GEOL Module 3 Questions
Sediments found on continental margins are called ________.
neritic
The type of marine sediment that forms the thickest deposits worldwide is ________.
neritic, lithogenous sediment deposits
Which of the following methods cannot be used to desalinate water?
osmosis
Examine the five words and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.
pH
Which of the following statements regarding pH is true?
pH relates to relative acid-base ion balance in a solution.
The study of how the ocean, atmosphere, and land have interacted in the past to produce changes in ocean chemistry, circulation, biology, and climate is called ________.
paleocenography
The number of organisms present in the surface water above the ocean floor is called ________.
productivity
Subatomic particles with a positive charge are called ________.
protons
An area of the ocean where rapid change in ocean density occurs with a change in depth is the ________.
pycnocline
Phosphate-rich nodules form in ________.
regions of upwelling
The covalent bonds between hydrogen and oxygen atoms in a water molecule form as a result of the ________.
sharing of electrons between the atoms
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.
***Siliceous ooze*** Turbidity currents Rivers Glaciers Volcanic ash
The average salinity of typical seawater is ________.
3.5%
Calcareous ooze is an example of which of the following sediment types?
Biogenous Sediment
Which of the following statements about marine sediments is correct?
They record the timing and severity of some global extinction events.
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.
Volcanic ash Quartz sand Clay ***Siliceous ooze*** Rock fragments
Sediments that are poorly sorted were most likely deposited by ________.
a glacier
The most likely place to find abundant manganese nodules is on the ________.
abyssal plain far from a continent
The basic building blocks of all matter are called ________.
atoms
Sediments produced by plants and animals in the sea are called ________.
biogenous
The amount of energy that is necessary to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius is the definition of ________.
calorie
Latent heat is the quantity of heat gained or lost as a substance undergoes a ________.
change in state
Calcite dissolves more readily in seawater that is ________ in temperature and ________ in pressure.
colder; higher
Sediments with an extraterrestrial origin are called ________.
cosmogenous
As the salinity of seawater increases, its ________.
density increases
The dissolution of the thick tests of foraminifers below the CCD is an example of the ________ of biogenous sediment.
destruction
The deposition of coarse-grained lithogenous material in neritic environments along continental margins is an example of the ________ of biogenous sediment.
dilution
Which of the following was used during early exploration of the oceans to collect sediment samples?
dredge
Subatomic particles with a negative charge are called ________.
electrons
Of all the following processes which one increases the salinity of water?
evaporation
A very important way to increase the settling rate of fine particles in the open ocean is via ________.
fecal pellets
The main energy resources associated with marine sediments are petroleum and ________.
gas hydrates
Which of the following contains the most organic carbon on Earth?
gas hydrates
In general, polar neritic sediment tends to have more ________.
gravel than in tropical waters
Which property of water causes coastal communities to have only moderate differences in daily highs and lows when compared to inland communities?
high heat capacity
Water can pile up a short distance above a container's rim due to ________.
high surface tension
In comparison to most other liquids, the heat capacity of liquid water is ________.
higher than other liquids
Sediments produced because of chemical reactions in seawater are called ________.
hydrogenous
Manganese nodules are an example of ________.
hydrogenous sediments
The transfer of water between the atmosphere, the oceans, and the continents is known as the ________.
hydrologic cycle
Many of the unique properties of water are attributed to the fact that water ________.
is a polar molecule
The surface tension of water ________.
is relatively high
Pelagic clays contain lots of material that settles to the seafloor through the water column and are ________.
less than 30% biogenous material
Sediments derived from preexisting rocks on land are called ________.
lithogenous
Sediment that begins as rocks on continents or islands is called ________.
lithogenous (terrigenous) sediment
Cosmogenous sediment consists of two main types of sediment ________.
microscopic spherules and macroscopic meteor debris
A group of two or more atoms held together by mutually shared electrons are called ________.
molecules
How many holes have been drilled into the sea floor using a drill ship to collect cores for scientific study?
more than 2,000
The particles found in some sediment that suggests that an extraterrestrial impact event are ________.
tektites
The states of matter in which water exists is primarily determined by ________.
temperature
The term referring to the size and shape of sediment particles is ________.
texture
Which of the following is the correct order of formation of sea ice as it forms directly from seawater?
