GEOL 120 RPA'S

All minerals ______ (select all that apply)

- Are natural - Are organic - Have a specific chemical composition - Are solid - Have a ordered internal structure

The three main ways that minerals form are ____________, ________________, and ______________.

- Crystallization from a magma - Precipitation by organisms - Precipitation from aqueous solution

Which changes in the physical conditions could cause a solid rock to melt? (Select all that apply.)

- Decrease in pressure -Increase in pressure - Addition of water

Which of these changes in the physical conditions could cause a solid rock to melt?

- Increase in temp - Addition of water - Decrease in pressure

Magma viscosity is primarily dependent upon which two factors?

- Magma temperature - Magma composition

Ferromagnesian (also called mafic) silicate minerals are characterized by containing one or both of which two elements?

- Magnesium -Iron

Sandstones are commonly made up of quartz and grains. Why is quartz the most common mineral found in sandstone?

- Other minerals, such as feldspar, will break down the clays - Quartz is chemically resistant to weathering

Which of these are common non-silicate mineral classes? Select all that apply.

- Oxides -Native Elements -Halides -Sulfides -Carbonates

Which of these are common non-silicate mineral classes? Select all that apply

- Phosphates - Sulfides - Oxides - Sulfates

Which of these are common silicate minerals? Select all that apply.

- Pyroxene - Amphibole - Plagioclase Feldspar

Sandstones are commonly made up of quartz sand grains. Why is quartz the most common mineral found in sandstones? (Select all that apply)

- Quartz is chemically resistant to weathering - Other minerals, such as feldspars, will break down to clays

Which of these are examples of clastic sedimentary rocks? (Select all that apply)

- Sandstone -Shale -Siltstone -Breccia

A reddish color in sedimentary rocks usually indicates ______

- The presence of iron oxides - Deposition in an environment with plenty of oxygen

Which of these statements about the Fort Collins area would be considered an observation, not an interpretation? ( Select all that apply)

- There is a river that flows towards the southeast through Fort Collins - The area to the west of Fort Collins has steeper topography than to the east

Match the description of igneous rock texture to the correct term

- Very large crystals (centimeters or larger) - Pegmatitic - A mix or coarse crystals surrounded by a matrix of finely crystalline material - Porphyritic Coursely crystalline, individual crystals are readily visible to unaided eye - Phaneritic Finely crystalline, individual crystals are too small to see with the unaided eye - Aphanitic

A black color in sedimentary rocks usually indicates _______

- deposition in an environment without much oxygen -the presence of organic matter

Which of the following are arrangements of silica tetrahedra in silicate minerals? Select all that apply.

-3-D framework - Isolated - Chain - Double Chain - Sheet

Continental collisions are characterized by _______________ (select all that apply)

-Broad mountainous regions -Widespread shallow earthquakes

Science denial generally uses which of these rhetorical arguments? (Select all that apply)

-Claiming the science is unsettled -Attacking the researchers who's findings they disagree with -Demanding equal media coverage for a "balanced" view

Which of the following can cause an increase in precipitation of minerals out of an aqueous solution? (Select all that apply.)

-Cooling a Fluid - Evaporating Water

Which of these were important scientific developments for the formation of plate tectonic theory?

-Emergence of the seafloor-spreading hypothesis and associated recycling of oceanic crust -Demonstration of the ruggedness and youth of the ocean floor -Precise documentation that the world's earthquake and volcanic activity is concentrated along oceanic trenches and submarine mountain ranges - Confirmation of repeated reversals of the Earth magnetic field in the geologic past.

Which of the following data that geologists collected to investigate the movement of rocks on Race Track Playa is quantitative data? (Select all that apply)

-GPS measurements of rock movement -Data from weather instruments

Based on your understanding of the defining characteristics of a mineral, which of these common substances would be classified as a mineral? (select all that apply)

-Ice -Salt -Diamond

At which of these types of plate boundaries would you expect to find a deep ocean trench? (Select all that apply)

-Ocean-ocean convergent boundary -Ocean-continental convergent boundary

Which of these are examples of clastic sedimentary rocks?

