GEOL Final

The area was experiencing a regression

- In this section, a lower gray rock is successively overlain as follows: limestone is overlain by mudstone, which is overlain by beach sandstone. What is the best interpretation of what was going on? Multiple Choice - The area was experiencing a regression. - Sea level was stable but the temperatures were getting colder. - Sea level was stable but the temperatures were getting warmer. - None of these choices are correct.

a rock unit that is distinct and laterally traceable.

A formation is defined as Multiple Choice - a rock unit that is distinct and laterally traceable. - a rock unit that varies in composition but represents deposits from the same time period. - a subunit of a sedimentary bed or bedding.

by waves at the beach.

A sandstone containing mostly sand but mixed with rounded pebbles and pieces of shells indicates deposition Multiple Choice by waves at the beach. by wind in dunes. by water far offshore. by mass wasting events.

deposited on land and exposed to air.

A sandstone with a pinkish or reddish color that is the result of oxidation of iron-bearing minerals indicates the sand was Multiple Choice - deposited on land and exposed to air. - deposited offshore in or near a reef. - deposited offshore via a turbidity current. - deposited onshore but strongly mixed with organic material.

chalk.

A soft, very fine-grained limestone formed via the accumulation of the calcium carbonate remains of microorganisms is known as Multiple Choice chalk. gypsum. chert. dolostone.

an arid climate.

A soil that has little or no O-horizon but a thick accumulation of calcium carbonate (caliche) most likely forms in Multiple Choice - a tropical climate. - a temperate climate. - an arid climate. - an area with abundant rainfall. - a short amount of time.

deposited by the wind in dunes.

A very well-sorted sandstone with large-scale cross-bedding indicates the sand was likely Multiple Choice - deposited by the wind in dunes. - deposited by water in a braided river system. - deposited by water in a meandering river system. - deposited by a turbidity current offshore.

slope failure occurs.

After an impact occurs on the Moon, the walls of the crater often are too steep and Multiple Choice slope failure occurs. channels are created. rivers are formed.

faster soil formation than the slope in direct sunlight, primarily because chemical weathering processes will be accelerated.

All other factors being equal, a slope facing away from the Sun will tend to have Multiple Choice - faster soil formation than the slope in direct sunlight, primarily because chemical weathering processes will be accelerated. - faster soil formation than the slope in direct sunlight, primarily because physical weathering processes will be accelerated. - slower soil formation than the slope in direct sunlight, primarily because chemical weathering processes will be slower. - slower soil formation than the slope in direct sunlight, primarily because physical weathering processes will be slower.

All of these are potential triggers for slope failure.

As illustrated in this figure, which of the following is NOT a potential trigger for slope failure? Multiple Choice - precipitation that can saturate and weaken sediment - undercutting of steep slopes by roads and rivers - shaking during an earthquake shaking of slopes and melting of snow during volcanic eruptions - All of these are potential triggers for slope failure.

consistently increased, except for yearly variations.

Based on data collected in Hawaii, since about 1960 the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere has Multiple Choice - decreased as more trees are cut down. - increased and then decreased. - decreased and then increased. - consistently increased, except for yearly variations.

Sedimentary Terrain (S)

Based on the image from the Investigation, which of the terrains or features is the youngest of the ones listed? Multiple Choice - Western Terrain (W) - Dark Terrain (D) - Chasm (C) - Sedimentary Terrain (S)

- Dark Terrain (D)

Based on the image from the Investigation, which terrain is composed of basalt with a few impact craters? Multiple Choice - Western Terrain (W) - Dark Terrain (D) - Sedimentary Terrain (S) - Polar Ice (P) - None of these choices are correct.

have soft slopes and soil cover.

Because shales and siltstones are easily eroded, the areas where they are exposed typically Multiple Choice - have soft slopes and soil cover. - are covered in angular boulders and cobbles. - form steep cliffs.

80 ppm.

Between 1960 and 2010, atmospheric greenhouse CO2 has increased by Multiple Choice 400 ppm. 320 ppm. 80 ppm.

dissolve and weather readily.

Carbonate rocks exposed at the surface in wet environments will Multiple Choice - dissolve and weather readily. - appear smooth and unaltered. - not react chemically to water.

running water.

Channels on the surface of Mars may have been formed by Multiple Choice running water. wind. tectonics. collapse.

All of these statements are correct.

Choose those statements that correctly describe limestone. Multiple Choice - gray or yellowish in color - commonly includes shells - forms in water from various processes - is known as a carbonate - All of these statements are correct.

sediment size.

Clastic sedimentary rocks are classified primarily on the basis of Multiple Choice sediment size. depth of burial. sedimentary structures. location of these sediments.

slower rate of soil formation and less soil.

Compared to a gentle slope, a steep slope will have a Multiple Choice - faster rate of soil formation and less soil. - slower rate of soil formation and less soil. - faster rate of soil formation and more soil. - slower rate of soil formation and more soil.

faster

Compared to non-fractured rocks, the rate of weathering in fractured rocks of the same composition is Multiple Choice faster. slower. roughly the same.

Basalt flows filled previously existing impact craters.

Dark mare on the Moon is formed by? Multiple Choice - Running water deposited hematite-rich sediments in low areas. - Basalt flows filled previously existing impact craters. - Volcanic calderas released hot water and hydrothermal minerals. - Shallow magma baked the overlying rocks.

regression

Does the change from the thick gray shale to the overlying sandstone indicate a transgression or a regression? Multiple Choice transgression regression

transgression

Does the change of environment from the base of the section up to the thick gray shale indicate an advance (transgression) or retreat (regression) of the sea? Multiple Choice - transgression - regression

turbidity currents.

Downslope marine flows composed of mixed masses of sand, mud, and water are called Multiple Choice turbidity currents. longshore currents. tidal currents.

the Moon.

During its early stages of formation, a catastrophic collision with Earth by a large body is thought to have ripped part of the Earth away to form Multiple Choice the Moon. asteroid belt. Mars. Phobos and Deimos.

All of these choices are correct.

Earth is very different from its neighbors because it Multiple Choice contains water. can support life. generates heat. it is tectonically active. All of these choices are correct.

easily eroded

Fine-grained clastic rocks are Multiple Choice - easily eroded. - eroded with difficulty. - eroded with drastically differing difficulty.

the lagoon at B and deep seafloor at D.

Fine-grained sediment would most likely be present at Multiple Choice - the beach at A and lagoon at B. - the lagoon at B and coral reef at C. - the coral reef at C and deep seafloor at D. - the beach at A and coral reef at C. - the lagoon at B and deep seafloor at D.

the processes and sediment of streams and rivers.

Fluvial refers to Multiple Choice - the processes and sediment of streams and rivers. - the movement of fluids underground. - the hydrological cycle on land.

earth flow

For La Conchita, California, what type of slope failure occurred? Multiple Choice - rock avalanche - debris flow - creep - rock fall - earth flow

a river system

From the answers provided, select the oldest environment represented by this rock sequence. Multiple Choice - the middle of a lake - steep mountain front - the deep ocean - a river system - a coral reef

Geologists have used all of these to map the Moon.

Geologists have mapped the Moon by using data from Multiple Choice telescopes. binoculars. orbiting spacecraft. returned samples. Geologists have used all of these to map the Moon.

the environment in which the rocks were deposited.

Geologists use characteristics such as bedding, mudcracks, and color preserved in sedimentary rocks to determine Multiple Choice - the environment in which the rocks were deposited. - the exact time the rocks were deposited. - a transgression followed by a regression.

All of these choices are correct.

Gradational boundaries between different sedimentary rock types can form from Multiple Choice - slowing of the current over time. - a progressive change from one environment to another. - a gradual rise or fall in sea level. - All of these choices are correct.

All of these choices are correct.

How can weathering form a mineral deposit? Multiple Choice - Extreme leaching can leave behind elements, such as aluminum, that are valuable. - Weathering can dissolve copper from the top of a mineral deposit and reprecipitate it at depth. - Heavier materials, such as gold and diamond, accumulate near the base of river gravels. - All of these choices are correct.

Piling of sediment down the front of a dune or ripple.

How does a cross bed form? Multiple Choice - An abrupt change in the composition of the sediment. - A gradual decrease in the strength of the current over time. - Piling of sediment down the front of a dune or ripple. - A gradual change in the climate. - Two glaciers that cross.

A gradual decrease in the strength of the current over time.

How does a graded bed form? Multiple Choice - An abrupt change in the composition of the sediment - A gradual decrease in the strength of the current over time. - Piling of sediment down the front of a dune or ripple. - A gradual change in the climate of the region. - A gradual change in global climate.

Accumulation of microscopic organisms composed of calcium carbonate.

How does chalk form? Multiple Choice - Evaporation of water in a lake or sea. - Accumulation of microscopic organisms composed of calcium carbonate. - Precipitation from seawater early in Earth's history. - Accumulation of silica-rich organisms or mixing of seawater and groundwater.

Accumulation of silica-rich organisms or mixing of seawater and groundwater.

