Geology 2

Which location on this diagram would most likely record contact metamorphism in shallow levels of the crust?

1

Which number points to shallow earthquakes along a convergent plate boundary?

1

Which of the numbers on this figure indicates low pressure/high temperature metamorphic conditions?

1

Which number corresponds to earthquakes occurring along an a divergent plate boundary or is undergoing rifting?

1 & 2

Which number corresponds to earthquakes occurring along an a subduction zone?

1 & 2

Which of the following are in the correct order (from youngest to oldest)

1,5,2,3,4

The ground motion during a Richter magnitude 8 earthquake is ______ times greater than the ground motion during a Richter magnitude 4 earthquake.

10,000

The ground motion during a Richter magnitude 8 earthquake is ______ times greater than the ground motion during a Richter magnitude 6 earthquake.

100

The ground motion during a Richter magnitude 8 earthquake is ______ times greater than the ground motion during a Richter magnitude 3 earthquake.

100,000

Which number corresponds to earthquakes occurring along a continental collision?

2

A mineral contains 900 parent atoms and 300 daughter atoms. If the half-life for the radioactive element is 40 million years, how old is the rock?

20 million years

The M 9.2 - 1964 Prince William Sound Earthquake, Alaska had a focal depth of ________ and an intensity of _________.

25km, IX

How many large, caldera-forming eruptions have occurred at Yellowstone over the past 2 million years?

3

Using the data in this table, calculate the number of half-lives that have passed for the granite (unit G on this table)?

3

Using this nomogram, what is the magnitude of an earthquake that is 100 km from a seismic station and has an amplitude of 1 mm?

3

A rock contains 7000 daughter atoms and 1000 radioactive parent atoms. If the half-life for the radioactive reaction is 10 million years, how old is the rock?

30 million years old

Using this nomogram, what is the magnitude of an earthquake that is 500 km from a seismic station and has an amplitude of 0.2 mm?

4

Shale is metamorphosed into three rock types: (1) a banded gneissic rock; (2) a rock with small mica crystals with a shiny aspect; (3) a very shiny rock with large mica crystals; and (4) a dull slate with cleavage. Which of the following lists these rocks in order of increasing metamorphic grade?

4,2,3,1

An igneous rock formed with 144 radioactive (parent) atoms, but contains only 36 radioactive (parent) atoms today. If the half life for the radioactive element is 20 million years, how old is the rock

40 million

Using this nomogram, what is the magnitude of an earthquake that is 700 km from a seismic station and has an amplitude of 50 mm?

7

From the map below displays the travel times for the 2004 Indonesia earthquake and tsunami.. Using the mpa, determine the minimum amount of time it took for a tsunami to travel from the source to Africa?

7 hours

What was the magnitude (Mw) of the 2011 Tohoku, Japan earthquake

9.1

Which of the following sites has volcanoes related to subduction? A is on an island arc, B is in the Andes, C is near Hawaii, D is along a mid-ocean ridge.

A & B

Which is correct regarding P and S seismic waves?

P and S wavs travel through solids, but S waves do no travel through liquids

What are the characteristics of an index fossil?

Widespread geographically, chronologically limited

Which of the following sites would most likely have composite volcanoes? A is on an island arc, B is in the Andes, C is near Hawaii, D is along a mid-ocean ridge.

a & b

What type of eruption formed a felsic volcanic breccia?

a lava that broke apart when it flowed

What type of eruption would form a unit composed of volcanic blocks and volcanic ash?

a pyroclastic eruption

Which of the following will most likely not cause a tsunami?

a strike- slip fault

What was the Cambrian explosion?

a time when many different types of creatures appeared on Earth

What is the approximate recurrence interval for large, mega-thrust earthquakes along the Cascadia Subduction Zone?

about 300 years

This photograph shows an upper unit with fragments and a lower unit with tilted layers. Which of the following statements is true?

all

How do lahars form?

all of the above

If an area has shallow, intermediate, and deep earthquakes, what can you infer about the area?

all of these

Shaking during an earthquake can

all of these

Shield volcanoes commonly have:

all of these

What are some factors that could allow flood basalts to have high-volume eruptions?

all of these

What are some of the reasons major recent earthquakes have had large death tolls?

all of these

What features in the image help you identify the location of the fault?

all of these

What type of material likely composes this composite volcano?

all of these

What would fossil ages from the geologic timescale tell us about the age of this unconformity?

all of these

Which of the following does NOT help define foliation in metamorphic rocks?

all of these

What features may be common along active faults, like the San Andreas?

all of these are common features

Which of the following does NOT match a sedimentary rock with a possible metamorphic equivalent?

all of these are correct matches

Which of the following is NOT a way in which fossils can be preserved?

all of these are ways a fossil can be preserved

What is thought to cause the dinosaurs to go extinct

an asteroid impact

The foliation in a schist is usually

an orientation of mica

Which letter corresponds to high pressure but low temperature metamorphism?

