Geology 103 Exam 1 Prep Questions

Pataasin ang iyong marka sa homework at exams ngayon gamit ang Quizwiz!

Tectonic plates move at rates that are approximately ____________.

1 to 15 cm/year

the wadati-benioff zone extends down with in the mantle to a maximum depth of _______?

660km

which of the following is NOT true about minerals

All minerals are compounds of more than one element.

how is chloride different from chlorine

Chloride has more electrons than chlorine

how would you tell if a rock is crystalline?

It contains interlocking crystals.

what type of rock is formed from a deep burial

Metamorphic

in the scope of plate tectonics, an active margin is defined as

a continental coastline the coincides with a plate boundary

Minerals are naturally occurring solid substances with a definable chemical composition. They must also possess _____.

a fixed crystalline structure

which of the following is not true concerning the color of minerals

a mineral's color reflects the wavelengths of light that are absorbed by the mineral

Cleavage in minerals refers to ____________.

a tendency to break along planes of weakness

The rate of motion of a lithospheric plate with respect to a stationary hot spot is termed ____________.

absolute plate velocity; relative plate velocity

eathquakes occur most frequently near ____ margins

active

the oceanic lithosphere is typically coated in a layer of sediment. Which of the following is NOT true about this sediment

all of the sediment is eventually subducted along with the lithosphere into the mantle

in a hot-spot volcanic island chain, such as the Hawaiian islands which of the following is not true?

all volcanoes in the chain can be simultaneously active

the youngest sea floor typically found ______

along mid-ocean ridges

a guyot is

an extinct oceanic hot-spot volcano that has subsided below sea level

of the ~4,000 known minerals, the vast majority

are rare

Most of the pushing force driving plate motion is produced

at mid-ocean ridges

most of the pushing force driving plate motion is produced ______?

at mid-ocean ridges

Most of the pulling force driving plate motion is produced ________.

at subduction zones

which of the following statements is true concerning rock produced at mid-ocean ridges

basalt at shallow gabbro at deeper

why do geologist classify rocks?

because rocks are the key to determining how the earth formed

with regards to minerals, hardness refers to the ability to resist

being scratched

which of the following is not a way for minerals to crystallize

bonding carbon to oxygen atoms to form organic compounds

the image below shows a mineral with hydrochloric acid applied to it. what mineral is this?

calite

Diamond and graphite are both polymorphs of

carbon

Minerals are grouped into mineral classes primarily on a basis of ________.

chemistry, specifically the anions within the chemical formula

when two plates composed of continental lithosphere are pulled together at a convergent boundary the result is

collision and mountain formation

Trace amounts of impurity in a mineral can commonly produce significant differences in ____________ among individual crystals of this mineral.

color

synthetically made glass and natural quartz crystals both exhibit a fracture pattern termed

conchoidal fracture

what is the term for the smoothly curving, clamshell-shaped surface on the sample below?

conchoidal fracture

Large, thick-crusted, nonvolcanic mountain belts, like the Himalayas, are associated with ________.

continent-continent collisions

Deep oceanic trenches are features of ____________ plate boundaries.

convergent

subduction zones are found at which basic plate boundary ?

convergent

the lithosphere of the earth is generally thickest at and near _______ plate boundaries?

convergent

what basic type of plate boundary is shown in the image below?

convergent

the volcanoes of the Cascades Mountains in the northwest US are related to melting of rock associated with a ______?

convergent plate boundary

Slab pull occurs because subducting slabs are

cooler, and therefore more dense, than surrounding asthenosphere

which of the following is not one of the three major rock grousp

crystalline

Under the theory of plate tectonics, the plates themselves are

discrete pieces of lithosphere at the surface of the solid earth that move with respect to one another

Iceland is one of the few places in the world that is both above sea level and situated atop a ____________ plate boundary.

divergent

Which basic type of plate boundary is shown in the image below?

divergent

the lithosphere of the earth is generally thinnest at _____ plate boundaries

divergent

mid-ocean ridges are segmented and contain which two basic types of plate boundaries linked together?

divergent and transform

Natural glass is not considered a mineral because it ____________.

does not have a fixed crystalline structure

the distribution of ____ across the globe provides the primary indicator of boundaries between all tectonic plates

earthquakes

at transform plate boundaries, __________?

earthquakes are common but volcanoes are absent

which of the following choices have particles ordered from smallest to largest in size?

electron, proton, nucleus, atom

Summed over the entire surface of Earth, the rate of spreading at divergent boundaries is ________ lithospheric consumption at subduction zones.

equal to

in order to form a sedimentary rock, what process must happen

erosion

what process must occur for an igneous rock to turn into a sedimentary rock

erosion

Gemstones are commonly found in pegmatites, which are igneous rocks that are ____________.

exceptionally coarse grained

Minerals that do not possess cleavage are said to possess ____________.

fracture

in which type of silicate are the greatest proportion of oxygen atoms shared by pairs of adjacent tetrahedra

framework silicates

compared to typical lithosphere, the thickness of continental lithosphere is

greater

which of the following minerals is more commonly known as table salt

halite

according to the model proposed by geophysicist J. Tuzo Wilson, hot spots are caused by __________?