How does chert form? Multiple Choice - Evaporation of water in a lake or sea. - Accumulation of microscopic organisms composed of calcium carbonate. - Precipitation from seawater early in Earth's history. - Accumulation of silica-rich organisms or mixing of seawater and groundwater.

evaporation of water in a lake or sea

How does gypsum form? Multiple Choice - evaporation of water in a lake or sea - accumulation of microscopic organisms composed of calcium carbonate - precipitation from seawater early in Earth's history - accumulation of silica-rich organisms or mixing of seawater and groundwater

Precipitation from seawater early in Earth's history.

How does iron formation form? Multiple Choice - Evaporation of water in a lake or sea. - Accumulation of microscopic organisms composed of calcium carbonate. - Precipitation from seawater early in Earth's history. - Accumulation of silica-rich organisms or mixing of seawater and groundwater.

All of these choices are correct.

How does material in soil move? Multiple Choice - The upper part of soil loses material downward. - Clay minerals and other fine particles are carried downward. - Chemical ions leached from above can accumulate in the underlying zone. - Calcium carbonate can accumulate in the soil, especially in dry environments. - All of these choices are correct.

Rocks that are broken have more surface area and so weather faster.

How does the character of a rock influence weathering? Multiple Choice - Fractures and other discontinuities block the entry of water into a rock and so make the rock more resistant to weathering. - Minerals that are soluble can be dissolved and reprecipitated and so are resistant to weathering. - Rocks that are broken have more surface area and so weather faster. - Rocks that are easily weathered and eroded generally form steep cliffs. - None of these choices are correct.

All of these choices are correct.

Identify the factor(s) that strongly influence the size, shape, and/or sorting of sedimentary clasts. Multiple Choice - steepness of slope - sediment supply - strength of current - agents of transport - All of these choices are correct.

- a wide range in the size of clasts.

If a rock is poorly sorted, this means the rock contains Multiple Choice - mostly sand.a great variety of rock types as clasts. - some angular and some rounded clasts. - some parts that are reddish and others that are not. - a wide range in the size of clasts.

a quartz-rich rock

If you were designing a rock that resisted weathering, which of the following characteristics would it have? Multiple Choice - closely spaced fractures - a soluble chemical composition - a quartz-rich rock - A rock composed of abundant loose pieces.

All of these choices are correct.

If you were designing a rock that would be easily weathered, which of the following characteristics would it have? Multiple Choice - closely spaced fractures - a soluble chemical composition - a limestone in a wet climate - a rock composed of abundant pieces - All of these choices are correct.

The current flowed from right to left.

Imbricated clasts in this river mean. Multiple Choice - The wind was blowing from left to right. - The rocks have been shuffled by ground shaking during an earthquake. - The rocks have slid downhill to the right. - The current flowed from right to left.

sand and gravel

In terms of volume, which of the following sedimentary resources is the most used in the United States? Multiple Choice sand and gravel uranium salt diamonds

None of these choices are correct.

In this section, a lower limestone is successively overlain by lagoon mudstone and a beach sandstone. What is the best interpretation of what was going on? Multiple Choice - The area was experiencing a transgression. - Sea level was stable but the temperatures were getting colder. - Sea level was stable but the temperatures were getting warmer. - None of these choices are correct.

reefs

In warm, shallow, marine environments, corals and other marine life typically construct Multiple Choice reefs. stromatolites. tidal flats.

All of these choices are correct.

Joints in the landscape Multiple Choice - mostly form at depth and are uplifted to the surface. - can detach thin slices of rock parallel to the land surface. - are less resistant to weathering when they are highly jointed areas than the less-jointed ones. - All of these choices are correct.

mountains at A and glaciers at B.

Large, angular clasts are most likely at Multiple Choice - mountains at A and glaciers at B. - glaciers at B and braided river at C. - braided river at C and delta at D. - delta at D and lake at E.

secreting oxalic acid, which dissolves carbonates particularly well.

Lichens play a special role in chemical weathering by Multiple Choice - weakening the hydrogen bond in water, making it more effective at dissolving rocks with high quartz concentrations. - slowing the rate of jointing in rocks. - acting as a catalyst for dissolution of minerals that crystallize at the highest temperatures. - secreting oxalic acid, which dissolves carbonates particularly well.

nearshore environments.

Lime muds and clastic limestone sands are deposits that form carbonate rocks in Multiple Choice - nearshore environments. - fluvial environments. - deep-sea environments. - swampy environments.

loose sediment hardens into sedimentary rock.

Lithifies can be defined as Multiple Choice - loose sediment hardens into sedimentary rock. - loose sediment breaks off of sedimentary rocks. - sediment settles from the water column.

talus

Loose debris on a rock-exposed landscape is known as Multiple Choice talus. badlands. rock banding. varnish.

a turbidity current.

Loose sand on the continental shelf or shelf slope that becomes unstable and flows downslope as a thick slurry of sediment and water is known as Multiple Choice a turbidity current. a sandslide. an avulsion event. a marine sandstorm.

they were deformed after they were deposited and lithified.

Many sedimentary rocks exposed in the Denver region are tilted at a high angle to the horizontal, indicating that Multiple Choice - they were originally deposited that way. - they were deformed after they were deposited and lithified. - they were all deposited along steep mountain fronts.

at their terminus (end).

Melting glaciers tend to deposit most of the sediment they carry and create Multiple Choice - at their terminus (end). - downhill but underneath the glacier. - in situ (in the place of creation).

All of these choices are correct.

Mercury's surface is heavily cratered due to Multiple Choice - little to no atmosphere. - lack of erosion. - no volcanism. - All of these choices are correct.

sediment and sedimentary rocks.

Most of the exposed surface of the Earth is covered with Multiple Choice - sediment and sedimentary rocks. - sediment and igneous rocks. - sediment and metamorphic rocks.

steep gradients and are confined by bedrock canyons.

Mountain streams and rivers typically are characterized by Multiple Choice - steep gradients and are confined by bedrock canyons. - low gradients and unconfined channels. - steep gradients and unconfined channels. - low gradients and are confined by bedrock canyons.

All of the rock layers weather and erode into nearly identical landscape features.

Observe the rocks and landscape in this photograph, which shows a sequence of layers. From the list of observations below, select the observation that you think is NOT valid. Refer to the Chapter 7 Investigation in your textbook for descriptions of the rock units. Multiple Choice - Near the bottom of the photograph is a ledge of tan and light-gray rocks. - The rocks in the cliff display layers of different thicknesses. - All of the rock layers weather and erode into nearly identical landscape features. - There are more trees or other types of vegetation in the upper part of the cliff than in the very bottom of the photograph.

All of these choices are correct.

Observe the rocks and landscape in this photograph, which shows a sequence of layers. From the list of observations below, select those observations that you think are valid. Refer to the Chapter 7 Investigation in your textbook for descriptions of the rock units. Multiple Choice - The rocks in this image display many layers. - The upper rocks form erosionally resistant cliffs and ledges. - The gray rocks in the middle form slopes and small, rounded ridges. - The slope-forming gray rocks just below the cliff do not contain much vegetation covering the rocks. - All of these choices are correct.

in the solar system.

Olympus Mons, at 600 km across, is the largest volcano Multiple Choice in the solar system. on Earth. on Jupiter. on Europa.

A

On this image are 5 houses. Their roofs are labeled A through E. Choose the house that has the smallest hazard of being damaged by slope failure. Multiple Choice A B C D E

plant material.

Peat forms from the accumulation of Multiple Choice plant material. shells of microorganisms. iron oxides.

All of these choices are correct.

People reshape steep slopes, a practice called terracing, in order to Multiple Choice - help capture and retain rainfall. - provide a level place on which to farm. - promote soil formation. - protect soil from erosion. - All of these choices are correct.

infrared energy emitted by land

Pictured here is a model of how the atmosphere is heated. Which arrow represents heating of the earth's atmosphere by long wave radiation? Multiple Choice - insolation reflected by land - insolation reflected by clouds - energy absorbed by land - infrared energy emitted by land

- All of these choices are correct.

Planetary geologists have successfully explored Mars using Multiple Choice - orbiting spacecraft. - sophisticated cameras. - landed rovers. - All of these choices are correct.

All of these choices are correct.

Pluto, now considered a dwarf planet or plutoid, is Multiple Choice - relatively small. - icy. - orbited by several moons. - All of these choices are correct.

quartz

Rocks rich in what mineral tend to have a poor solubility during weathering? Multiple Choice quartz calcite halite anhydrite

large and small moons

Saturn is often referred to as a mini solar-system orbited by Multiple Choice large and small moons. planets. moons and planets. asteroids.

- loose fragments of rocks and minerals.

Sedimentary clasts are Multiple Choice - loose fragments of rocks and minerals. - deposits of sand in a lens shape. - small sedimentary basins along a river or stream.

All of these choices are correct.

Sedimentary environments on land differ because of variations in Multiple Choice - topography. - local geology. - amount of water. - All of these choices are correct.

regression.

Sedimentary facies shift toward the sea as the sea moves out during a Multiple Choice regression. transgression. reduction. subduction.

other locations.