(START) Slush; Pancake Ice; Ice Floes; Sea Ice (FINISH)
Worldwide, about ________ storms grow to named tropical cyclones status each year.
100
Earth's axis of rotation is tilted at an angle of ________.
23.5
Sea surface salinity is greatest at which of the following latitudes?
25 degrees
A boundary or belt characterized by light, variable winds, dry, clear, fair weather with little precipitation occurs in which of the following regions?
30 degrees
The horse latitudes boundary occurs in which of the following regions?
30 degrees
The major deserts of the world occur in which of the following regions?
30 degrees
A boundary or belt characterized by winds generally from the west and brings storms that influence weather across the United States occurs in which of the following regions?
30 to 60 degrees
Storms are most common in which of the following regions?
30 to 60 degrees
The prevailing westerlies occur in which of the following regions?
30 to 60 degrees
The average albedo of Earth's surface is about ________.
30%
A boundary or belt characterized by strong, steady winds, generally from the east occurs in which of the following regions?
5 to 30 degrees
The trade winds occur in which of the following regions?
5 to 30 degrees
A boundary or belt characterized by variable winds and stormy, cloudy weather year round occurs in which of the following regions?
60 degrees
The polar front occurs in which of the following regions?
60 degrees
A boundary or belt characterized by cold, dry winds generally from the east, occurs in which of the following regions?
60 to 90 degrees
The polar easterlies occur in which of the following regions?
60 to 90 degrees
Which of the following will cause the lowest air pressure at the surface?
A column of warm, less dense air
Which of the following best describes the Electrolysis Method for desalination?
A current is run through positive and negative electrodes in freshwater separated by semipermeable membranes from seawater.
Which of the following hydrologic cycle reservoirs is the smallest?
Atmospheric water vapor
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.
Autumnal equinox Ecliptic Vernal equinox ***Westerlies*** Summer solstice
Fossiliferous limestone is an example of which of the following sediment types?
Biogenous Sediment
Siliceous ooze is an example of which of the following sediment types?
Biogenous Sediment
Stromatolites are an example of which of the following sediment types?
Biogenous Sediment
The White Cliffs of Dover are an example of which of the following sediment types?
Biogenous Sediment
Which of the following occurs at the same temperature as the condensation point?
Boiling point
Which of the following is the most abundant negatively charged component of seawater?
Chloride
Which of the following properties of pure water is different depending on the amount of water present?
Color
Which of the following occurs at the same temperature as the boiling point?
Condensation point
1 / 1 pts The apparent deflection of air masses to the right or left (depending on latitude) as they move from one latitude to another is called the ________.
Coriolis effect
Chondrites are an example of which of the following sediment types?
Cosmogenous Sediment
Micrometeorites are an example of which of the following sediment types?
Cosmogenous Sediment
Tektites are an example of which of the following sediment types?
Cosmogenous Sediment
Which of the following is thought to have enriched ocean floor sediments with rare-earth elements?
Deep-sea hotsprings
Which of the following countries is the world leader (by percentage of its energy use) in wind power?
Denmark
Which of the following is a biogenous sediment?
Diatom ooze
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.
Diatoms ***Oolites*** Foraminiferans Coccolithophores Radiolarians
Shortly after the devastating 2011 Tohoku-Oki Earthquake, the Chikyu drillship began an expedition to study which of the following?
Earthquake-generated heat from friction
Which of the following best describes hydrogen bonding?
Electrostatic attraction between charged areas of adjacent molecules
A boundary or belt characterized by light, variable winds, abundant cloudiness and much precipitation occurs of the following regions?