-Shale -Siltstone -Sandstone -Breccia

Which of these features would you expect to find at a convergent boundary where subduction is taking place? (Select all that apply)

-Volcanic Arc -Accretionary wedge -Ocean trench

C-14 (Radiocarbon) is radioactive and decays into N-14 with a half-life of 5730 years. Assume a rock starts with 20,000 atoms of C-14. if the rock is 22,920 years old, how many C-14 atoms should be left?

1,250

Approximately how far would a tectonic plate travel in an average human lifetime?

1-10 meters

Potassium-40 is radioactive and decays into Argon-40. The half-life of Potassium-40 is 1.3 billion years. You measure the # of atoms of each isotope in a rock and find 250 atoms of Potassium-40 and 250 atoms of Argon-40. How old is this rock?

1.3 Billion years old

If we estimate that the Mean Recurrence Interval of earthquakes in the 8.0-9.0 magnitude range in the San Francisco area is 2000 years, what is the probability of an earthquake in that magnitude range occurring in the next 30 years?

1.5%

The graph below shows the peak streamflow for the Animas River at Durango, Colorado for the past 108 years. The discharge corresponding to a Moderate Flood Stage is 14,100 ft3/s. This value has been exceeded 2 times during the period of record. What is the approximate probability of Moderate Flooding on the Animas River at this location?

1.8%

C-14 (Radiocarbon) is radioactive and decays into N-14 with a half-life of 5730 years. You have measured the number of atoms of C-14 in a piece of charcoal from an archeological site and find 250 atoms. Assuming the charcoal started with 1000 atoms of C-14, how old is the charcoal?

11460

After 3 half-lives, what percentage of the original parent isotopes would still be present

12.5%

The block diagram avocet shows the various rock units that can be found in the Grand Canyon. Using the Principles of Relative Dating, put the rock units in order from oldest (1) to youngest (19)

13 - N 15 - L 8 - A 9 - R 5 - C 11 - P 4 - D 16 - K 3 - E 2 - G 7 - F 19 - S 18 - I 6 - B 17 - J 10 - Q 1 - H 14 - M 12 - O

The graph below shows groundwater levels for a well in the Denver Basin. Calculate the volume of groundwater lost from storage in this aquifer over a 640 acre area between 1984 and 2022. Use 0.15 for the specific yield, and give your answer in acre-feet

13248

There have been 2 earthquakes in the magnitude range 6.0-7.0 in the San Francisco area over the past 30 years. What is the Mean Recurrence Interval of earthquakes in this magnitude range?

15 years

The graph below shows the peak streamflow for the Gunnison River at Grand Junction, CO. Flood stage at this site corresponds to 17,400 cubic feet per second. This discharge has been exceeded 19 times in the 120 years in the record. What is the approximate probability of flooding at this location in any given year? (Give your answer as a percentage)

16

If a rock starts off with 100 radioactive parent atoms, how many parent atoms will be left after 2 half-lives?

25

C-14 (Radiocarbon) is radioactive and decays into N-14 with a half-life of 5730 years. Assume a rock starts with 1000 atoms of C-14. if the rock is 11,460 years old, how many C-14 atoms should be left?

250

If there are 125 atoms of the parent isotope remaining and 875 atoms of the daughter isotope in a rock, how many half-lives have passed since the rock formed?

3

Using the image shown below and your relative dating principles, put the rocks in the order that they formed from oldest (first - 1) to youngest (last - 8).

3 - E 5 - A 6 - F 8 - B 2 - H 1 - C 4 - G 7 - D

The graph below shows the peak streamflow for the Ohio River at Louisville, KY. Flood stage at this site corresponds to 546,000 cubic feet per second. This discharge has been exceeded 46 times in the 152 years in the record. What is the approximate recurrence interval of flooding at this location?

3 years

If we estimate that the Mean Recurrence Interval of earthquakes in the 8.0-9.0 magnitude range in certain area is 1000 years, what is the probability of an earthquake in that magnitude range occurring in the next 30 years?