Sedimentary rocks are comprised of material that comes primarily from Multiple Choice other locations. the ground below. the same place the rock forms.

braided river at C and delta at D.

Sediments with a large amount of sand are most likely at Multiple Choice - mountains at A and glaciers at B - glaciers at B and braided river at C. - braided river at C and delta at D. - delta at D and lake at E.

one of the places clay is deposited is very widespread (the seafloor).

Shale is a common sedimentary rock because Multiple Choice - one of the places clay is deposited is very widespread (the seafloor). - the diagenesis of other deposits often leads to shale. - wind deposits of clay can cover any environment. - biological organisms rework other deposits into shale over time.

barrier islands.

Shallow coastal accumulations of sand that rise above the sea as long, narrow islands are called Multiple Choice barrier islands. fringing islands. sand islands.

quickly.

Smaller planets like Mercury that have large surface-area-to-volume ratios cool relatively Multiple Choice quickly. slowly. moderately.

tropical climate.

Soil that is reddish, intensely leached, and rich in iron and aluminum minerals most likely forms in Multiple Choice - tropical climate. - temperate climate. - arid climate. - an area with only minor soil development. - a short amount of time.

All of these choices are correct.

Some rocks and minerals are not stable at the surface because they Multiple Choice - are exposed to water. - formed in high-temperature environments. - formed in high-pressure environments. - are exposed to oxygen. - All of these choices are correct.

the size range of clasts in sediment.

Sorting describes Multiple Choice - the size range of clasts in sediment. - the general shape of the clasts in the sediment. - the layering in the sediment.

2 billion years.

The Moon has been volcanically and tectonically inactive for more than Multiple Choice 2 billion years. 2 million years. 1 billion years. 1 million years.

examining the development of soil.

The USGS evaluated the age of different parts of the Slumgullion feature by Multiple Choice - measuring the size of trees incorporated into the material. - measuring the temperature of rocks soon after the feature had moved. - examining the development of soil. - measuring the content of moisture during different seasons. - None of these choices are correct.

All of these choices are correct.

The Valles Marineris canyon system on Mars is Multiple Choice 4,000 km long. the result of a rift. wider due to erosion. All of these choices are correct.

the United States.

The Valles Marineris system on Mars is 4,000 km long, the width of Multiple Choice the United States. Europe. Texas. Saskatchewan.

short duration hurricanes have increased in frequency.

The accompanying graph shows the number of Atlantic hurricanes since the 1880's. Based on when most global warming has occurred, one would conclude Multiple Choice - short duration hurricanes have increased in frequency. - all hurricanes have increased in frequency. - moderate duration hurricanes have increased in frequency. - no trends are apparent from this graph.

- global warming has not had an impact on the number of tornados.

The accompanying graph shows the number of violent tornados in the last 60 years. Based on when most global warming has occurred, one would conclude Multiple Choice - global warming has had a major impact on the number of tornados. - global warming has had a major impact on the number of tornados in the early part of the century. - global warming has had a major impact on the number of tornados since 2000. - global warming has not had an impact on the number of tornados.

transgression.

The advance of the sea across a region is known as a Multiple Choice transgression. regression. supression. transformation.

A short distance transport.

The angular clasts typical of breccia indicate what about the distance of transport? Multiple Choice - A short distance transport. - A long distance transport. - A short horizontal but longer vertical distance of transport. - They are not good indicators of transport distance.

Mars and Jupiter.

The asteroid belt is located between Multiple Choice Mars and Jupiter. Jupiter and Saturn. the Moon and Mars. Saturn and Uranus.

sharp

The boundary between these two different sedimentary layers is Multiple Choice sharp. gradational. weak.

temperatures of the rocks.

The colors in this thermal infrared image indicate Multiple Choice - temperatures of the rocks. - the presence of ice in the crater. - the presence of water in the crater. - the presence of methane in the crater.

gradational.

The contact between the shale, which dominates the bottom part of this sedimentary sequence, and the sandstone, which dominates the upper part, is best described as Multiple Choice gradational. sharp. blurry.

Water/wind flowed from right to left.

The cross beds shown here indicate what about the environment the sandstone was deposited in? Multiple Choice - Water/wind flowed from right to left. - This was a quiet water environment. - The sediments were deposited in an avalanche.

fine dust and the remains of single-celled organisms.

The deep-sea floor is characterized by sediment dominated by Multiple Choice - fine dust and the remains of single-celled organisms. - silt and sand derived from rivers and streams. - calcite mud and other material derived from coral reefs.

age.

The density of craters on a planet's surface can help planetary scientists estimate its Multiple Choice age. size. diameter. composition.

impact cratering.

The dominant geologic process in our solar system is Multiple Choice impact cratering. space weathering. plate tectonics. volcanism.

Its size decreases.

The effect of transportation on a pebble's particle size is best summarized by which statement? Multiple Choice Its size decreases. Its size stays the same. Its size increases.

running water.

The erosional features shown in this image from Mars are thought to have been formed by Multiple Choice running water. tectonics. wind. glaciers.

composition and temperature.

The infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum helps planetary scientists measure surface Multiple Choice - composition and temperature. - temperature and elevation. - age and composition. - age and elevation.

when the weight of overlying rocks was unloaded, allowing expansion along the joints.

The joints in the photograph mimic topography, indicating that they formed Multiple Choice - while the granite was still molten. - while the rocks were still buried at great depth. - when the weight of overlying rocks was unloaded, allowing expansion along the joints. - along a subduction zone.

an earth flow.

The landslide that destroyed La Conchita, as shown in this photograph, is probably Multiple Choice - an example of creep. - an earth flow. - a rock fall. - a rock avalanche.

by the wind or a water current.

The large cross beds in these rocks indicate that the sediment was deposited Multiple Choice - deep in the ocean. - in a lake with a gently sloping bottom. - by the wind or a water current. - by a debris flow. - All of these choices are correct.

Jupiter.

The largest planet in our solar system is Multiple Choice Jupiter. Saturn. Uranus. Neptune.

hundreds of kilometers.

The largest sand dunes in dry climates can stretch Multiple Choice - hundreds of kilometers. - hundreds of meters. - tens of meters.

physical weathering.

The layer of quartzite in this photograph would mostly weather by Multiple Choice - dissolution. - hydrolysis. - physical weathering. - spontaneous combustion.

lunar highlands.

The light-colored heavily cratered areas that often occur at higher elevations on the Moon are known as the Multiple Choice - lunar highlands. - lunar mare. - basins. - terraces.

slope failure.

The main feature shown in this photograph illustrates Multiple Choice weathering. flooding. permafrost. slope failure.

fine grained (smaller than sand).

The most common clastic sedimentary rocks are made of the clasts that are Multiple Choice pebbles or larger. sand size. fine grained (smaller than sand). biologic in origin.

changes in wind speed and direction.

The most likely cause of bedding in this image is Multiple Choice - changes in wind speed and direction. - changes in sediment supply. - changes in sea level. - wave and tide action at a beach.

reduction in water current velocity.

The most likely cause of graded bedding found in sedimentary rocks is Multiple Choice - reduction in water current velocity. - increase in water current velocity. settling after uniform deposition. - change in wind direction moving across the top of the jar.

water containing dissolved materials.

The natural cements that hold clasts together precipitate in the empty pore spaces after compaction. Those precipitates come from Multiple Choice water containing dissolved materials. outward growth of the original clasts. the alignment of clay particles.

- Mars has an atmosphere.

The presence of dunes in the middle Victoria Crater on Mars indicates that Multiple Choice - Mars has an atmosphere. - volcanic eruptions produced abundant sand. - glaciers once covered most of Mars. - seas once covered this area, leaving behind the dunes.

icy chunks the size of sand, pebbles, and boulders.

The rings of Saturn are largely composed of Multiple Choice - purple and green metallic substances. - icy chunks the size of sand, pebbles, and boulders. - drops and blobs of liquid water. - All of these choices are correct.

sandstone

The rock shown here, with sediment just visible to the naked eye, is a Multiple Choice sandstone. shale. conglomerate.

by a river.

The rounded clasts in this sedimentary deposit were likely transported Multiple Choice - by a river. - by the wind and rounded by a rolling action during this transport. - by a mudflow and rounded by a rolling action during this transport.

Venus

The surface of this planet is obscured by an atmosphere of thick clouds and toxic gases. What planetary body is it? Multiple Choice Mercury Earth Earth's moon Mars Venus

radar

The topographic relief map of Venus was generated with Multiple Choice geologic data. radar data. compositional data. mineralogic data.

physical and chemical weathering.

The two main processes by which sediment is produced are Multiple Choice physical and chemical weathering. subduction and melting. transportation and deposition.

creep.

The type of slope failure shown in this photograph is Multiple Choice creep. a rock slide. a debris avalanche. a debris flow. All of these choices are correct.

high

The typical large clasts found in breccia indicate that the energy levels of the transporting medium were Multiple Choice high. low. varying between medium and low.

well sorted.

