Geology 1010 For cedar valley

Who developed the theory of continental drift?

Alfred Wegener

Briefly describe how the fit of the continents, mountain ranges, past climates, past glaciation, and distribution of fossils support Wegener's idea of Continental Drift.

Alfred Wegener proposed that the continents were once united into a single supercontinent named Pangaea, meaning all earth in ancient Greek. He suggested that Pangaea broke up long ago and that the continents then moved to their current positions. He called his hypothesis continental drift.

Name that plate boundary: shallow ocean, middle of ocean, youngest seafloor, shallow earthquakes

Divergent

What colors are mafic and felsic?

Felsic- light Mafic-dark

Congrats! thats the end.

Go get yourself a treat.

How does apparent polar wandering, magnetic reversals, and seafloor spreading support plate tectonics?

Therefore, the concept of apparent polar wander is very useful in plate tectonics, since it can retrace the relative motion of continents, as well as the formation and break-up of supercontinents.

___________ are molten rock (lava or magma). Grains Melts Metals Minerals Volatiles

Melts

Are the following substances minerals? If not- Why not? Salt, Gold, Steel, Diamonds, Ice, Pearls, Coal, Brass, Copper, Sugar, Obsidian

Minerals -Salt -gold -Diamond -Ice -Copper Non Minerals -Steel -Brass -Sugar -Obsidion

As a rock melts, which mineral melt first? Which melts last? If you only partially melt the rock, is the magma more felsic or mafic than the original rock?

Quartz melts first will be less mafic olovine will melt last

Phanaritic

Rock consists of large crystals that are clearly visible to the eye with or without a hand lens or binocular microscope.

What is the earth made of?

Rocks Minerals Violates Melts Plants Glass Grain Cediment Metals

In March of 2011, a devastating earthquake and tsunami struck Japan. Explain the tectonic setting in detail that ultimately caused this earthquake.

SUBDUCTION The 2011 Tohoku earthquake struck offshore of Japan, along a subduction zone where two of Earth's tectonic plates collide.

Describe seafloor spreading. How does seafloor spreading account for the distribution of ages of the ocean crust?

Seafloor spreading occurs at divergent plate boundaries. As tectonic plates slowly move away from each other, heat from the mantle's convection currents makes the crust more plastic and less dense. The less-dense material rises, often forming a mountain or elevated area of the seafloor. Eventually, the crust cracks

Describe the differences between continental and oceanic crust. Which is older? Why?

The continental crust is older than the oceanic crust.Because continental crust is rarely destroyed and recycled in the process of subduction. Seafloor spreading!

Pegmatitic

Very large crystals formed by extremely slow cooling, or in the presence of water.

___________ are materials that can be transformed into a gas in the conditions of Earth's surface. Rocks Volatiles Grains Melts Metals

Volatiles

Identify the oceans and land continents

Will not let me put photo so look it up

What is a mineral?

a naturally occurring, inorganic solid that has a crystal structure and a definite chemical composition

sill

a slab of volcanic rock formed when magma squeezes between layers of rock

Which of the following does not describe continental crust? continental crust is less dense than oceanic crust continental crust is thicker than oceanic crust continental crust is older than oceanic crust continental crust is composed of granite continental crust is mafic

continental crust is mafic

What are the layers of the earth?

crust, mantle, outer core, inner core

glassy

crystal unable to form; Rapid rate of cooling prevents crystals from forming looks like glass!

What was the name of Wegener's supercontinent?

Pangea

What is partial melting?

Partial melting is the transformation of some fraction of the mass of a solid rock into a liquid as a result of decompression, heat input, or addition of a flux.

Phaneritic

Phaneritic: any coarse-grained igneous rock, often intrusive, usually formed as a result of a longer cooling history (ex. granite, gabbro)

What happens during Oceanic-Oceanic plate boundary?

Plates are moving towads each other Earthquakes- Deeper further away from the trench

continental-continental convergence

Plates moving towards each other Earthquakes- shallow happens where 2 continental plates collide and push up creating mountain ranges

What is a hot spot? How do they form? Name 2 examples.

A hot spot is an area on Earth over a mantle plume or an area under the rocky outer layer of Earth, called the crust, where magma is hotter than surrounding magma. The magma plume causes melting and thinning of the rocky crust and widespread volcanic activity. Hawaii Yellowstone iceland

Batholith

A mass of rock formed when a large body of magma cools inside the crust

Laccolith

A massive igneous body intruded between preexisting strata

Cleavage

A mineral's ability to split easily along flat surfaces.

Dike

A slab of volcanic rock formed when magma forces itself across rock layers

Name that plate boundary: shallow earthquakes, no volcanoes, high mountains, no ocean

Continental-Continental

What are 3 causes of melting and where does each occur?

Decompression Flux melting Heat induced

Felsic

Describes magma or igneous rock that is rich in feldspars and silica and that is generally light in color.

Be able to identify specific examples of each plate boundary. (Mid-Atlantic Ridge, Alps. San Andreas Fault, Aleutian Islands, Indonesia, Cascades, Andes, East Pacific Rise, Japan,Himalayas,)

Divergent -Midatlantic ridge -East pacific rise Oceanic-Oceanic Convergent -Indonesia -japan -Aleution island Oceanic-continental convergant -Andes -Cascades Coninental-continantal convergent -Himalays -alps Transform -San Andreas fault

What are the different kinds of earths crust?

