity, throughout Earth's history
Earth's magnetic field has experienced numerous polarity reversals, with periods of normal and reversed polarity of varying lengths
Following Bowen s reaction series, the later, lower-temperature fractions of liquid magma become progressively. -Depleted in silica -Depleted in potassium -Enriched in magnesium -Enriched in silica
Enriched in silica
A compass today points directly to geographic north T/F
False
Calcite will scratch glass. T/F
False
Earths Volume is constantly changing T/F
False
Mountain ranges are important sites for the formation of igneous and metamorphic rocks, but do not have any apparent relationship with the formation of sedimentary rocks. T/F
False
Nearly all of the present mountain ranges are the products of single orogenic events. T/F
False
The closer sediment is to its source the more rounded it will be. T/F
False
There is a mineral composition difference between magma and lava T/F
False
Within a platform, sedimentary rocks always have a horizontal orientation. T/F
False
The rocks in stages C and D are both: -glassy -foliated -clastic -noncrystalline
Foliated
Relative ages expressed on the geologic time scale primarily resulted from the study of ____________. -radiometric dating of sedimentary rocks -fossil content and spatial relationships among igneous rocks -fossil content and spatial relationships among sedimentary rocks -radiometric dating of igneous rocks
Fossil content and spatial relationships among sedimentary rocks
Which method of correlation is more reliable for determining age equivalence among bodies of rock that are physically isolated by vast distances? -lithologic correlation -fossil correlation
Fossil correlation
In the cross section of a sand dune given, the wind was blowing? -from left to right -both directions -cannot determine direction from information given -from right to left
From left to right
In which of the following sedimentary environments would you expect the sand deposits to be poorly sorted? -beach -river -desert -glacial
Glacial
Which rock shown in the figure cooled the fastest? -Glassy -Fine-Grained -Coarse-Grained -Porphorytic
Glassy
Which of the following statements about minerals is true? -Water and ice are both minerals -whenever elements come together in a specific ratio, a mineral is formed -all minerals must have more than one element -gold is both an element and a mineral -glass is a mineral
Gold is both an element and a mineral
The type of sedimentary structure that describes a layer of sediment in which the grain size steadily decrease from the bottom to the top of the layer is called: -stratification -bedding -graded bedding -cross-bedding -a bedding plane
Graded bedding
The Hawaiian island chain is an example of a(n): -Island volcanic arc -Continental volcanic arc -Stratovolcanic assembly -Hot-spot island chain
Hot-spot island chain
Which of the following geologic principles is a direct result of gravity? -baked contacts -cross-cutting relationships -original horizontality -inclusions
Original horizontality
What are the most abundant elements in Earth s crust? -oxygen & aluminum -iron & silica -oxygen & silica -iron & magnesium
Oxygen and silica
The two most abundant elements, comprising about 84% of all the atoms in the Earth's crust -chlorine and sodium -oxygen and silicon -iron and oxygen -hydrogen and helium -silicon and aluminum
Oxygen and silicon
What is the primary basis used to classify clastic sedimentary rocks? -silica content -chemical composition -particle size -clay content
Particle size
Which common gemstone results from biomineralization? -Diamonds -Garnets -Pearls -Sapphires
Pearls
What type of resource deposit is shown in the diagram? -Placer -magmatic -hydrothermal -evaporite
Placer
Which of the following iron-rich minerals is most common in basalt? -muscovite -pyroxene -quartz -Na-plagioclase
Pyroxene
Which mineral is the last to crystallize from a melt -pyroxene -amphibole -olivine -peridotite -quartz
Quartz
In a ____________ fault, the fault plane is greater than 45° from horizontal and the hanging-wall block moves upward relative to the footwall block. -detachment -thrust -reverse -normal
Reverse
What rock has the same mineralogy as granite but a fine-grained texture? -andesite -obsidian -basalt -rhyolite
Rhyolite
Which of the following type of waves is unable to pass through any liquid? -primary waves -p waves -s waves -water waves -sound waves
S waves
Match the type of stress and the resultant fault -Shear -Tension -Compression *Normal fault *Strike slip *Reverse fault
Shear--Strike slip Tension--Normal fault Compression--Reverse fault
The continuous branch contains the minerals with higher amounts of: -Silica & oxygen -Copper & zinc -Iron & magnesium - Oxygen & magnesium
Silica & oxygen
What does the atomic model on the right represent? -Quartz -Diamond -Graphite -DNA structure -The silica anion
Silica anion
By far the most common minerals in Earth s crust are the ___ minerals -carbonate -silicate -oxide -sulfide
Silicate
To which of the following groups do most minerals in the Earth's crust belong? -oxides -halides -silicates -carbonates -sulfates
Silicates
What type of mass wasting is shown in the diagram? -creep -slump -debris flow -landslide
Slump
A mineral must be____that is_____. -solid; formed at room temp -solid; formed naturally -solid; formed organically
Solid; formed naturally
The amount of water that flows down a river channel over some length of time is called the: -capacity -flow velocity -channel gradient -discharge -stream load
Stream load
Clayey sandstone will form gneiss if the: -temperature decreases and the pressure increases -temperature and pressure both increase -temperature and pressure both decrease -temperature increases and the pressure decreases
Temperature and pressure both increase