3%

A river has a discharge of 200 cubic meters per second, Its width is 1- meters and its average velocity is 5 meters/second. What is its depth? Give your answer in meters.

4

Put these steps in the formation of clastic sedimentary rocks in order from first (1) to last (4)

4 - Cementation and lithification 1 - Weathering 2 - Transportation 3 - Deposition

What is the currently scientifically accepted age of the Earth?

4.55 billion years old

The hydrographic below shows the discharge for the Cache la Powder River for the month of March, 2018. Approximately what was the discharge of the river on March 10?

40

Examine the map below and answer the question that follows. How many plates are present?

5

Rank these elements in order of their abundance in Earth's continental crust (1 is the most abundant, 5 is the least)

5- Calcium 4- Iron 2- Silicon 3-Aluminum 1-Oxygen

C-14 (Radiocarbon) is radioactive and decays into N-14 with a half-life of 5730 years. Assume a rock starts with 1000 atoms of C-14. if the rock is 5730 years old, how many C-14 atoms should be left?

500

The graph below shows the peak streamflow for the Animas River at Durango, Colorado for the past 108 years. The discharge corresponding to a Moderate Flood Stage is 14,100 ft3/s. This value has been exceeded 2 times during the period of record. What is the approximate recurrence interval of Moderate Flooding on the Animas River at this location?

54 years

If a river has an average width of 10m, an average depth of 4m, and is flowing with a velocity of 2 m/s, what is its discharge? Give your answer in meters cubed per second

80

Using the diagram below, at what velocity will 1 mm sand be transported?

>10cm/s

Examine the diagram below. The lettered objects represent volcanoes formed on an oceanic plate above a hot spot. The arrow illustrates the direction of plate motion. Which volcano is the youngest?

A

Examine the map above and answer the question that follows. Where would you find the youngest ocean crust?

A

The map below shows the plate configurations along the western margin of North America. Which of the four diagrams on the right best represents a cross section through the outer layers of Earth along the line XY?

A

The schematic cross sections below illustrate four models of relative plate motions and plate boundary geometry. Which of the cross sections best represent the characteristics of the plate boundary at location 6 on the map below?

A

Which of the diagrams below best represents the change in the % of the parent isotope remaining as radioactive decay occurs?

A

Which two areas indicated on the nap have the highest seismic hazard?

A C

Which of these best describes a 100-year flood?

A 100 year flood as a 1 in 100 chance of being equaled or exceeded in any year

Which is the best description of a scientific study?

A scientific study involved making hypotheses, collecting data, and performing experiments or testing claims, to reach a conclusion supported by evidence

What is a pyroclastic density or current of pyroclastic flow?

A very hot (several 100°C) mixture of gases and volcanic tephra that flows rapidly (up to 100s of km/h) down the side of a volcano

Which of the following best matches the word theory?

A well tested idea

What percentage of freshwater is groundwater?

About 30.1%

Which of these sectors uses the most water in Colorado?

Agriculture

Which represents the longest interval or geological time?

An Eon

For earthquakes of the same magnitude, which of these would you expect to cause greater damage?

An earthquake with a shallower epicenter

What type of unconformity is pictured below?

Angular unconformity

What type of fold is shown in the image below?

Anticline

At which of these sites would you expect to find andesite? (Select all that apply)

B

The schematic cross sections below illustrate four models of relative plate motions and plate boundary geometry. Which of the cross sections best represents the characteristic soft the plate boundary at location 1 on the map below?

B

The schematic cross sections below illustrate four models of relative plate motions and plate boundary geometry. Which of the cross sections best represents the characteristics of the plate boundary at location 2 on the map below?

B

Which of the lettered areas of the continental U.S. has the lowest seismic hazard?

B

In the figure below, which of the following shows an angular unconformity?

Surface B

What is the rock pictured below? (Grey holes)

Basalt

The sediment pictured below is mostly sand-sized, but contains some pebbles and shell fragments. Which of these is the most likely depositional environment for this settlement?