The uniformly sized sand shown here would be described as Multiple Choice well sorted. poorly sorted. not sorted. moderately sorted.

methane and other gases.

The visible surface of Uranus and Neptune are bluish-green because they consist of Multiple Choice - oceans of liquid water. - blue glacial ice. - methane and other gases. - materials that are very cold because they are very far from the Sun.

meteoroids and other objects impacted on the surface.

These craters on the Moon formed when Multiple Choice - meteoroids and other objects impacted on the surface. - caves formed in a widespread limestone layer collapsed. - when numerous volcanoes erupted at nearly the same time. - groundwater dissolved an underground layer of salt.

temperature increased, followed by an increase in CO2.

These data, derived from ice cores, indicate that Multiple Choice - temperatures and CO2 concentration have remained constant until very recent inputs from humans. - several times in the past humans have perturbed the natural environment causing natural increases in CO2 and temperature. - temperature increased, followed by an increase in CO2. - All of these choices are correct.

deep-water turbidity currents

These sandstone beds are interlayered with dark marine shales. What is the most likely environment in which the sandstone formed? Multiple Choice sand dunes river beach next to a sea deep-water turbidity currents

sand dunes.

These surface features from Mars, also found on Earth are Multiple Choice sand dunes. river channels. mountain ranges. valleys.

2

This figure shows the Moon at four different positions, representing four different times, as it orbits around Earth. At which position would there be a full Moon as seen from Earth? Multiple Choice 1 2 3 4

4

This figure shows the Moon at four different positions, representing four different times, as it orbits around Earth. At which position would there be a new Moon as seen from Earth? Multiple Choice 1 2 3 4

overall, air temperatures have been increasing since around 1910.

This graph shows one estimate of average air temperatures. This graph indicates that Multiple Choice - humans and greenhouse gases are responsible for global warming. - overall, air temperatures have been increasing since around 1910. - Earth was cooler in the last part of the 1800s than it was in the first half of the 1900s. - All of these choices are correct.

Precipitation from seawater early in Earth's history.

This photograph shows an iron formation. How does it form? Multiple Choice - Evaporation of water in a lake or sea. - Accumulation of microscopic organisms composed of calcium carbonate. - Precipitation from seawater early in Earth's history. - Accumulation of silica-rich organisms or mixing of seawater and groundwater.

Accumulation of microscopic organisms composed of calcium carbonate.

This photograph shows chalk. How is it formed? Multiple Choice - Evaporation of water in a lake or sea. - Accumulation of microscopic organisms composed of calcium carbonate. - Precipitation from seawater early in Earth's history. - Accumulation of silica-rich organisms or mixing of seawater and groundwater.

Accumulation of silica-rich organisms or mixing of seawater and groundwater.

This photograph shows chert. How does it form? Multiple Choice - Evaporation of water in a lake or sea. - Accumulation of microscopic organisms composed of calcium carbonate. - Precipitation from seawater early in Earth's history. - Accumulation of silica-rich organisms or mixing of seawater and groundwater.

Mars

This planet has bedrock, reddish dust, and ice caps. What planetary body is it? Multiple Choice Mars Venus Earth's moon Mercury Neptune

that CO2 concentration and temperature generally increase and decrease ov

This plot of ice-core data shows measurements of CO2 content and interpretation of temperatures. These data show Multiple Choice - that CO2 concentration and temperature generally increase and decrease over the same time periods. - that most temperature changes on this graph are due to CO2 introduced by humans. - that current temperatures are the highest they have been. - All of these choices are correct.

the roughness of the materials, but does not indicate whether the rocks are light or dark colored.

This radar image of a crater on Venus shows Multiple Choice - an area of light-colored, smooth rocks around the crater. - that the crater contains dark-colored, rough rocks. - a central area of dark-colored hematite surrounded by light-colored feldspar. - the roughness of the materials, but does not indicate whether the rocks are light or dark colored.

sand dunes

This sandstone consists of well-sorted sand grains, was deposited on land, and locally contains large cross beds. What is the most likely environment in which it formed? Multiple Choice - sand dunes - river - beach next to a sea - deep-water turbidity currents

- beach next to a sea

This sandstone includes shells of marine creatures that live in shallow water. What is the most likely environment in which it formed? Multiple Choice - sand dunes - river - beach next to a sea - deep-water turbidity currents

river

This sandstone includes small, rounded pebbles and was deposited far from the ocean. What is the most likely environment in which it formed? Multiple Choice sand dunes river beach next to a sea deep-water turbidity currents

impact from a meteoroid or other object from space.

This type of crater, which is very abundant on most moons and solid planets, is formed by Multiple Choice - the collapse of a limestone cave. - an explosive volcanic eruption. - a nonexplosive volcanic eruption. - impact from a meteoroid or other object from space.

- water, methane, ammonia.

Uranus consists largely of Multiple Choice - water, methane, ammonia. - water, oxygen, ammonia. - ice, methane, carbon dioxide. - methane, helium.

muddy part of ocean

Using the stratigraphic section and photographs located in the textbook (Chapter 7 Investigation), determine the environment of deposition for the dark gray shale (there is one correct answer). Multiple Choicesteep mountain front river system sand dunes plant-rich swamp muddy part of ocean

river system

Using the stratigraphic section and photographs located in the textbook (Chapter 7 Investigation), determine the possible environments of deposition for the lower basal conglomerate. Multiple Choice - river system - sand dunes - plant-rich swamp - coral reef - muddy part of ocean

sandy beach or delta

Using the stratigraphic section and photographs located in the textbook (Chapter 7 Investigation), determine the possible environments of deposition for the upper sandstone and mudstone unit. Multiple Choice - steep mountain front - river system - middle of a lake - sandy beach or delta - coral reef

beach and a river system

Using the stratigraphic section and photographs located in the textbook (Chapter 7 Investigation), determine the possible environments of deposition for the yellowish-tan sandstone. Multiple Choice steep mountain front beach and a river system middle of a lake plant-rich swamp coral reef

Impact craters are the dominant feature on some planets and moons.

What are some observed variations between different planets in the solar system? Multiple Choice - Every planet contains some amount of ice. - Each planet has a thick atmosphere. - Impact craters are the dominant feature on some planets and moons. - The Earth is the only planet that shows evidence of tectonics. - The Earth is the only planet that shows features carved by running water.

Large areas covered by basalt.

What are the dark areas of the Moon interpreted to be? Multiple Choice - Dark-colored sediment that filled in low areas. - Rocks that are dark and fine-grained because they were smashed by many impacts. - Large areas of the iron-oxide mineral hematite. - Large areas covered by basalt.

impact craters of various sizes

What are the dominant features on the surface of Mercury? Multiple Choice - large canyons cut by running water - large dark burn marks because of the proximity to the Sun - impact craters of various sizes - pools of highly reflective liquid mercury

There was an abrupt event, such as a flood.

What can you infer from this contact between an overlying conglomerate and underlying sandstone? Multiple Choice - The conglomerate was deposited by the wind. - There was a gradual switch from marine to nonmarine conditions. - There was a gradual switch from nonmarine to marine conditions. - There was an abrupt event, such as a flood.

The relative positions of the Sun, Moon, and Earth cause us to see different amounts of the Moon's lighted side.

What causes the phases of the Moon? Multiple Choice - The Earth's shadow obscures different amounts of the Moon during the year. - The Earth's shadow obscures different amounts of the Moon over 28 days. - The relative positions of the Sun, Moon, and Earth cause us to see different amounts of the Moon's lighted side. - A partial eclipse causes the lighted part of the moon to grow and shrink over time.

All of these choices are correct.

What concepts can be explained using this diagram? Multiple Choice - the movement of water between the oceans and the land - how precipitation ends up in rivers or groundwater - how weathering causes the seas to become saltier - All of these choices are correct.

Networks of drainages apparently carved by liquids.

What did the Cassini spacecraft and its Huygens probe discover on the surface of Titan, the largest of Saturn's moons? Multiple Choice - The surface was nearly completely covered by impact craters. - There was a large impact crater that nearly blasted the moon apart. - Networks of drainages apparently carved by liquids. - None of these choices are correct.

All of these choices are correct.

What did the USGS discover when they studied the Slumgullion feature? Multiple Choice - There were different parts with different ages. - Movement formed folds, faults, fissures, and zones of shearing. - Some parts of the material moved faster than other parts. - All of these choices are correct.

transported a long distance or worked by waves

What do the characteristics of the rock in this photograph tell you about its environment? Multiple Choice - deposited by the wind - transported a short distance - transported a long distance or worked by waves - deposited in a lake

transported a short distance

What do the characteristics of the rock in this photograph tell you about its environment? Multiple Choice - deposited by the wind - transported a short distance - transported a long distance or worked by waves - deposited in a lake

The surface once had running water that eroded and deposited sediment.

What do these channels indicate about past events on Mars? Multiple Choice - There were explosive volcanic eruptions. - Strong winds eroded into a series of volcanic layers. - The surface once had running water that eroded and deposited sediment. - Glaciers once covered the entire planet.

the surface once had running water that eroded and deposited sediment.