Equatorial (0 to 5 degrees)
Earth's breeding ground for hurricanes occurs in which of the following regions?
Equatorial (0 to 5 degrees)
The Doldrums occur in which of the following regions?
Equatorial (0 to 5 degrees)
Which of the following processes causes sea surface salinity to increase near the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn?
Evaporation
Which of the following processes increases seawater salinity?
Evaporation
Which of the following marine resources is used to make wallboard or sheet rock?
Evaporative salts
Which of the following contains calcium carbonate (CaCO3)?
Foraminiferans
A tropical cyclone with a wind speed of 220 km/hr. would be classified as Category ________ on the Saffir-Simpson Scale of hurricane intensity.
Four
The polar easterly winds blow in which of the following directions in the Northern Hemisphere?
From northeast to southwest
The trade winds blow in which of the following directions in the Northern Hemisphere?
From northeast to southwest
The prevailing westerly winds blow in which of the following directions in the Southern Hemisphere?
From northwest to southeast
The polar easterly winds blow in which of the following directions in the Southern Hemisphere?
From southeast to northwest
The trade winds blow in which of the following directions in the Southern Hemisphere?
From southeast to northwest
The prevailing westerly winds blow in which of the following directions in the Northern Hemisphere?
From southwest to northeast
Which of the following is a hollow steel tube with a heavy weight on top that is to collect sediment samples?
Gravity corer
The ion in sea water that serves as a buffer is ________.
HCO3−
Marine phosphate is an example of which of the following sediment types?
Hydrogenous Sediment
Oolites are an example of which of the following sediment types?
Hydrogenous Sediment
Rock salt (halite) is an example of which of the following sediment types?
Hydrogenous Sediment
Which of the following statements regarding water density is correct?
Increasing the pressure decreases the temperature of maximum density for freshwater because the formation of bulky ice crystals is inhibited.
Human consumption of which of the following components of seawater helps prevent goiter?
Iodine
A beaker contains a mixture of ice and pure liquid water at 0°C. What happens to the temperature of the liquid water as heat is added?
It remains constant until the ice melts, and then it begins to rise.
High-energy environments are most likely to deposit which one of the following?
Large particles such as gravel
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.
Lithogenous Cosmogenous ***Calcareous*** Hydrogenous Biogenous
Abyssal clay is an example of which of the following sediment types?
Lithogenous Sediment
Glacial deposits are an example of which of the following sediment types?
Lithogenous Sediment
Sandstone is an example of which of the following sediment types?
Lithogenous Sediment
Shale is an example of which of the following sediment types?
Lithogenous Sediment
Terrigenous sediment is another name for which of the following?
Lithogenous Sediment
Turbidite deposits are an example of which of the following sediment types?
Lithogenous Sediment
Calcium carbonate is most likely to dissolve in water with which characteristics?
Lots of carbon dioxide and colder temperatures
Which of the following is the second most abundant positively charged component of seawater?
Magnesium
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.
Manganese nodules Metal sulfides Phosphates ***Tektites*** Halite and other salts
Which of the following natural gasses is most common in gas hydrates from under the ocean floor?
Methane
The ancient remains of which of the following, buried before they could decompose, are the source of today's petroleum deposits?
Microscopic organisms
What percentage of the rocks exposed on the continents originated as sedimentary rocks deposited in ancient ocean environments?
More than 50%
Which of the following resources found in ocean sediments has the greatest economic value?
Petroleum
A boundary or belt characterized by cold deserts occurs in which of the following regions?
Poles (90 degrees)
Polar high pressure occurs in which of the following regions?
Poles (90 degrees)
Examine the five words and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.
Pycnocline Salinity Temperature ***Distillation*** Thermocline
Which of the following contains silica (SiO2)?
Radiolarians
China currently supplies about 90% of which of the following resources?
Rare-earth elements
Demand for which of the following resources has skyrocketed in recent years?
