Geology 101 Exam #1

The basic structural unit of the carbonate mineral is:

(CO3)2-

The basic structural unit of the most common and abundant minerals on Earth is:

(SiO4)4-

The silica tetrahedron has a silicon atom surrounded by:

4 oxygens

Andesite eruptions commonly produce what type of volcano?

Composite cones (stratovolcanoes)

Once a scientific theory is formed it cannot be changed.

False

The composition of the entire Earth is dominated by which of these groups of three elements. - Au, Si, O -Fe, O, Si -Al, Si, N -Fe, H, He

Fe, O, Si

Which types of eruptions have the capacity for being the most explosive and thus the most dangerous?

Felsic

Which magma type has the highest gas ( volatile) content?

Felsic (silicic)

Which of the following might be an example of a common mineral in a basalt?

Olivine

Which of the following are formed mostly of rock and metal and accredited 4.5-4.6 billion years ago: - the inner planets (e.g. Mars) -the outer planets (e.g. Jupiter)

The inner planets (e.g. Mars)

Which of the following chemical bond types is the weakest?

Van der Waals

Olympus Mons on Mars is the solar systems largest known example of what type of volcano?

a shield volcano

In order to be defined as a mineral which of the following must be true? -naturally occurring -atomic level structure -well defined chemistry -all of these

all of these

Which of the following igneous rock types is an intermediate composition rock?

andesite

An igneous rock formed simply by fast cooling ( e.g. a lava flow) would have what texture?

aphanitic

Which of the following igneous rock types is a mafic composition rock?

basalt

A ________ is a mass of intrusive igneous rock exposed at the surface with an area of> 100 square kilometers.

batholith

_______ is an example of a mineral with one good direction of cleavage. -quartz -olivine -biotite -calcite

biotite

Magmas and igneous rocks are found at which of the following plate tectonic settings? -convergent plate boundaries (subduction zones) -divergent plate boundaries (mid-ocean ridge spreading centers) -both of these

both of these

_______ is a tendency for a mineral to break along distinct planar (flat) surfaces.

cleavage

The first step in the scientific method is to do what?

collect data and observations

Which of the following chemical bond types is the strongest?

covalent

Which of the following minerals is the hardest on the Mohs hardness scale?

diamond

A _______ is an intrusive igneous rock body that is tabular and found cutting across layers of preexisting rocks.

dike

obsidian is a mineral

false

Crystal shape/form is produced by the ______ of a mineral

growth

Rhyolite has _____ when compared to granite.

higher SiO2 concentrations

The second step of the scientific method is to develop a ______, which is an idea that explains the observations of a natural process such as those we examine in geoscience.

hypothesis

Rhyolite eruptions commonly produce what type of volcano?

lava domes

The viscosity of magmas increase from low to high in what order?

mafic, intermediate, felsic

Which of the following is NOT an important part of planetary differentiation: - the presence of layers of material with different densities -inevitable heating of planets > 1000 km in size beyond their melting point during formation -partial or complete melting, forming liquids that can separate more easily than solids -meteorite impacts after the solidification of a planet

meteorite impacts after the solidification of a planet.

______ is an example of the sheet silicates.

muscovite

______ is an example of the isolated (single) tetrahedra silicates.

olivine

An intrusive plutonic igneous rock such as granite would have what texture?

phaneritic

_________ are minerals with the same chemical composition but different atomic scale lattice structures.

polymorphs

An igneous rock formed by slow cooling at first, with larger crystals starting to grow, followed eruption to the surface and fast cooling would have what texture?

porphyritic

Which mineral below is the most common in the more mafic rocks such as basalt?

pyroxene

_______ is an example of the single chain silicates.

pyroxene

Which mineral below is the most common in the felsic rocks such as granites?

quartz

______ is an example of the framework silicates.

quartz

Which of these is an example of basic research in science? -research that seeks to understand what processes generate metallic ore deposits -research that seeks to understand where to find a metallic ore deposits

research that seeks to understand what processes generate metallic ore deposits

Which of these is an example of applied research in science? -research that seeks to understand what processes generate metallic ore deposits -research that seeks to understand where to fin a metallic ore deposit.

research that seeks to understand where to find a metallic ore deposit

Which of the following igneous rock types is a felsic (silicic) composition rock?

rhyolite

Basalt eruptions commonly produce what type of volcano?

shield volcanoes

The most abundant minerals in the Earth's crust are the ______

silicates

A _______ is an intrusive igneous rock body that is tabular and found between layers of preexisting rocks

sill

In the scientific method an explanation for our observations which has repeatedly been tested and has not yet been found to be wrong is a

theory

Density is a physical property of minerals.

true

shells produced by organisms such as oysters, clams, and mussels are made of aragonite. This is defined as a mineral by geologists.

true

A rock formed from consolidated pyroclastic material would be called what?

tuff