What do these channels indicate about past events on Mars? Multiple Choice - There were explosive volcanic eruptions. - Strong winds eroded into a series of volcanic layers. - The surface once had running water that eroded and deposited sediment. - Glaciers once covered the entire planet.

The surface once had running water that eroded and deposited sediment.

What does this curved feature, which contains a point bar, indicate about past events on Mars? Multiple Choice - There were explosive volcanic eruptions. - Strong winds eroded into a series of volcanic layers. - The surface once had running water that eroded and deposited sediment. - Glaciers once covered the entire planet.

The area on the right is older because it contains more craters than the area on the left.

What does this photograph indicate about the ages between the light-colored area on the right versus the dark-colored area on the left? Multiple Choice - The area on the right is younger because light-colored rocks are usually younger than dark colored ones. - The area on the left is older because these rocks have darkened over time. - The dark-colored area is older because it contains some craters like those on the right. - The area on the right is older because it contains more craters than the area on the left.

All of these choices are correct.

What does this photograph, which is representative of most of Mercury, indicate about the planet? Multiple Choice - The surface is covered by impact craters. - The planet does not have tectonic or volcanic activity. - The planet lacks wind or water. - All of these choices are correct.

Torrential rains caused debris flows and flash floods that raced through cities.

What events caused so much damage along the north coast of Venezuela in 1999? Multiple Choice - A landslide shook loose a large piece of the mountains that caused the water in the reservoir to flood local towns. - Torrential rains caused debris flows and flash floods that raced through cities. - The slow movement of slopes downhill broke apart houses but did not kill any people. - Overgrazing caused a loss of grass cover and resulted in severe soil erosion.

The sedimentary layers dipped downslope toward the reservoir.

What factors led to the Vaiont landslide disaster? Multiple Choice - A volcanic eruption shook the ground. - A major earthquake shook the ground. - The sedimentary layers dipped downslope toward the reservoir. - All of these choices are correct.

The sediment gradually settles to the bottom.

What happens to the majority of sediment being carried by moving water as it enters a standing body (little or no motion) of water? Multiple Choice - The sediment gradually settles to the bottom. - The sediment remains suspended. - The sediment dissolves in the water column.

The surface area increases as the rock is fractured.

What happens to the surface area of exposed rock if a rock is fractured? Multiple Choice - There are more pieces, but the surface area does not change. - The surface area does not change because the volume does not change. - The surface area increases as the rock is fractured. - The surface area decreases as the rock is fractured.

Minerals, especially those with iron, combine with oxygen.

What happens when rocks oxidize near Earth's surface? Multiple Choice - Minerals in the rock release oxygen that can break down adjacent rocks. - Oxygen combines with water to create weak acids that weather rocks. - Minerals, especially those with iron, combine with oxygen. - Oxygen combines with silica to make quartz.

Limestone

What is a common rock that can be dissolved by water and weak acids? Multiple Choice Quartzite Quartz-rich sandstone Limestone All of these choices are correct.

The steepest angle at which loose material remains stable.

What is the angle of repose? Multiple Choice - The angle of bedding on hills where layers dip parallel to the slope. - The angle of fractures on hills where fractures dip parallel to the slope. - The angle at which rainfall strikes an unstable slope. - The steepest angle at which loose material remains stable.

They have been transported a significant distance.

What is the best explanation for the shape of these clasts? Multiple Choice - They are composed of relatively soft, soluble materials. - They accumulated on a steep slope. - They have been moved by the wind and rounded by blowing sand in sand dunes. - They have been transported a significant distance.

The Sun and planets condensed from a cloud of gas and dust.

What is the current theory for the formation of our solar system? Multiple Choice - The Sun and planets condensed from a cloud of gas and dust. - The Sun exploded during the Big Bang. - The four outer planets were all captured from another solar system. - None of these choices are correct.

They are large and gas rich.

What is the dominant character of the four outer planets? Multiple Choice - All are blue-green. - They are large and gas rich. - All are cold and icy worlds. - They lack associated moons. - Each has a form of plate tectonics.

physical weathering

What is the dominant type of weathering shown in this photograph? Multiple Choice - dissolution - chemical weathering - debris flow - hydrolysis - physical weathering

It is along the Fraser River and its delta.

What is the geologic setting of Vancouver, British Columbia? Multiple Choice - It is surrounded by low-lying hills. - It is along the Fraser River and its delta. - It is on a large but scenic island in the ocean. - It is on a large but scenic island in a lake. - None of these choices are correct.

the size of an object

What is the main control on whether a planet or moon has active tectonics and volcanism? Multiple Choice - whether it is composed of rocks or ice - whether it contains water on its surface - the size of an object - the distance that the object is from the Sun

The shape of the clasts.

What is the main difference between conglomerate and breccia? Multiple Choice - The size of the clasts. - The shape of the clasts. - The sorting of the clasts. - The kind of cement. - All of these choices are correct.

gravity

What is the main force involved in the stability of slopes? Multiple Choice water pressure sunlight wind gravity radioactivity decay

weathering

What is the main process by which soils form? Multiple Choice deposition of silt on a floodplain deposition of silt by the wind weathering erosion

Weathering of rocks releases chemical elements that make the oceans salty.

What is the main reason why the oceans are salty? Multiple Choice - The early oceans were salty because comets are dirty snowballs. - Salt deposits that formed early in Earth's history become dissolved by modern oceans. - Weathering of rocks releases chemical elements that make the oceans salty. - Blowing salt crystals become incorporated into clouds and fall with the rainfall.

dissolution

What is the main type of weathering illustrated by this weathered limestone? Multiple Choice physical weathering dissolution oxidation exfoliation

Saturn

What is the second largest planet in our solar system? Multiple Choice Jupiter Earth Saturn Uranus

proximity to Jupiter and its extreme tidal forces

What largely determines the level of volcanic and tectonic activity on the Galilean moons? Multiple Choice - whether the crust is light- or dark-colored, which controls how much of the Sun's heat it retains - the composition of the crust of each moon - the amount of wind and water on each moon's surface - proximity to Jupiter and its extreme tidal forces

Deposition of sediment carried by a braided river.

What sedimentary environments dominate the area around Vancouver, British Columbia? Multiple Choice - Deposition of sediment carried by a braided river. - Large landslides that blocked a narrow ocean channel. - Large ocean waves that carry large boulders far inland. - A scenic offshore reef that protects the coastline from large waves.

All of these choices are correct.

What should have warned the people of coastal Venezuela that they were in a hazardous zone? Multiple Choice - The cities were built upon alluvial fans. - The houses had been built on debris flow deposits. - The areas above the city had steep unstable slopes. - All of these choices are correct.

cement

What type of product is being produced from material in these quarries? Multiple Choice petroleum salt coal cement

conglomerate

What type of rock is shown in this photograph? Multiple Choice - conglomerate - breccia - sandstone - siltstone or shale

siltstone or shale

What type of rock is shown in this photograph? Multiple Choice - conglomerate - breccia - sandstone - siltstone or shale

Breccia

What type of rock is shown in this photograph? Multiple Choice Conglomerate Breccia Sandstone Siltstone or shale

sandstone

What type of rock is shown in this photograph? Multiple Choice conglomerate breccia sandstone siltstone or shale

- limestone

What type of rock would you form in this coral reef? Multiple Choice - rock salt and other evaporite minerals - limestone - coal - chert - iron formation

rock salt and other evaporite minerals

What type of rock would you form in this environment, showing a dried up lake bed? Multiple Choice - rock salt and other evaporite minerals - limestone - coal - chert - iron formation

coal

What type of rock would you form in this plant-rich swamp? Multiple Choice - rock salt and other evaporite minerals - limestone - coal - chert - iron formation

a slow-moving earth flow

What type of slope failure has occurred in the Slumgullion area of Colorado? Multiple Choice - a huge rock fall that formed Colorado's second largest lake - a debris flow that came down Big Thompson Canyon - a debris avalanche that raced downhill at breathtaking speeds - a slow-moving earth flow

debris avalanche

What type of slope failure is depicted in this photograph? Multiple Choice creep rock fall debris avalanche permafrost

debris flow

What type of slope failure is shown in this figure? Multiple Choice - creep - debris flow - rock fall - rock slide - rotational slide

debris slide

What type of slope failure is shown in this figure? Multiple Choice - rotational slide - creep - debris slide - debris flow - rock fall

rock slide

What type of slope failure is shown in this figure? Multiple Choice debris avalanche creep rock slide debris flow rock fall

rotational slide

What type of slope failure is shown in this figure? Multiple Choice rotational slide creep rock avalanche debris flow rock fall

rock avalanche

What type of slope failure is shown in this figure? Multiple Choice - rotational slide - creep - earth flow - debris flow - rock avalanche

rock fall

What type of slope failure is shown in this figure? Multiple Choice - rotational slide - creep - earth flow - debris flow - rock fall

creep

What type of slope failure is shown in this figure? Multiple Choice - rotational slide - creep - earth flow - debris flow - rock slide

dissolution

What type of weathering is best expressed in this weathered limestone? Multiple Choice - oxidation - dissolution - hydrolysis - biologic activity

a surface that is smooth or slopes away from the satellite

What types of surfaces appear dark on a radar image taken by a satellite? Multiple Choice - a surface that is rough - a surface that slopes toward the satellite - a surface that is smooth or slopes away from the satellite - a surface that contains quartz and feldspar

The clasts become more rounded.