hot plumes of mantle material that rise up through cooler, denser surrounding rock

which of the following is a mineral

ice, which is water in the solid state

what type of rock is formed during a volcanic erruption

igneous

what type of rock is granite

igneous rock

the theory of plate tectonics

incorporates and explains both sea-floor spreading and continental drift

Unlike the lithosphere, the asthenosphere

is able to flow over long periods of time

At a subduction zone, the downgoing plate ____?

is always composed of oceanic lithosphere

continental lithosphere

is thicker than oceanic lithosphere

the lithosphere of earth will not flow because it

is too cool

Diamonds are usually found in pipes 50 to 200 m across made of _____________.

kimberlite

Ore minerals, such as galena and hematite, tend to be distinct in their very ____________.

large specific gravity

The thickness of oceanic lithosphere is _____.

least near the mid-ocean ridges and thickens away from the ridges

The way a mineral scatters light is a useful diagnostic property termed

luster

at a subduction zone, the overriding plate ______?

may be composed of either oceanic or continental lithosphere

What process transforms a metamorphic rock into an igneous rock?

melting

what process transforms sedimentary rock into an igneous rock

melting

If a rock is subjected to high heat and pressure, a(n) _______________ rock will form.

metamorphic

Igneous rocks form from

molten rock cooling and forming crystals

what must happen in order to transform a metamorphic rock into a sedimentary rock?

mountain building

The single property that can be used to identify any mineral is ____________.

multiple properties must be used to identify a mineral

in silicate minerals, silica tretrahedra may be chemically bonded to form all of the following expect

nearly perfect pyramid-shaped crystals

Atomic number of an element

number of protons

a volcanic island arc forms when

oceanic lithosphere subducts beneath another oceanic lithospheric plate

The most recently formed portion of any crystal is always found ________.

on the outer edges

For the majority of minerals, the streak color obtained when the mineral is scratched against a porcelain plate is ________.

only useful if the mineral is softer than porcelain

Minerals utilized by humans as a source of metal are termed ________.

ore

the silica tetrahedron that forms the backbone of all silicate minerals is composed of silicon and what other elements?

oxygen

Broad, sediment-covered continental shelves are found along ____________.

passive margins

Continental coastlines that occur within the interior of a tectonic plate are called

passive margins

Which common gemstone results from biomineralization?

pearl

which of the following is NOT a mineral

petroleum

Hot-spot tracks result from moving

plates

when two different minerals have the same chemical formula but different crystal structures they are said to be

polymorphs

When a solution becomes oversaturated, new solid particles are said to ________.

precipitate from the solutions

Deformed (bent, stretched, or cracked) lithosphere occurs

primarily on the margins of tectonic plates

which of following common minerals is the hardests

quartz

the mid-ocean ridges are elevated above the surrounding sea floor because

ridge rocks are hot and therefore have relatively low density

which is a characteristic used to classify a rock?

rock texture

Which two gems are special versions of the common mineral corundum (Al2O3)?

sapphires and rubies

what type of rock is formed after erosion, deposition, and lithification

sedimentary

what type of rock would you expect to form from the material found along a beach?

sedimentary

which type of rock is formed by precipitation of minerals from a solution

sedimentary

The mineral class that makes up >95% of the continental crust is termed the ________.

silicates

on either side of a mid-ocean ridge, the lithosphere begins to

sink because it cools and contracts

which of the following is NOT true about earth's tectonic plates

some tectonic plates contain only continental lithosphere

_________ is a mineral property defined by the density of the mineral sample divided by the density of water

specific gravity

the color of a mineral in powdered form is termed

streak

the image below shows a mineral specimen of pyrite. what is the term or the thin parallel corrugations or stripes shown on the crystals face

striations

How does metamorphic rock form?

subject a rock to high heat and pressure

which of the following common minerals is softests?

talc

the primary difference between lithospheric and asthenospheric mantle that gives rise to numerous different patterns of physical behavior is ____?

temperature: the lithosphere is cooler than the asthenosphere

Oceanic lithosphere thickens away from the mid-ocean ridge primarily due to ________.

the addition of new lithospheric mantle as a result of cooling

_______ is an example of a continental rift and the __________ is/are the result of collision

the basin and range province; himalayan mountains

A triple junction, like the one shown below, is a place on Earth's surface where ____________.

the boundaries of three lithospheric plates meet at a single point

composition describes the __________

the chemical makeup of a rock

Minerals in geodes form spectacular euhedral crystals because

the crystals have abundant room to grow in their hollow surroundings

According to Archimedes' principle of buoyancy, an iceberg sinks until ________.

the total mass of the water displaced equals the total mass of the whole iceberg

what is the rock cycle

the transformation of one rock type to another

why have many precambrain rocks remained unchanged for billions of years

they are protected within the interiors of the continents

Which basic type of plate boundary is shown in the image below?

transform

the san andreas fault zone in Cali is an example of a __________ plate boundary

transform

Segments of the mid-ocean ridge system are offset. Between the offset segments we observe ____________.

transform faults

Hot spots occur

within either continental or oceanic plates


Kaugnay na mga set ng pag-aaral

FUNDAMENTAL SKILLS: Safety and Infection

View Set

PSY 251: Chapter 1 (Introduction) Notes

View Set

Mastering Environmental Science Ch. 24

View Set

Financial Accounting Midterm (Chapters 1-7)

View Set

U3L1: Basics of Hypothesis Testing (Using a Critical Value or P-value to Assess the Test Statistic)

View Set