Beach

Which of these is the LEAST likely depositional environment for the rock composed of clay-sized class pictured below?

Beach environment influenced by waves

______ the water table, all of the pore spaces are saturated with water

Below

The rock below fizzes when hydrochloric acid is dropped on it. Which type of sedimentary rock is shown?

Biochemical

The rock pictured below, which can be found near Fort Collins, fizzes when hydrochloric acid is dropped on it and contains clam fossils. What type of sedimentary rock would this be placed?

Biochemical

What type of river channel type is this?

Braided

Match the images below with the correct type of fault

C - Slip-strike fault B- Reverse Fault A - normal fault

Dolomite has the chemical formula, MgCa(CO3)2. Which class of minerals would dolomite be placed?

Carbonates

Which of the following is the typical rate of tectonic plate motion?

Centimeters per year

In which of these countries are most of the processing done for Lithium, Cobalt, Copper, and Rare Earth Elements?

China

Which type of sedimentary rock is formed from rock and mineral fragments weathered from rocks at Earth's surface?

Clasic

Feldspars typically produce what weathering products?

Clay minerals plus potassium, sodium, and calcium in solution

What type of volcano would be composed of layers of andesite, pyroclastic debris, and ash?

Composite Volcano

What type of volcano would be composted of layers of andesite, pyroclastic debris, and ash

Composite volcano

Place these clastic sedimentary rocks in order from smallest grain size (1) to largest grain size (4)

Conglomerate - 4 Claystone - 1 Siltstine - 2 Sandstone - 3

Match the chemical layers of the Earth with the correct descriptions

Consists of mostly iron, nickel, and possibly some oxygen - Core The largest chemical layer by volume. Scientists hypothesis most of it is made of the rock peridotite - Mantle The outermost chemical layer and the one we currently reside on. There are two types: ocean and continental - Crust

Match the descriptions below with the correct term defining the igneous rock composition

Contains a predominancy of the light-colored (felsic_ minerals feldspar and silica in the form of quartz - Felsic Contains an abundance of ferromagnesian minerals - Mafic Rocks composed of mostly olivine and some pyroxene - Ultra Mafic Usually contains roughly-equal amounts of light and dark minerals - Intermediate

Which type of crust has lower density?

Continental crust

Subduction occurs at which type of plate boundary?

Convergent

Match the plate boundary type below with the correct type of stress

Convergent - Compressional Transform - Shear Divergent - Tensional

Determine if the descriptions below would correspond to intrusive or extrusive igneous rocks

Cools slowly within Earth's crust - Intrusive Cools quickly on Earth's surface - Extrusive Contains tiny microscopic crystals - Extrusive Contains larger crystals that can be seen with the naked eye- Intrusive

What sedimentary structure is shown in the image below?

Cross-bedding

The schematic cross sections below illustrate four models of relative plate motions and plate boundary geometry. Which of the cross sections best represents the characteristics of the plate boundary at location 8 on the map below?

D

At a mid-ocean ridge, what is the primary mechanism of melting?

Decompression

As stream velocity decreases, the size of sediment that the stream can carry ________?

Decreases

How does the channel gradient of a river typically change as it travels from its headwaters to its mouth?

Decreases

What do tilt meters measure?

Deformation of the surface of the volcano

An igneous rock with an intermediate composition that formed intrusively would be called a _________

Diorite

New ocean crust is formed at which type of plate boundary?

Divergent

Science provides answers to ethical dilemmas

False

Which of these variable contribute to the Seismic Moment of an earthquake?

Fault Displacement Fault Area Rock Rigidity

The three agents of metamorphism are ________, ________, and ___________

Fluids Pressure Heat

Which of these schools in the San Fransico area would we expect to have the greatest landslide potential?

Garfield Elementary School

What is the rock pictured below?

Granite

Which of these are examples of inorganic chemical sedimentary rocks? (Select all that apply)

Halite Chert Gypsum Travertine

Review the map of the plates below and identify which pair of locations is moving closer together as a result of plate tectonics

Hawaii and Tokyo

Why was Wegener's continental drift hypothesis criticized when he proposed it?