b

The most common volcanic rock found in lava flows on composite volcanoes is

basalt

What type of lava typically erupts from fissures?

basalt

Which of the following is NOT a rock typically found within calderas?

basalt

Contact metamorphism is occurring at:

c

What letter(s) corresponds to areas high temperature but low pressure metamorphism?

c

Name the volcanic landform from the following picture. (pinkish)

cinder cone

All of the following volcanic products are produced by felsic eruptions except:

cinder/ scoria cones

The main cause of caldera collapse is

collapse of the roof of a magma chamber as magma erupts

A common volcanic feature that forms in basaltic lava flows when they cool and contract is:

columnar joints

Name the volcanic landform from the following picture. (snow)

composite cone

A is on an island arc. What type of volcano would you expect to find at this tectonic environment?

composite volcano

This relatively large, symmetrical volcano contains interlayered lava flow, pyroclastic deposits, and volcanic mudflows. What kind of volcano is it?

composite volcano

Which of the following is a match between the type of volcano and resulting rock type?

composite volcano - andesite

Which of the following is an example of a caldera?

crater lake

Which of the following features is younger than fault 2

deposits along the fault

Index fossils allow geologists to

determine the exact age of rocks

How do we study the behavior of prehistoric earthquakes?

digging trenches

Which kind of unconformity is probably the hardest to recognize among layered rocks because the rock strata above and below the erosional surface are parallel to each other?

disconformity

What should you do DURING an earthquake

drop, cover, hold on

Which of these divisions of geologic time is the longest?

eon

This figure has rock units and geologic features that are assigned letters that are not in any particular order. From the geologic relations, what is the oldest unit or feature of those listed below?

fault (feature f)

What likely caused much of the damage shown in this photograph in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake?

fires that broke out after the earthquake

Which of the following rock types is NOT characteristic of volcanic domes?

formed from fissures eruptions

This rock is called a volcanic tuff. It would most likely be formed in which of the following types of eruptions

from a large pyroclastic eruption

Rhyolite would most likely be formed in which of the following types of eruptions

from a non viscous flow

Which of the following are ways that viscosity affects gases in magma?

gas builds up in viscous magma and can cause explosive eruptions

Which of the following rocks represents the highest metamorphic grade?

gneiss

This figure has rock units and geologic features that are assigned letters that are not in any particular order. From the geologic relations, what is the oldest unit?

granite (unit g)

Which of the following does not match a protolith with a possible metamorphic equivalent?

granite-slate

Why are fossils so uncommon in rocks older than Cambrian?

hard parts had not developed yet

Which of the following causes lava to have low viscosity?

high temperature

In which part of New England would you most likely find gneiss?

in new hampshire and maine where domes expose high-grade metamorphic rocks

Which of the following is the best way of correlating sedimentary rocks over wide distances even intercontinentally?

index fossils and fossil assemblages

Obsidian shown in this picture would most likely be formed in which of the following types of eruptions

lava flow

This figure has rock units and geologic features that are assigned letters that are not in any particular order. From the geologic relations, what is the youngest unit or feature of those listed below?

lava flow (unit L)

An earthquake assigned a roman numeral of IV would cause:

light shaking and no damage

Which of the following does NOT match a protolith with a possible metamorphic equivalent?

limestone-slate

Nonexplosive volcanic eruptions typically erupt lava that has a:

low viscosity and low gas content

What is the source of heat during contact metamorphism?

magma

Which of the following metamorphic rocks is made of calcite?

marble

What materials were used to determine the age of the Earth?

meteorites

Which of the following metamorphic rocks is partially melted?

migmatite

Where do you find low pressure but high temperature metamorphism?

near magma but at shallow levels

Magma extruded at high temperatures tends to be:

non viscous

What is the main type of eruption that formed the volcano in this photograph?

non viscous lava flow

Shield volcanoes are built up primarily by relatively

nonexplosive outpourings of lava

Which of the following is not a characteristic of a tsunami-generating earthquake?

occurs along a strike-slip fault

What is step 3 of preparing for an earthquake?

organize disaster supplies in convenient locations

Which is a metamorphic rock that is typically folded?

phyllite

This figure shows two sections of rocks. What is the surest way to correlate a unit in one section to a unit in the other section?

physically trace a unit through the landscape from one section to another

Most earthquakes occur along

plate boundaries

From this cross section of the Grand Canyon, what is the oldest rock or structure of the ones listed below?

precambrian metamorphic rocks and granite

What type of eruption is shown in this photograph? (lots of ash)

pyroclastic flow

Which of the following are NOT differences between an eruption column and pyroclastic flow?

pyroclastic flows from larger eruptions than columns

Which of the following metamorphic rocks can not form from a shale?

quartzite

Which of the following metamorphic rocks is NOT foliated?