Rare-earth elements
Which of the following is the major environmental concern regarding the release of methane from the sea floor to the atmosphere?
Release of large quantities of methane from the ocean causes dramatic effects on global climate.
The low pH layer in the ocean is due to which of the following processes?
Respiration
Which of the following is the most advanced technology used to collect sediment samples from the deep ocean?
Rotary corer
The strength of a hurricane is ranked from 1 to 5 on the ________.
Saffir-Simpson Scale
Which of the following best describes the Distillation Method for desalination?
Saltwater is boiled and the water vapor is passed through a cooling condenser, where it condenses as freshwater.
Which of the following best describes the Freeze Separation Method for desalination?
Seawater is frozen and thawed multiple times, with the salts washed from the ice between each thawing.
Which of the following is the most abundant positively charged component of seawater?
Sodium
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.
Sodium ion Potassium ion ***Hydrogen ion*** Magnesium ion Calcium ion
Which of the following is a biogenous sediment?
Stromatolites
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.
Stromatolites Coccolithophores Limestone Chalk ***Diatoms***
Which of the following statements comparing covalent and hydrogen bonding is correct?
Stronger covalent bonds occur within water molecules and weaker hydrogen bonds form between adjacent water molecules.
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.
Surface tension Boiling point Freezing point ***Precipitation*** Heat capacity
Ocean sediments consist of particles that have slowly settled out of the water by which of the following the processes?
Suspension settling
Which of the following best defines heat capacity?
The amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of a substance by 1 degree Celsius.
Which of the following is an application of the principle of constant proportions?
The concentration of a single major constituent can be measured to determine the total salinity of a water sample.
Which of the following best defines temperature?
The direct measure of the average kinetic energy of a substance's molecules.
Which of the following best defines latent heat?
The energy needed to break the intermolecular bonds that hold molecules in place.
Which of the following best defines heat?
The energy transfer from one body to another due to a difference in temperature.
Which of the following best defines condensation point?
The highest temperature at which a gas changes to a liquid
Which of the following statements about the Coriolis effect is correct?
The magnitude of the Coriolis effect depends on how long the object is in motion.
Which of the following statements about the movement of Earth's atmosphere is correct?
The movement of air within the atmospheric convection cells generates the wind belts.
Covalent bonds are formed by which of the following?
The sharing of electrons between atoms
Which of the following best defines boiling point?
The temperature at which a liquid changes to a gas
Which of the following best defines freezing point?
The temperature at which a liquid changes to a solid
Which of the following best defines melting point?
The temperature at which a solid changes to a liquid
Which of the following powers tropical cyclones?
The vast amounts of latent heat as water evaporates and condenses.
Which of the following best describes the Reverse Osmosis Method for desalination?
Water on the salty side of a semipermeable membrane is pushed under high pressure through the membrane to the freshwater side.
Which of the following is not one of the reasons why water is considered a universal solvent?
When the ions separate, they become attracted to identically charged water molecules.
Which of the following will cause the highest air pressure at the surface?
a column of cool dense air
Winds blowing out of the north toward the south in the southern hemisphere will appear to ________.
be deflected toward the east
A cold air mass moving into an area occupied by relatively warm air is called a/an ________.
cold front
On an annual basis which of the following fluxes between reservoirs of the hydrologic cycle is the smallest?
continent to ocean
The air in the center of the eye of the hurricane is ________ air moving ________.
cool dry; downward
Low-pressure regions in the northern hemisphere rotate ________.
counterclockwise
In the troposphere, air temperatures ________.
decrease with increasing altitude
The density curve for high latitudes shows ________ density at the surface and ________ density at depth.
decreased, increased
Idealized pressure belts and wind systems are significantly modified by Earth's tilted axis of rotation and ________.
differences in the heat capacities of the ocean and land
A tropical cyclone with a wind speed of 260 km/hr. would be classified as Category ________ on the Saffir-Simpson Scale of hurricane intensity.