Divergent Oceanic-Oceanic Oceanic-Continental Continental-Continental Transform

transform boundary

Earthquakes every depth NOT A PLATE BOUNDARY A plate boundary where two plates move past each other in opposite directions

About 300 million years ago, the Appalachian Mountains in North America were matched up with the identical rocks from which area(s)? Europe and Asia Antarctica South America Australia

Europe and Asia

What lines of evidence were added to develop Plate Tectonics?

Evidence from fossils, glaciers, and complementary coastlines helps reveal how the plates once fit together.

What minerals would you expect to find in the following rocks? -Granite -Rhyolite -Pegmatite -Gabbro -Basalt -Obsidian

Granite -biotite -quartz -feldspar -muscovite -amphibole Rhyolite -biotite -quartz -feldspar -muscovite -amphibole Pegmatite -biotite -quartz -feldspar -muscovite -amphibole Gabbro -olovine -pyroxene -amphoblie Basalt -pyroxene -feldspar -olovine amphobile Obsidian -NONE

Calculate the half and full spreading rates in cm/year for the Northern East Pacific Rise. The distance from one coast to the ridge is 1760 km. The age at this location is 20 Ma. (Keep in mind that there are 100,000 cm in 1 km. Ma = millions of years)

Half-Spreading Rate Answer:8.8 Full-Spreading Rate Answer:17.6

oceanic-continental convergence

Has a Wadiaff benioff zone. more dense oceanic plate dives under continental plate. forms a trench. causes volcanoes, and earthquakes (Andes Mountains)

Mafic

Igneous Rock containing large amounts of Iron and Magnesium, dark in color

Concordant coastline

In this type of coastline, the layers of rock are parallel to the direction of the coastline.

What does "intraplate" mean?

Intraplate pertains to processes within the plates

What is the tectonic setting of Utah?

Introplate

Just know these ones

Mafic Minerals (dark color)- Olivine, Pyroxene, Amphibole Felsic Minerals (light color)- Quartz, Feldspar, Muscovite (Biotite is dark in color but is in the middle of the felsic-mafic scale. It is found more often as black specs in felsic rocks.) Quartz- most common, scratches glass, durable Halite- table salt, cubic cleavage, salty taste Calcite- fizzes in acid, rhombohedral cleavage Magnetite- magnetic Olivine- olive green color, sometime has black specs Pyrite- Fools gold

The continents were once joined in a supercontinent named _______________. Panthalassa Indo-Asia Pangaea Eurasia

Pangaea

Intrusive or extrusive for thr minerals above?

Obsidian -Ex Ryolite -ex Basalt -Ex Granite -In Gabbro -in Pematite -in

Describe the igneous texture and composition for each of the igneous rocks listed above.

Obsidian -glassy Rhyolite - Aphinitic Basalt -Aphinitic Granite -phanaritic Gabbro -Phanaritic Pegmatite -Pegmatitic

Name that plate boundary: trench, wadati-benioff zone, volcanoes on a coastline

Oceanic- Continental

Name that plate boundary: trench, wadati-benioff zone, volcanoes, islands, ocean

Oceanic- oceanic

As a magma crystallizes, which mineral crystallizes first? Which crystallizes last? In fractional crystallization, does the magma before more felsic or more mafic as more and more minerals crystallize?

Olovine will crstalize first quartz is the last will be more Felsic

Which layer of the Earth is composed of a liquid? Outer core Lithosphere Mesosphere Inner core Asthenosphere

Outer core

Texture

The look and feel of a rock's surface, determined by the size, shape, and pattern of a rock's grains.

What happens during A divergent plate boundary?

The plates move away from one another, making a ridge in the middle. Seafloor spreading Earthquakes here-Shallow

Luster

The way a mineral reflects light

What is a hot spot?

a volcanically active area of Earth's surface far from a tectonic plate boundary

What is the hardness of a mineral?

ability to resist scratching

In terms of plate tectonics, where does magma form?

divergent boundaries (decompression melting), convergent boundaries (flux melting), and mantle plumes (decompression melting).

Aphinitic

fine grained, can not see the minerals or crystals

Earth is a layered sphere with the ________-density material found near the center of Earth and the ________-density material located near the surface. lowest; lowest highest; lowest lowest; highest highest; highest

highest; lowest

The ______________________ is the surface layer of the Earth. outer core asthenosphere mantle mesosphere lithosphere

lithosphere

The formula for density is d=mv where d = density, m = mass, and v = volume. Which of the following formulas correctly shows the formula rearranged to solve for mass? m=dv m=d−v m=dv m=vd

m=dv

The ______________ is composed of high amounts of iron and magnesium. core mantle crust

mantle

Decompression

melting due to a drop in confining pressure that occurs as rock rises

The seafloor magnetic pattern is best described as ________. (See Figure 2.16b on page 60) perpendicular to and symmetric about mid-ocean ridges parallel to and symmetric about mid-ocean ridges parallel to, but not symmetric about mid-ocean ridges perpendicular to, but not symmetric about mid-ocean ridges not related to the location of mid-ocean ridges

parallel to and symmetric about mid-ocean ridges

fractional crystallization

process in which different minerals crystallize from magma at different temperatures, removing elements from magma

specific gravity

ratio of a mineral's weight compared with the weight of an equal volume of water (the density of a mineral)

Compostion

the chemical makeup of a rock mafic, felsic

Streak

the color of a mineral's powder

crystal habit

the general shape of a crystal or cluster of crystals that grew unimpeded

When the Earth formed, differentiation occurred resulting in a core and mantle due to: volcanoes releasing volatiles which formed the atmosphere. the high density iron sinking to the core. meteorites striking the surface of the Earth. continuing meteorite impacts melting the Earth's crust.

the high density iron sinking to the core.