He did not have a way to explain how the continents moved

Contact metamorphism occurs when rocks are exposed to _________ temperature and __________ pressure

High Low

Which of these statements correctly describes the metamorphic rocks that would form in a contact metamorphic setting?

High-grade metamorphic rocks form closest to the magma chamber and low-grade metamorphic rocks form farther away

What are the two primary sources of water for the city of Fort Collins?

Horsetooth Reservoir Cache la Poudre River

Which of these tectonic settings are you most likely to find the eruption of a felsic magma?

Hot spot under a continent

Using the age and orientation of the eruptions from _______, you can identify a specific rate and direction or plate movement

Hot spots

What is the biggest difference between hot-spot volcanism in an island chain and plate tectonic volcanism in an island arc?

Hot spots have age trends

Which of these terms is defined as the point within the Earth where the earthquake occurred

Hypocenter

Which of these statements is a more accurate description about relative roles of observation and hypotheses in science?

Hypotheses are only as good as the observations on which they are based

Based on the seismograms shown below, which station is closest to the epicenter of the earthquake?

ISCO

Which of these substances would be considered a mineral?

Ice

Which scale would you use if you wanted to measure the amount of shaking felt by people and damage that occurred as a result of an earthquake

Intensity Scale

Match the physical layers of the Earth with the correct description

It is mechanically weak - Asthenosphere Hottest part of the earth - Inner Core The only entirely liquid layer within the Earth - Outer Core Outermost physical layer of the earth - Lithosphere More rigid and immobile than the asthenosphere - Outer core

Match the mineral class with some common uses of minerals in that class.

Jewelry, coins, industry - Native Elements Sheetrock, therpeutic soak - Sulfates Fertilizer, teeth, bones - Phosphates Ores of led, copper, mercury - Sulfides Ores of Iron& aluminum, pigments - Oxides Table salt, fertilizer - Halides Lime, Portland cement - Carbonates

Which of these features are types of brittle deformation?

Joints Reverse Fault Normal Fault Strike-slip fault

When is the amount of stress on a fault lowest?

Just after an earthquake

Match the relative dating principle with its definition.

Lateral Continuity - Within the depositional basin in which they form, strata are continuous in all directions Cross-Cutting Relationships - Faults and igneous intrusions that cut across rocks are younger than the rocks they cut across Superposition - The layers on the bottom are the oldest and the layers above are younger Faunal Succession - Asemblages of fossils contained in strata are unique to the time they lived and can be used to correlate rocks of the same age across wide geographic distribution Original Horizontallity - Layers of rocks deposited from above, such as sediments and lava flows, originally were laid down horizontally Inclusions - When one rock formation contains pieces or inclusions of another rock, the inclusion is older than the host rock

Which of these volcano monitoring methods can create detailed images of the volcano surface?

Lidar

Match the depositional environments listed below with the types of sediment that are typically found there

Lime mud with coral - Reef Mud to boulders, poorly sorted - Glacial Sand and mud, can have larger sediments - Fluvial (river) Very well sorted sand and silt - Aeolian (dunes) Very well sorted sand - Littoral (beach) Very fine muds and oozes, diatomaceous Earth - Abyssal

The rock pictured below, which can be found near Fort Collins, fizzes when hydrochloric acid is dropped on it and contains clam fossils. What would this sedimentary rock be called?

Limestone

Which of these is the comparison and correlation of strata within a region by examining the physical properties of the rock and its sequence with other strata

Lithostratographic correlation

Shield volcanoes form from which type of magma?

Mafic

The rock pictured below is primarily composed of pyroxene and plagioclase feldspar. How would you describe it's composition?

Mafic

The metamorphic rock shown below is composed of medium-fine interlocking crystals that fizz when hydrochloric acid is dropped on them. What is this rock?

Marble

What materials were used to determine the age of the Earth?