How is a plunging fold different from a nonplunging fold? -these are folds read in 360˚ -they have a tighter fold -the geometry is backwards -they have a hinge that is tilted
They have a hinge that is tilted
Match the drainage pattern to its definitionered -trellis -radial -rectangular -dendritic **trunk stream flows through resistant rocks **branching or tree-like **draining in all directions away from a point **channels aligned primarily in two direction
Trellis---trunk stream flows through resistant rocks Radial---Draining in all directions away from one point Rectangular---Channels aligned primarily in two directions Dendritic---branching or tree-like
Most fault surfaces, like joints, are roughly planar in orientation. T/F
True
Sometimes the earth s magnetic poles undergo a reversal, in which the north pole would actually read as the south pole on a compass. T/F
True
The different types of magma, listed in order from lowest to highest silica content, are: -mafic, ultramafic, intermediate, felsic -felsic, intermediate, mafic, ultramafic -felsic, mafic, intermediate, ultramafic -ultramafic, mafic, intermediate, felsic -ultramafic, mafic, felsic, intermediate
ultramafic, mafic, intermediate, felsic
Point bars are deposited _____________ . -at the base of a waterfall -on the outside of a meander bend -on the inside of a meander bend -by turbidity currents
on the inside of a meander bend
Which sequence of change in rock type occurs as shale is subjected to increasing heat and pressure? -shale - schist - phyllite - slate - gneiss -shale -- slate -- phyllite - schist -- gneiss -shale -- gneiss -- phyllite -- slate - schist -shale -- gneiss -- phyllite - schist -- slate
shale -- slate -- phyllite - schist -- gneiss
What of the following metamorphic rocks can not form from a shale? -schist -slate -hornfels -marble
Marble
Within a meander, where is sediment most likely to be deposited? uniformly to either side of the meander on the inner banks of the meander on the outer banks of the meander
On the inner banks of the meander
As a result of seafloor spreading: -all of the above -new ocean crust is generated at ridges to accommodate the spreading plates -a record of paleomagnetic reversals is recorded in rocks that formed at the ridge -continents attached to the plates on each side of the ridge slowly move apart -the age of ocean crust increases with increasing distance away from the ridge
All of the above
Which of the following are effective agents of erosion? -all of the above -water -ice -wind -gravity
All of the above
Orogenesis (mountain building) leads to the production of ____________. -sedimentary rocks only -All of the above are correct. -metamorphic rocks only -igneous rocks only
All of the above are correct
All sediment deposited by rivers is called: -a floodplain deposit -bed load -alluvium -a point bar deposit -regolith
Alluvium
The age of ocean crust _____ with increasing distance from the mid-oceanic ridge. -Increases -Decreases
Increases
Two atoms of a single element that differ in number of neutrons are said to represent two distinct ____________ of that element. -isotopes -isomers -atomic species -isotherms
Isotopes
Which of the following statements about a particular sedimentary deposit would be true? -It must be a glacial moraine because the sediments are well sorted and angular. -It must be a stream deposit because the sediments are well sorted and well rounded -It must be a talus deposit because the sediments are poorly sorted and well rounded. -It must be a wind deposit because the sediments are poorly sorted and well rounded.
It must be a stream deposit because the sediments are well sorted and well rounded
Base your answer to the following question on the geologic cross section below. Location A is within the metamorphic rock. -marble -phylite -quartzite -slate
Marble
Why do some minerals have fracture, whereas other minerals have cleavage? -some minerals are older than others -minerals with fracture are located lower on the Moh s hardness scale, minerals with cleavage are located higher on the Moh s hardness scale -minerals with fracture have all strong atomic bonds, minerals with cleavage have weaker bonds -minerals with fracture are mafic, minerals with cleavage are felsic
Minerals with fracture have all strong atomic bonds, minerals with cleavage have weaker bonds
At a divergent plate boundary (shown below), Two opposed plates: -Move towards one another -Slide past one another -Moves away from one another
Moves away from one another
Within the world's sedimentary rocks, fossils ____________. -are rarely, if ever, found -occur in an ordered sequence -are randomly distributed
Occur in an ordered sequence
The viscosity of lava is a measure of: -the ability of the lava to resist flow -the speed it flows -the amount of silica presents in the lava -the amount of dissolved gas in the lava -the temp when melting occurs
The ability of the lava to resist flow
Dip measures: -the angle from horizontal which the bed lies in cross-section -the compass direction of the bed on Earth s surface -the compass direction of the bed in cross-section -he angle from horizontal which the bed lies on Earth s surface
The angle from horizontal which the bed lies in cross-section
Uniformitarianism can be characterized by: -the future is the key to the past -the present is the key to the past -the past is the key to the future -the past is the key to the past
The present is the key to the past
Foliation develops ina metamorphic rock because: -differential stress causes minerals to align parallel to each other -platy minerals always align with each other during any type of metamorphism -high temps during metamorphism always cause minerals to recrystallize with a foliation -this is what defines a metamorphic rock in the first place -the original rock that got metamorphosed must have had a foliation in it
differential stress causes minerals to align parallel to each other