What typically happens to the size, shape, and sorting of clasts as they are transported from steep mountains toward more gentle settings? Multiple Choice - The size of the clasts increases. - The clasts become more rounded. - The sediment becomes more poorly sorted. - All of these choices are correct.

radar images

What was the main technique used to study the solid surface of Venus? Multiple Choice - visible-light telescopes - small rovers that drive around on the planet - photographs taken at different times of the day - radar images - None of these choices are correct.

It ends up as sand in rivers, dunes, and beaches.

Where does the quartz in granite typically end up? Multiple Choice - As small clay minerals that are deposited in lakes and the sea. - Quartz does not weather and so it keeps the granite from weathering. - It ends up as sand in rivers, dunes, and beaches. - It is converted into feldspar and weathers into clays.

composition.

Whether it is one of the inner terrestrial planets, or outer gas giants, the location of a planet relative to the Sun has a lot to do with its Multiple Choice composition. size. diameter.

the flat area above the river terraces

Which area would most likely cause the least problems with keeping roads in good shape? Multiple Choice - Bent Fence Hills - Wild Ride Valley - the flat area above the river terraces - a road built directly below the cliffs of Flattop Mountain

turbidity currents along a continental slope

Which environment is a setting that can deposit sand? Multiple Choice - landslide - evaporating lake - deep ocean away from land - turbidity currents along a continental slope - All of these choices are correct.

meandering river

Which environment is least likely to deposit a breccia? Multiple Choice - debris flow - landslide - steep mountain front - meandering river - glacier

open ocean away from land

Which environment is least likely to deposit sand? Multiple Choice - sand dunes along a beach or in a desert - channel of a meandering river - beach along the ocean or lake - delta along an ocean or lake - open ocean away from land

channel of a braided river

Which environment is least likely to deposit siltstone or shale? Multiple Choice - calm waters in a lagoon - shallow continental seas - bottoms of lakes - channel of a braided river - open ocean away from land

debris flow

Which environment is most likely to deposit a breccia? Multiple Choice - sand dunes - braided river - meandering river - debris flow - None of these are likely to deposit a breccia.

2, lunar highlands

Which feature on Earth's Moon is the oldest and consists of heavily cratered, feldspar rich, igneous rock? Multiple Choice 1, the mare 2, lunar highlands 3, rayed crater the polar ice caps

2, lunar highlands

Which feature on Earth's Moon is the oldest? Multiple Choice 1, the mare 2, lunar highlands 3, rayed craterthe polar ice caps

3, rayed crater

Which feature on Earth's Moon is the youngest? Multiple Choice 1, the mare 2, lunar highlands 3, rayed crater the polar ice caps

1, a linear or curved scar marking where the slide pulled away from the hill

Which numbered feature on this figure is a scarp? Multiple Choice - 1, a linear or curved scar marking where the slide pulled away from the hill - 2, small fractures within the sliding block - 3, the intact layers below the rock slide - 4, the front of the slide, where it overruns the land surface - 5, a valley or other open space in front of the slide

5, a valley or other open space in front of the slide

Which numbered feature on this figure is critical to enable a rock slide to start? Multiple Choice - 1, a linear or curved scar marking where the slide pulled away from the hill - 2, small fractures within the sliding block - 3, layers, fractures, or some other discontinuity inclined downslope - 4, the front of the slide, where it overruns the land surface - 5, a valley or other open space in front of the slide

All of these are common in carbonate landscapes.

Which of the following are NOT common in landscapes formed by carbonate rocks? Multiple Choice sinkholes fractures widened by dissolution well-defined layers (beds) outcrops with pits or holes All of these are common in carbonate landscapes.

All of these are present.

Which of the following are NOT present on the Moon? Multiple Choice - light-colored areas called the lunar highlands - areas with abundant impact craters - dark, fairly smooth areas - large impact craters with light-colored rays radiating out from the center - All of these are present.

None of these choices are correct.

Which of the following are present on Earth but not on any other planet? Multiple Choice - ice - features interpreted to have formed by flowing water - volcanoes - dust storms - None of these choices are correct.

All of these choices are correct.

Which of the following are problems related to soil? Multiple Choice - individual grains lose contact with one another as water squeezes between them - certain clay minerals increase in volume when they become wet - soils that do not compact uniformly because of varying amounts of clay - erosion due to loss of plant cover, such as from overgrazing - All of these choices are correct.

Soil and other weathering products tend to accumulate more on gentle slopes than on steep slopes.

Which of the following are true about factors that influence weathering? Multiple Choice - Chemical weathering occurs fastest in cold or dry climates. - Whether a slope faces toward or away from the sun is not an important factor influencing weathering. - Soil and other weathering products tend to accumulate more on gentle slopes than on steep slopes. - Time is not a critical factor in weathering because physical and chemical processes have not changed much through time.

Its axis of rotation, orientation of rings, and orbits of its moons are perpendicular to those of every other planet in the solar system.

Which of the following are unusual about Uranus? Multiple Choice - Ice on its surface has an unusual bluish-green color. - Its axis of rotation, orientation of rings, and orbits of its moons are perpendicular to those of every other planet in the solar system. - It has been reclassified as a dwarf planet. - Its orbit sometimes takes it closer to the Sun than Mars. - None of these choices are correct.

Bent Fence Hills with the leaning trees

Which of the following areas in the investigation terrain is least likely to cause casualties in the event of a slope failure? Multiple Choice - Bent Fence Hills with the leaning trees - flanks of Flattop Hill - Rock Valley - the area below Tilted Mountain

well sorted

Which of the following attributes does NOT apply to these sediments? Multiple Choice angular clasts cobbles and boulders well sorted composed of gravel

All of these choices are correct.

Which of the following can we understand by studying sedimentary rocks? Multiple Choice - How environments shifted in location through time. - Past changes in climate. - Past events, such as landslides and earthquakes. - Migration of deserts and advances of the sea. - All of these choices are correct.

All of these choices are correct.

Which of the following can we use to recognize prehistoric slope failures? Multiple Choice - sedimentary deposits - orientation of beds and other geologic structures - masses of rock fragments that are unusual for an area - hummocky topography - All of these choices are correct.

The climate in which the clasts are produced.

Which of the following characteristics are NOT used to classify and name clastic sediments? Multiple Choice - The size of the clasts. - The amount of sorting of clasts. - The shape of the clasts. - The climate in which the clasts are produced. - All of these are used.

All of these choices are correct

Which of the following characteristics of Earth are not shared by many other planets? Multiple Choice - Abundant water exists on the surface in liquid, vapor, and solid phases. - Moving water and ice currently erode the land and deposit sediment. - It generates enough heat to allow plate tectonics to operate. It contains abundant life. - All of these choices are correct.

All of these correctly describe comets.

Which of the following correctly describe comets? Multiple Choice they have a tail of gas and ice icy and rocky small in size All of these correctly describe comets.

coal-deep-sea organic-rich black shale

Which of the following does NOT correctly match a rock with a possible environment in which that rock forms? Multiple Choice - salt-evaporation of water - gypsum-evaporation of water - coal-deep-sea organic-rich black shale - chert-accumulation of tiny, silica-rich creatures - chert-mixing of seawater and groundwater

All of these are ways that can define layers in sedimentary rocks.

Which of the following does NOT help define layers in some sedimentary rocks? Multiple Choice - a change in mineral composition - a change in grain size - a change in color - a sharp contact between two rock types - All of these are ways that can define layers in sedimentary rocks.

water contracting as it freezes

Which of the following does NOT physically loosen rocks on the surface? Multiple Choice - water contracting as it freezes - crystals of salt and other minerals that exert an outward force on fractures - roots that pry apart fractures as the root grows in size - joints that form when rock pressures are released - rodents and other burrowing organisms

All of these are environments in which limestone forms.

Which of the following environments is NOT a setting in which limestone forms? Multiple Choice - coral reefs - deposition of calcite near springs - some lakes - accumulation of the remains of microscopic organisms - All of these are environments in which limestone forms.

a weak current

Which of the following environments would likely have clasts smaller than sand? Multiple Choice - a weak current - steep slopes - dunes formed by wind - All of these choices are correct.

steep slopes

Which of the following environments would likely have large clasts? Multiple Choice - a weak current - steep slopes - dunes formed by wind - All of these choices are correct.

beach at A

Which of the following environments would most likely consist of sand and/or rounded cobbles? Multiple Choice beach at A lagoon at B coral reef at C deep seafloor at D tidal flat at E

coral reef at C

Which of the following environments would most likely form limestone? Multiple Choice - beach at A - lagoon at B - coral reef at C - deep seafloor at D - tidal flat at E

- tidal flat at E

Which of the following environments would most likely have sediment formed by evaporation of seawater? Multiple Choice - beach at A - lagoon at B - coral reef at C - deep seafloor at D - tidal flat at E

All of these choices are correct.