Meteorites

The Colorado State campus lies within the drainage basin of which of these rivers? (choose all that apply)

Mississippi River Cache la Poudre River South Platte River

Which of these drainage basins does Fort Collins reside in? (Choose all that apply)

Mississippi River, South Platte River, Missouri River, Cache la Poudre

What type of fault would occur as a result of tension stress

Normal

What type of structures can be seen in the image below (dual toned rock side)

Normal faults

Below are graphs showing the GPS position of a station located in Los Angeles, WRHS. What general direction is this GPS station moving?

Northwest

Which of these minerals would crystallize first from a cooling magma?

Olivine

Silicate minerals are built around a molecular ion called the silicate tetrahedron. Which of these correctly lists the components in the silicate tetrahedron?

One silicone atom and four oxygen atoms

Rutile has the chemical formulaTiO2, which class of minerals would rutile be placed?

Oxide

Magnetite has the chemical formula, Fe3O4. Which class of minerals would magnetite be placed?

Oxides

Rank the seismic waves below in the over that they would arrive at a seismic station following an earthquake

P-Wave - 1 Surface Waves - 3 S-Waves - 2

Which of these seismic waves travels fastest?

P-Waves

Which of these seismic waves would you expect to arrive at a seismic station first?

P-Waves

Earthquake early warning systems take advantage of the fact that _____ arrive first at seismic stations but ______ are more damaging

P-Waves S-Waves

What term is used for a boundary between a continent and a ocean basin without relative motion between them?

Passice

_______ describes how well connected the pore spaces in a rock or sediment are

Permeability

The rock shown below contains find-grained (too small to see with the naked eye) platy minerals such as mica. What would this rock be called?

Phyllite

When two oceanic plates converge, which one will subduct?

The older/colder one

Match these sedimentary structures with the correct description

Plane Beds - Flat, parrallel layers Bedding planes - Discernible layers of rock Sole marks - features formed from the erosion into sediments by a flow Bioturbation - action of burrowing organisms in soft sediments Graded bedding - a sequence of beds that either get coarser or finer Imbrication - stacking of class aligned in the direction of flow Vugs- small voids in rocks Cross bedding - inclined layers within a bed

_______ describes the percentage of open space within sediment or rock

Porosity

In the contexts of science, how would you classify the following statement? "The continued use of fossil fuels will raise global temperatures."

Prediction

Using the image shown below, how would you know which rock is older, A or G? i.e. which of these relative dating principles would be most useful

Principle of cross-cutting relationships

The observation that a rock is made up of 40% quartz is best characterized as a

Quantitative and Objective observation

According to Bowen's reaction series, which of these minerals would crystalize last from a cooling magma?

Quarts

Which of these minerals is the most resistant to weathering?

Quartz

Colorado tends to experience ________ flooding, due to _______ lag times between the peak in rainfall and the peak in stream dischare

Rapid (flash) Short

The portion of a mineral resource that can be profitably extracted is known as the

Reserves

What type of structure is shown in the image below (stacked cliff/mountain)

Reverse fault

What type of fault created the offset in the road shown in the image below?

Right-Lateral strike-slip fault

The sedimentary rock in the image below contains sand, pebbles and cobbles, that are partially rounded. Which of these options is the most likely environment of deposition for this rock?

River Channel

Which is the best description of an aquifer?

Rock or sediment below ground that accommodates the flow and storage of groundwater

Which of the following are ways or correlating rocks? (Select three that apply)

Rock type Time (age) Fossils

Which seismic wave is shown in the diagram below?

S-Wave

The rock pictured below contains very well sorted, well rounded, fine sand-sized class composed of quartz. What type of rock is this?

Sandstone

Which of these metamorphic rocks can form from shale?