five
Which of the following occurs at the same temperature as the melting point?
freezing point
The intensity of solar radiation received at lower latitudes (near the equator) compared to higher latitudes (near the poles) is ________.
greater
A layer of rapidly changing salinity with depth is called a ________.
halocline
When ice forms from seawater, the remaining seawater will have a ________.
higher salinity
In coastal regions, sea breezes happen ________ and land breezes happen ________.
in the afternoon; at night
The salinity curve for low latitudes shows ________ salinity at the surface and ________ salinity at depth.
increased, decreased
The doldrums refer to the same region as the ________.
inter-tropical convergence zone
Atoms that have lost or gained one or more electrons are called ________.
ions
The strength of a hurricane stems from water's ________.
latent heat of condensation
Which of the following occurs at the same temperature as the freezing point?
melting point
Subatomic particles with a neutral charge are called ________.
neutrons
The two most abundant components of dry air are ________.
nitrogen and oxygen
On an annual basis which of the following fluxes between reservoirs of the hydrologic cycle is the largest?
ocean to atmosphere
A tropical cyclone with a wind speed of 150 km/hr. would be classified as Category ________ on the Saffir-Simpson Scale of hurricane intensity.
one
The oceanic climate region that is characterized by sea ice coverage in the winter and open water (but cold) in the summer is ________.
polar
Typically, the United States is influenced more by ________ air masses during the winter and more by ________ air masses during the summer.
polar; tropical
A person experiences a popping feeling in their ears during the takeoff or landing of an airplane or while driving on steep mountain roads due to changes in the ________ of the atmosphere.
pressure
A layer of rapidly changing density with depth is called a ________.
pycnocline
Air warmed by the land that rises and is replaced by cooler air from the ocean may produce a ________.
sea breeze
The largest loss of life from a hurricane is usually due to ________.
storm surge
Which of the following is responsible for 90% of the deaths associated with hurricanes?
storm surge
Which of the following is the second most abundant negatively charged component of seawater?
sulfate
The Sun reaches its most northerly point in the sky, directly overhead along the Tropic of Cancer, during the ________.
summer solstice
The two factors that are most important in determining the density of air are ________.
temperature and water vapor content
Collecting adequate samples from which of the following is the most difficult?
the deep-ocean floor
Hydrogen bonds form between neighboring water molecules because of ________.
the polarity of water molecules
The Principle of Constant Proportions states that ________.
the relative concentrations of the major ions in seawater does not change
A layer of rapidly changing temperature with depth is called a ________.
thermocline
A rapid change in ocean temperature with a change in depth occurs in the ________.
thermocline
A tropical cyclone with a wind speed of 190 km/hr. would be classified as Category ________ on the Saffir-Simpson Scale of hurricane intensity.
three
As a result of the Coriolis effect in the northern hemisphere, winds always are deflected ________.
to the right of their original direction
Low latitude wind belt(s) with strong, reliable, generally easterly winds is (are) the ________.
trade winds
The oceanic climate region(s) where the majority of strong tropical cyclonic storms are produced is ________.
tropical
The lowermost portion of the atmosphere where most weather occurs is called the ________.
troposphere
A tropical cyclone with a wind speed of 170 km/hr. would be classified as Category ________ on the Saffir-Simpson Scale of hurricane intensity.
two
The Coriolis effect is due to changes in the ________ of Earth with latitude.
velocity
Which of the following is not one of the names associated with huge rotating masses of low pressure characterized by strong winds and torrential rain?
vortex
Which of the following parcels of air would have the lowest density?
warm moist air
The air surrounding of the eye of the hurricane is ________ air moving ________.
warm moist; upward
The temperate regions are characterized by ________.
westerly winds
The majority of the world's tropical cyclones are formed in the waters north of the equator in the ________ Ocean.
western pacific
A tropical maritime air mass is likely to be ________.
wet and warm