Which of the following factors caused some high peaks of the Cascade Mountains of the Pacific Northwest to have high potential for slope failure? Multiple Choice - They are volcanoes with steep slopes. - They experience heavy rainfall. - They may contain loose volcanic ash and other volcanic materials. - All of these choices are correct.

All of these choices are correct.

Which of the following factors control how minerals weather? Multiple Choice - whether the mineral has ionic or covalent bonds - what type of mineral is present - the temperature at which the original minerals formed - whether a mineral typically crystallizes early or late in Bowen's Reaction Series - All of these choices are correct.

the angle of repose for intact bedrock

Which of the following factors does NOT control the stability of a slope? Multiple Choice - the angle of repose for intact bedrock - whether the slope is rock or soil - the amount of water in the soil - the orientation of fractures, cleavage, and bedding

a valley or other open space downslope from the rock slide

Which of the following factors favors movement of a rock slide? Multiple Choice - layers that are inclined opposite to the slope of the hill - solid rock with few preexisting joints or faults - a massive rock with no bedding or other through-going discontinuities - a valley or other open space downslope from the rock slide

the climate in which the failure occurs

Which of the following factors is typically NOT used to classify slope failures? Multiple Choice - whether the material involved is rock or is unconsolidated - the rate of movement - the climate in which the failure occurs - the mechanism by which material moves

All of these choices are correct

Which of the following features attracted geologists' attention on Mars? Multiple Choice - Small spherical objects, nicknamed blueberries, that contain the mineral hematite. - A meteorite resting on the Martian surface. - Layered rocks in the walls of several craters. - A large area with abundant hematite discovered before the rovers landed. - All of these choices are correct.

Florida

Which of the following has the lowest potential for landslides? Multiple Choice - Pacific Northwest - Southern California - bluffs along rivers in the central U.S. - Florida - Appalachian Mountains

Mars contains all of these features

Which of the following have NOT been discovered on Mars? Multiple Choice - a huge canyon system that began as a large rift - the largest volcano in the solar system - channels cut by running water - examples of slope failure - Mars contains all of these features

The lower part of the section is consistent with deposition of marine layers over sand dunes.

Which of the following interpretations is consistent with the character and sequence of rocks in this figure? Multiple Choice - The lower part of the section is consistent with deposition of marine layers over sand dunes. - The middle of the section indicates the formation of large rivers, possibly with some lakes. - The upper part of the section indicates sudden lowering of the land relative to sea level. - All of these choices are correct.

The atmosphere is nitrogen and oxygen, like the atmosphere of the Earth.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Jupiter? Multiple Choice - It is farther from the Sun than Mars. It is the largest planet in the solar system. - The atmosphere is nitrogen and oxygen, like the atmosphere of the Earth. - It has a wide variety of geologically interesting moons. - Most of its outer parts are gas.

All of these are common triggers for slope failure.

Which of the following is NOT a common trigger for slope failure? Multiple Choice - adding water to a slope - volcanic eruption - shaking during an earthquake - oversteepening of cliffs or hillslopes during road construction - All of these are common triggers for slope failure.

- pyroxene

Which of the following is NOT a common type of cement in sedimentary rocks? Multiple Choice - calcite - pyroxene - silica - iron-oxide minerals

All of these are a source of material in soil.

Which of the following is NOT a source of material for soil? Multiple Choice - weathered rock and sediment - leaves and other plant debris - CO2 gas from roots - water from precipitation and snowmelt - All of these are a source of material in soil.

shale

Which of the following is NOT a type of carbonate rock? Multiple Choice limestone travertine dolostone shale a rock formed from a coral reef

As outcrops that show evidence of being dissolved during weathering.

Which of the following is NOT a way in which sandstones are commonly expressed in the landscape? Multiple Choice - As thick, massive cliffs with little variation in grain size. - As rocks with abundant layers defined by variations in color, grain size, or composition. - As outcrops that can contain cross beds. - As outcrops that show evidence of being dissolved during weathering.

All of these are ways to form layers.

Which of the following is NOT a way to form layers in a sedimentary rock? Multiple Choice - Occurrence of a discrete event like a flood. - A change in the strength of the current. - A change in the supply of sediment. - A change in climate of the region. - All of these are ways to form layers.

whether a rock contains fossils

Which of the following is NOT an aspect that we can learn from remotely observing another planet or moon? Multiple Choice - how they reflect different types of electromagnetic energy, such as ultraviolet - whether their surface is smooth or rough - how quickly a surface cools off - whether a rock contains fossils

metamorphism

Which of the following is NOT involved in turning some sediment into sedimentary rock? Multiple Choice burial compaction cementation metamorphism All of these are involved

increased stability in temperatures

Which of the following is NOT likely to be a consequence of climate change? Multiple Choice - changes in ocean currents - some regions getting warmer, others colder - increased stability in temperatures - changes in the distribution of plants and animals

Saturn

Which of the following is NOT one of the inner terrestrial planets? Multiple Choice Mercury Venus Mars Saturn

All of these are true about the interaction of sunlight with Earth.

Which of the following is NOT true about the interaction of sunlight with Earth? Multiple Choice - Most Earth-surface heating comes from sunlight. - The amount of solar radiation hitting Earth varies due to orbital variations and changes in the Sun's energy output. - Some sunlight is reflected off the atmosphere without heating Earth. - The Earth can absorb energy and radiate some back into space as infrared energy. - All of these are true about the interaction of sunlight with Earth.

The atmosphere is hydrogen and helium.

Which of the following is a characteristic of Saturn? Multiple Choice - It is closer to the Sun than Jupiter. - It is the largest planet in the solar system. - The atmosphere is hydrogen and helium. - The feature for which it is best know is a large red spot on the surface. - The appearance of the planet is dominated by large impact craters.

The rocks tend to be easily eroded.

Which of the following is a characteristic of fine-grained clastic rocks? Multiple Choice - Most clasts are visible with the unaided eye. - The rocks are poorly sorted. - The cobbles directly rest on one another without much matrix. - The rocks tend to be easily eroded.

They commonly have a dissolved appearance.

Which of the following is a common characteristic of carbonate rocks? Multiple Choice - They commonly have a dissolved appearance. - They are commonly black and shiny. - They are commonly reddish. They do not form cliffs. - All of these choices are correct.

Groundwater mostly resides in the pore spaces between grains and in fractures.

Which of the following is a correct statement about resources in sedimentary rocks? Multiple Choice - Groundwater mostly resides in the pore spaces between grains and in fractures. - Oil and natural gas migrate down until they are trapped at depth. - Coal forms from the burial of deep-water organic shale. - The most important component of cement comes from siltstone. - Uranium does not commonly occur in sandstone.

Large cross beds in well-sorted sandstone usually indicate deposition by wind.

Which of the following is a good interpretation of the environmental significance of an attribute of a sedimentary rock? Multiple Choice - Fossils indicate that sediment was deposited on land. - Large cross beds in well-sorted sandstone usually indicate deposition by wind. - Mudcracks are formed in deep-water environments where sand and mud can be deposited in thin layers. - Large, angular, poorly sorted clasts reflect a large amount of transport. - None of these choices are correct.

Graded beds indicate that the strength of the current decreased through time.

Which of the following is a good interpretation of the environmental significance of an attribute of a sedimentary rock? Multiple Choice - Red rocks typically form in deep oceans. - Thick bedding implies rapidly changing conditions. - Fossils indicate that sediment was deposited in water. - Graded beds indicate that the strength of the current decreased through time. - None of these choices are correct.

All of these choices are correct.

Which of the following is a typical way in which siltstone and shale are expressed in the landscape? Multiple Choice - soft slopes covered by small, loose chips - slopes covered by loose debris from overlying rocks - valleys and other low areas carved into the landscape - badlands - All of these choices are correct.

All of these choices are correct.

Which of the following is a way that slopes fail? Multiple Choice - Large blocks fall from cliffs. - Rocks, soil, sediment, and ice slides down steep hillsides. - Pieces of loose rock accumulate on talus slopes until the angle becomes too steep. - Soil and other loose material can flow rapidly down slopes, forming debris flows. - All of these choices are correct.

All of these choices are correct.

Which of the following is an expression of the angle of repose? Multiple Choice - talus slope - some slopes of sand dunes - angle of slopes on scoria cones - All of these choices are correct.

Sand dunes and river sediments can be deposited over marine deposits.

Which of the following is characteristic of a regression? Multiple Choice - The seas move in, covering more land. - Sand dunes and river sediments can be deposited over marine deposits. - Marine sedimentary facies move toward the land. - Erosion surfaces on land can be covered by beach sand. - All of these choices are correct.

Marine sedimentary facies move toward the land.