Schist Gneiss Phyllite Slate

Read the three informal definitions of the term "science" that follow. All definitions include some information that is relevant to science. Place all the definitions in order and rank them from best (1) to worst (3)

Science is about the process of collecting observations and data to better understand the world - 2 Science is about building up our store of knowledge. The more information we have, the more scientific our culture- 3 Science is our attempt to understands our world. It's our knowledge about our existence as well as our search for explanations and new discoveries - 1

Match the terms below with the correct definition

Scientific Theory: An integrated comprehensive explanation of many "facts", especially one that has been repeatedly tested or is widely accepted and can be used to make predictions about natural phenomena Hypothesis: An educated proposal to explain certain facts; a tentative explanation for an observation, phenomenon, or scientific problem that can be tested by further investigation Fact - A confirmed or agreed-upon empirical observation or conclusion

The rock pictured below contains clay-sized class of clay minerals. What would this rock be called?

Shale

Match the type of stress with the correct term

Shear - Tearing Compressional - Shortening and Thickening Tensional - Streching and thinning

Which of these mineral classes is most common in Earth's crust?

Silicates

The metamorphic rock shown below dense, microscopic clay minerals or mica and breaks into hard, flat sheets. What would this rock be called?

Slate

Below are graphs showing the GPS position of a station located near Tokyo, CHOF. What general direction is this GPS station moving?

Southeast

Below are graphs showing the GPS position of a station located in Seattle, SSHO. What general direction is this GPS station moving?

Southwest

Below are graphs showing the GPS position of a station located to the west of Fort Collins, COFC. What general direction is this GPS station moving?

Southwest

Which of the following is most likely depositional environment for the rock pictured below?

Steep river channel

Which type of fault would you expect to find at a transform boundary?

Strike slip fault

In which of these environments would you expect to have high-pressure, low-temperature metamorphism

Subduction zone

Which of these types of mining typically produces a greater disturbance of the land and a larger amount of waste rock?

Surface mining

What is the geological structure shown in this image called? (Circular bark-looking rock)

Syncline

At a mid-ocean ridge, what is the primary source of magma?

The Mantle

What happens as newly formed ocean crust moves away from the mid-ocean ridge?

The crust gets colder

If you places a felsic igneous rock, an intermediate igneous rock, and a magic igneous rock in an over and heated them at the same rate, which would melt first?

The felsic rock

Viscosity refers to ______

The resistance to flow of a fluid

Which of the following statements about the Race Tack Playa is an interpretation rather than an observation

The rocks have moved in the past

Which of the following statements about the Race Track Playa is an interpretation rather than an observation?

The rocks have moved in the past

Which of the following statements about the Race Track Playa is an observation rather than an interpretation?

The rocks on the playa have a similar composition to those found in the surrounding mountains

How would the seismogram below change if the seismic station was farther from the earthquake epicenter? (Choose all that apply)

There would be a larger gap between the arrivals of the P- and S- waves The S-Waves would arrive later The P-Waves would arrive later

On the map below the brown lines indicate surface elevations and the blue lines show the elevations of the water table. In what general direction would you expect the groundwater to flow?

Toward the bottom right of the map

The map below shows elevation of the water table within the Dakota Aquifer in western Kansas. What is the general direction of groundwater flow?

Towards the east

The Principle of _______ holds that the natural processes that operate today also worked the same way in the past, i.e. the present is the key to the past

Uniformatarianism

What is the best and most widely used definition of ore?

Valuable material that can be extracted for profit?

What features or processes are common in hot spots? Choose the best answer

Volcanism

Liquefaction occurs when ________________

Water-saturated sediments are shaken

Is this rock foliated

Yes

What is the principle of Superposition?

Younger sedimentary rock layers are deposited on top of older sedimentary rock layers

Adding water to a rock can contribute to melting by ______

decreasing the temperature at which the rock melts

Based on the hydrograph shown below, at what time of year does the most water typically flow through the Cache la Poudre River?

early summer

Alignment of minerals or other features in the direction perpendicular to the main stress is called ____________

foliation

Clastic sedimentary rocks are defined and named based mainly on their __________, while chemical sedimentary rocks are defined mainly on their __________

grain size, composition

How does the discharge of a river typically change as the river travels from its headwaters to its mouth?

increases

As sediment is transported it usually becomes __________ rounded, ____________ sorted, and _________ grain size

more, better, smaller