quartzite

Which of the following is NOT used by geologists to determine the relative ages in a rock sequence?

radiocarbon dating

What is a main hazard of this type of volcano? (circle round top)

relatively small pyroclastic eruptions caused by localized explosions or collapse

Place the following lava flows in order of decreasing (high to low) lava viscosity.

rhyolite-andesite-basalt

Shield volcanoes would be most likely found in which tectonic environment?

rift zone

What type of seismic wave is depicted in the diagram?

s-wave

Examine the geologic cross section above. Which of the following features is the oldest?

sandstone

Quartzite is a metamorphic rock that forms from a __________ parent.

sandstone

Which of the following metamorphic rocks would have visible grains of mica and a strong foliation?

schist

This volcano is relatively small and composed of volcanic cinders. What kind of volcano is it?

scoria cone

What is step 1 of preparing for an earthquake

secure your space

Fossils are most common in which rock types?

sedimentary

The principal of original horizontality states that ________ .

sediments are deposited as essentially horizontal layers

The following earthquake planning scenario is for a modeled magnidue 9.3 along the Cascadia Subduction Zone. What would be the perceived shaking in Bellingham?

severe

The following earthquake planning scenario is for a modeled magnidue 9.3 earthquake along the Cascadia Subduction Zone. What would be the perceived shaking in Seattle?

severe

Which of the following matches a sedimentary rock with a possible metamorphic equivalent?

shale-slate

Name the volcanic landform from the following picture. (flat)

shield volcano

This volcano is broad and low, and is composed of basaltic lava flows. What kind of volcano is it?

shield volcano

Which of the following volcanic features is most likely to form from a low viscosity lava?

shield volcano

Which of the following would most likely amplify seismic waves?

silt and mud

Which of the following rocks is the finest grained?

slate

Which of the following lists is arranged in order from lowest to highest grade of metamorphic rock?

slate, phyllite, schist, gneiss

Which of the following metamorphic rocks is not paired with its true parent rock?

slate-basalt

Volcanic domes commonly are partially destroyed when

steep parts of the dome collapse and cause small pyroclastic flows

What is the plate-tectonic setting of most composite volcanoes

subduction zone

Which stratigraphic principle states that the sedimentary layer that is on the bottom should be the oldest?

superposition

What is the slowest moving seismic wave

surface waves

On this time-travel curve, if a large earthquake is 400 km away from the station, what can you say about the arrivals of the P- and S-waves?

the P-waves will arrive 40 seconds before the S-waves

This figure shows a unconformity between an upper dark layer (being deposited by the sea) and a lower light-colored layer. What happened to form this unconformity?

the boundary between the two units indicated that for a long time there was either erosion or no deposition

As the distance from an earthquake increases, __________.

the elapsed time before the S waves arrive increases

The intensity of the 2001 Nisqually earthquake (M6.8) near Seattle was far less than that of the 1994 Northridge earthquake (M6.7) near Los Angeles because:

the focus of the Nisqually earthquake was much deeper than at Northridge

In regional metamorphism the source of increased temperature and pressure is _________ .

the increase in temperature with increasing depth of burial and compression

Examine the depth of earthquakes at Japan (3). Why does this diagram show shallow earthquakes to the east getting deeper to the west?

the subduction zone dips to the west

Which site has the highest hazard for lava flows?

the summit of the volcano

Which of the following is NOT true about ash and ash fall?

they can cause climate to warm

Which of the following is not true about pyroclastic flows?

they can travel hundreds of miles from a volcano

This figure shows two sections that partially overlap in age. Dashed lines show how the two sections correlate. What can you conclude from these correlations?

they were correlated based on rock types and stratigraphic position

Which is the oldest feature in the diagram?

tilted layers

Which of the following is older than fault 2?

tilted layers

The following picture shows the San Andreas Fault. How might geologists investigate the past behavior of this fault?

trenching

What type of feature is shown in this photograph of Siccar Point, Scotland

unconformity

what is not geologic evidence that Yellowstone is till volcanically active

very young basalt flow

The following is the intensity map scenario for a potential 7.2 magnitude earthquake along the Seattle Fault. What would the perceived shaking be in the Seattle/Tacoma area?

violent

Name the volcanic landform from the following picture. (gray)

volcanic dome

What happens to a tsunami wave as it enters shallow water?

wavelength decreases, wave height increases

You plan a road trip to Yellowstone for the sole purpose of looking and identify rocks formed in the large eruption approximately 600,000 years ago. Which of the following rocks would you expect to find on your trip?

welded tuff

Which of the following is an example of a caldera?

yellowstone

If rock A cross-cuts rock B, then rock A is

younger than rock B

Which mineral among those listed is the most commonly used for dating very old rocks?

zircon

The Modified Mercali Intensity scale is given as a number between

I-XII

The M 6.9 - Loma Prieta, California Earthquake had a maxiumum intensity of:

IX