Which of the following is characteristic of a transgression? Multiple Choice - The seas move out, uncovering more land. - Sand dunes and river sediments can be deposited over marine deposits. - Marine sedimentary facies move toward the land. - All of these choices are correct.

braided river

Which of the following is most likely to deposit a conglomerate? Multiple Choice - landslide - braided river - steep mountain front - sand dunes - lagoon

All of these are important.

Which of the following is probably NOT important in assessing an area's potential for slope failure? Multiple Choice - comparing the geologic setting to adjacent areas that have or have not failed - whether the material is loose sediment or solid bedrock - recent changes in slope - the orientation of layering and fractures - All of these are important.

debris flows that carry large blocks from the volcano

Which of the following is the main hazard for areas along the river terrace? Multiple Choice - shrinking and swelling of clays - slow movement of material downslope - rock falls - debris flows that carry large blocks from the volcano

composition

Which of the following is the major difference between the inner planets as a group and the outer planets as a group? Multiple Choice composition presence of moons orbital plane presence of water

sand and gravel

Which of the following is the most used sedimentary resource? Multiple Choice cement salt sand and gravel coal petroleum

All of these choices are correct.

Which of the following is true about Pluto? Multiple Choice - It is a small icy object, even smaller than Earth's Moon. Its orbit is very elliptical. - It is similar to a number of objects farther out from the Solar System. - Astronomers recently classified it to dwarf-planet status. - All of these choices are correct.

All of these choices are correct.

Which of the following is true about how weathering affects fractured rocks? Multiple Choice - Weathering affects rocks from the outside in, forming an outer weathered zone or rind. - Weathering attacks corners from three sides and so these are preferentially removed. - Preferential weathering along fractures can cause blocks to become rounded - All of these choices are correct.

limestone weathers rapidly in wet climates but can form cliffs in dry ones

Which of the following is valid for how rocks weather? Multiple Choice - quartz is very soluble during weathering at low temperatures - limestone weathers rapidly in wet climates but can form cliffs in dry ones - as a granite weathers, quartz rapidly decomposes into clay minerals - most minerals in granite weather at nearly the same rate and so granite has smooth surfaces

All of these choices are correct.

Which of the following might indicate that slopes adjacent to this landslide might fail? Multiple Choice - They have the same steepness as the slope that failed. - They appear to have a similar geology setting. - One part of the slope has already failed. - All of these choices are correct.

oxidation

Which of the following processes is NOT considered physical weathering? Multiple Choice - near-surface fracturing - frost wedging - prying by plant roots - thermal expansion - oxidation

thermal expansion

Which of the following processes is NOT considered to be chemical weathering? Multiple Choice dissolution thermal expansion oxidation hydrolysis reaction with acids from decaying plants

All of these choices are correct.

Which of the following processes produce sedimentary clasts? Multiple Choice - fracturing of bedrock that results in angular pieces - breaking of round cobbles as they are transported - scouring and abrasion of bedrock along rivers - decomposition of granite into quartz grains and clay - All of these choices are correct.

platinum

Which of the following resources do sedimentary deposits or rocks NOT commonly host? Multiple Choice - groundwater - petroleum - platinum - coal - salt

shale

Which of the following rocks is composed of the smallest sedimentary clasts? Multiple Choice breccia conglomerate shale sandstone siltstone

lake at E

Which of the following sites would contain the finest grained sedimentary deposits? Multiple Choice - mountains at A - glaciers at B - braided river at C - delta at D - lake at E

- delta at D

Which of the following sites would have sand and silt deposited by slowing of the current? Multiple Choice - mountains at A - glacial streams at B - braided river at C - delta at D - lake at E

lake at E

Which of the following sites would have the slowest moving or least energetic current? Multiple Choice - mountain streams at A - glacial streams at B - braided river at C - delta at D - lake at E

deep seafloor at D

Which of the following sites would most likely have turbidity currents? Multiple Choice - beach at A - lagoon at B - coral reef at C - deep seafloor at D - tidal flat at E

steep slopes in a mountain

Which of the following situations would result in angular clasts? Multiple Choice - transport of the clasts over long distance - working of clasts by waves on a beach - steep slopes in a mountain - dunes formed by wind

creep

Which of the following slope failures is least likely to cause casualties? Multiple Choice rock avalanche debris flow creep rock slide rock fall

rock avalanche

Which of the following slope failures is most likely to cause large numbers of casualties? Multiple Choice creep debris slide earth flow rotational slide rock avalanche

earth flow

Which of the following slope failures moves at the slowest rate? Multiple Choice - earth flow - rock avalanche - debris flow - rock fall - debris avalanche

a transgression followed by a regression

Which of the following statements best summarizes the history of the entire sequence? Multiple Choice - a transgression, where the sea comes in - a regression, where the sea goes out - a transgression followed by a regression - a regression followed by a transgression

To be called a sandstone, quartz must make up more than 95 percent of the grains.

Which of the following statements is NOT true about clastic sedimentary rocks? Multiple Choice - Clasts in a conglomerate or breccia can be different rock types or can be all the same rock type. - To be called a sandstone, quartz must make up more than 95 percent of the grains. - The amount of pore space decreases as a sand is compacted into sandstone. - Siltstone is coarser than shale.

Western Terrain (W)

Which of the following terrains is probably the oldest terrain on the alien world in the Investigation? Multiple Choice - Western Terrain (W) - Dark Terrain (D) - Chasm (C) - Sedimentary Terrain (S) - Polar Ice (P)

from unit 5 to unit 6

Which of the following times indicates a regression? Multiple Choice from unit 1 to unit 2 from unit 3 to unit 4 from unit 4 to unit 5 from unit 5 to unit 6 None of these choices are correct.

from unit 3 to unit 4 and from unit 4 to unit 5

Which of the following times indicates a transgression? Multiple Choice - from unit 2 to unit 3 - from unit 3 to unit 4 - from unit 4 to unit 5 - from unit 5 to unit 6 - from unit 3 to unit 4 and from unit 4 to unit 5

unit 1

Which of the following units was most likely deposited along an ancient mountain front? Multiple Choice - unit 5 - unit 4 - unit 3 - unit 2 - unit 1

unit 2

Which of the following units was most likely deposited at least partly in sand dunes? Multiple Choice unit 5 unit 4 unit 3 unit 2 unit 1

unit 5

Which of the following units was most likely deposited in the deepest marine water? Multiple Choice unit 5 unit 4 unit 3 unit 2 unit 1

oxidation

Which of the following weathering processes results in the reddish orange coating on rocks, in soils, and on metal (rust)? Multiple Choice - oxidation - salt crystallization - freeze thaw - differential weathering

Io

Which of the four Galilean moons is the most volcanically active object in the solar system, erupting sulfur-rich lava? Multiple Choice Io Europa Ganymede Callisto

1 and 2

Which of the numbered soil horizons are most likely to represent an accumulation of organic debris? Multiple Choice 1 and 2 2 and 3 3 and 4 4 and 5 All of these choices are correct.

4

Which of the numbered soil horizons is most likely to have clay or calcium carbonate? Multiple Choice 1 2 3 4 5

5

Which of the numbered soil horizons is most likely to have remnants of weathered bedrock? Multiple Choice 1 2 3 4 5

the lowest red sandstone

Which of the rock layers in this figure was most likely deposited by sand dunes on land? Multiple Choice - the reddish breccia - the upper tan sandstone - the lower tan sandstone - the lowest red sandstone - None of these choices are correct.

both of the tan sandstones

Which of the rock layers in this figure was most likely deposited in a shoreline environment? Multiple Choice - the reddish breccia - both of the tan sandstones - the limestone in the middle of the gray shale - the lowest reddish sandstone - All of these choices are correct.

1, a heavily cratered terrain

Which of these numbered areas on Enceladus, a moon of Jupiter, is probably the oldest? Multiple Choice - 1, a heavily cratered terrain - 2, tectonic belts that cut across the cratered terrain - 3, less cratered plains - There is not enough information to tell.

The light-colored lunar highlands because they contain a higher density of craters per area.

Which part of the Moon is the oldest and why? Multiple Choice - The dark circular maria because they have had more time to darken. - The dark circular maria because they have had more time to be eroded and smoothed off. - The light-colored lunar highlands because they are lighter in color from longer weathering. - The light-colored lunar highlands because they contain a higher density of craters per area. - None of these choices are correct.

toward the right

Which way was the current (either wind or water) moving during deposition of this section of rocks? Multiple Choice toward the left toward the camera toward the right away from the camera There is no way to tell.

Solar wind strips off gas and dust, forming a tail pointing away from the Sun.

Why do comets have a tail? Multiple Choice - They are balls of fire and the tail are flames that trail behind the comet. - They are balls of fire and the tail is smoke trailing from the burning comet. - Solar wind strips off gas and dust, forming a tail pointing away from the Sun. - Comets do not have a tail, but most dogs do.

Weathering removes corners and edges, as in spheroidal weathering.

Why does weathering of granite bedrock produce rounded shapes? Multiple Choice - The rounded shapes are pillows formed at depth in the granitic magma. - Weathering removes corners and edges, as in spheroidal weathering. - Burrowing animals eat away parts of the granite. - Roots rub against the edges of the granite.